What are the two components of surfactant's structure?
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Hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail.
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What are the two components of surfactant's structure?
Hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail.
How is renal function at birth?
Generally reduced.
What do all newborns experience in the first 6 hours of life?
Periods of irregular adjustment.
What role do bacteria play in digestion within the gastrointestinal tract (GIT)?
They assist in breaking down food.
What significant change occurs in the lungs during the first breath?
Transition from fluid-filled to air-filled.
What happens to the fetal circulatory structures when the umbilical cord is clamped and severed?
They are immediately closed.
When can bacteria be cultured from all babies' intestinal tracts?
At 24 hours of life.
What period is critical for examining newborns with respiratory difficulties?
The post-partal period.
What is the dosage schedule for dexamethasone?
Four doses of 6 mg IM, 12 hours apart.
What might the feet of a newborn feel like due to sluggish peripheral circulation?
Cold to the touch.
What is the typical volume of a single voiding in newborns?
About 15 ml.
Why might a single voiding be easily missed?
Because it can be easily missed in a thick diaper.
How do newborns receive passive antibodies?
From the mother through the placenta.
What is the primary function of the umbilical vein?
To transport oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus.
What is a major undertaking for the respiratory system at birth?
The first breath.
Is the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) sterile at birth?
Yes, it is usually sterile at birth.
When can bacteria typically be cultured from the intestinal tract of most babies?
Within 5 hours after birth.
What is the Foramen Ovale?
The opening between the right and left atrium in the interatrial septum.
What initiates the first breath of a newborn?
A combination of cold receptors, lowered PO2, and increased PCO2.
What do the fetal circulatory structures eventually convert into after fibrosis?
Ligaments.
What is a challenge for the immune system of newborns up to two months of age?
Difficulty forming antibodies against invading antigens.
How does surfactant affect alveoli inflation?
It allows the alveoli to inflate more easily than if the lung walls were dry.
What is the significance of normal circulation in newborns?
It is crucial for delivering oxygen and nutrients necessary for growth and development.
What is the ductus arteriosus and what happens to it after birth?
It closes after birth, redirecting blood flow.
Where does the pulmonary artery transport blood?
To the lungs.
What is a key change in the cardiovascular system at birth?
The closure of fetal shunts, such as the ductus arteriosus and foramen ovale.
Which fetal circulatory structures are affected by the clamping of the umbilical cord?
The umbilical vein, arteries, and ductus venosus.
How do maternal antibodies help newborns?
They provide passive immunity against infections.
What is a common observation in newborns related to peripheral circulation?
Acrocyanosis.
When does the Foramen Ovale usually close?
Minutes to 6 months to a year after the baby's birth.
What is a common issue with feeding in newborns?
Regurgitation easily.
When should antenatal corticosteroids be administered before delivery?
24 to 48 hours before delivery.
What does tarry stool after two days indicate in a newborn?
The newborn swallowed maternal blood.
What is the expected daily urinary output for a newborn in the first 1 or 2 days?
About 30 – 60 mL.
What factors contribute to the closure of the Foramen Ovale?
Increased left atrial pressure due to increased venous return from the lungs and decreased right atrial pressure.
What does the transition from life in utero to life outside the womb involve?
Multiple changes in physiology.
Why is it important to examine the cardiovascular system closely in neonates?
To identify any potential cardiac problems that may arise after birth.
What is the function of the ductus arteriosus during fetal life?
It allows most of the blood from the right ventricle to bypass pulmonary circulation and enter the descending aorta.
Which side of the heart pumps blood to the left arm?
The left side of the heart.
How many light yellow stools do breastfed babies pass by the 4th day?
Three or four stools a day.
How does blood circulate in the body?
Blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs for oxygenation and then distributed to the rest of the body.
What does clay-colored stool suggest in newborns?
Obstruction of bile ducts, preventing bile pigments from entering the intestinal tract.
What role do cold receptors play in a newborn's first breath?
They help initiate the first breath.
What occurs to the remaining fluid in the lungs after the first breath?
Additional fluid is quickly absorbed by lung blood vessels and lymphatics.
What is the foramen ovale and what occurs to it at birth?
It closes, preventing blood from flowing between the atria.
What encourages right to left shunting of blood around unventilated lungs?
Increased pulmonary artery resistance and decreased systemic circulation resistance (placenta).
What is the primary role of the first cells to encounter incoming pathogens in the lung?
To help orchestrate the initiation and resolution of the immune response.
Which vitamin is synthesized by bacteria in the GIT?
Vitamin K.
What color and consistency do stools change to on the 2nd and 3rd day of life?
Green and loose.
How long does peripheral circulation remain sluggish in newborns?
For at least the first 24 hours.
What is the function of the Foramen Ovale in fetal circulation?
It is essential for proper fetal circulation.
What enzymes are decreased in a newborn's gastrointestinal system?
Lipase and amylase.
What is the dosage schedule for betamethasone?
Two doses of 12 mg IM, 24 hours apart.
Why are most immunizations not given to babies younger than two months?
Due to their difficulty in forming antibodies.
What is the primary function of surfactant in the lungs?
Lowers surface tension, preventing alveoli from collapsing after exhalation and making breathing easier.
What happens to blood flow and pressure through the shunt after birth?
There is decreased blood flow and pressure through the shunt.
What keeps the Foramen Ovale open in the fetal state?
Low left atrial pressure and high right atrial pressure.
What is the function of the pulmonary artery?
It leads from the heart to the lungs.
What is the ductus arteriosus?
A fetal shunt between the pulmonary artery and aorta.
What specific cardiac condition should be monitored in newborns who had difficulty establishing respiration?
Patent ductus arteriosus.
What is the holding capacity of a newborn's stomach?
60-90 ml (2-3 oz).
What are some sources of bacteria for newborns?
What major artery supplies blood to the left arm?
The left subclavian artery.
When does the shunt typically close in full-term neonates?
During the first week of life.
What role does the heart play in normal circulation?
The heart pumps blood throughout the body, maintaining circulation.
What happens to the fluid in the lungs during vaginal birth?
About 1/3 of this fluid is forced out by the pressure of vaginal birth.
In which type of alveoli does surfactant work more effectively?
In small alveoli.
What is the total urinary output expected in the first week for a newborn?
300 ml.
What is the focus of studying the urinary system post-delivery?
To understand how renal function works after birth.
Do changes occur in major body systems after birth?
Yes, changes occur in all major body systems.
What is the primary source of immunologic protection for newborns at birth?
Maternal antibodies transferred through the placenta.
What is transitional stool?
Stool that may resemble diarrhea to the untrained eye.
What are the characteristics of meconium?
A sticky, tar-like, blackish-green, odorless material.
What happens to PO2 levels before the first breath?
Falls from 80 mmHg to as low as 15 mmHg.
What is a common condition affecting the left arm?
Left arm pain can indicate heart issues.
Why are breastfed babies' stools sweet smelling?
Because breast milk is high in lactic acid, which reduces putrefactive organisms in the stool.
What type of blood does the umbilical vein carry?
Oxygenated blood.
Where does the umbilical vein deliver blood in the fetal circulation?
To the fetus's heart.
What is the primary audience of the message?
Future Nurses.
What are probiotics?
Beneficial bacteria that support gut health.
When do newborns' body systems typically stabilize?
By the end of the first 6 hours of life.
What is the primary function of the left arm?
To assist in various physical activities and tasks.
What are the main components of normal circulation?
The heart, blood vessels, and blood.
What does bright green stool indicate in infants under phototherapy for jaundice?
Increased excretion of bilirubin.
What happens to the cardiovascular system when the umbilical cord is clamped?
It initiates changes in blood flow and pressure.
What is the significance of the newborn's own immune system at birth?
It is immature but begins to develop and respond to pathogens.
How does blood flow change after the first breath?
Blood flow increases to the left side of the heart.
Which diseases do the passive antibodies in newborns protect against?
Poliomyelitis, measles, diphtheria, pertussis, chickenpox, rubella, and tetanus.
What might the first voiding of a newborn look like?
It may be pink or dusty due to uric acid crystals.
What greeting is extended in the message?
Good day.
What happens to vital signs after birth?
Changes occur in vital signs.
What is required for the first breath to occur?
The most tremendous amount of pressure.
When does the ductus arteriosus close?
Shortly after birth, once the baby breathes on its own.
What is the antenatal corticosteroid of choice when preterm birth is imminent?
Dexamethasone.
What is the function of the shunt in fetal circulation?
It allows oxygenated blood in the umbilical vein to bypass the liver.
What does meconium consist of?
Mucus, vernix, lanugo, hormones, and carbohydrates accumulated during intrauterine life.
What is the maximum PCO2 level that can be reached before the first breath?
Rises as high as 70 mmHg.
What occurs during the first breath of a newborn?
It leads to increased blood flow to the pulmonary artery.
What is the specific gravity range of newborn urine?
1.008 to 1.010.
What is surfactant composed of?
A complex mixture of phospholipids and proteins.
Why might there be protein in a newborn's urine during the first few days?
Because the kidney glomeruli are not yet fully mature.
What happens to the gastrointestinal tract during the immediate postnatal period?
It undergoes profound growth, morphological changes, and functional maturation.
Why should newborns with ineffective respirations at birth be examined closely?
To check for cardiac murmurs or indications of patent cardiac structures.
What is meconium?
The first stool of a newborn.
What is normal circulation?
The process by which blood flows through the heart and blood vessels to supply oxygen and nutrients to the body.
What is the typical stool pattern for formula-fed infants?
2 or 3 bright yellow stools per day with a more noticeable odor.
What is the smell of stools from breastfed babies?
Sweet smelling.
What color changes might be observed in a newborn's hands and feet?
Cyanosis.
When does functional closure of the shunt occur?
Within minutes of birth.
What is the primary change in blood shunting after birth?
Shunting is reversed from the fetal state, moving from left to right.
What happens to the remaining fetal circulatory structures after birth?
They undergo closure as the newborn adapts to extrauterine life.
How does the cardiovascular system in fetal life differ from neonatal life?
In fetal life, the cardiovascular system relies on placental circulation, while in neonatal life, it transitions to independent circulation through the lungs and systemic circulation.
What type of blood does the umbilical artery carry?
Deoxygenated blood.
What is the condition of the gastrointestinal system at birth?
Sterile.
When is meconium usually passed?
Within 24 hours after birth.
What is the digesting ability of a newborn's gastrointestinal system?
Limited digesting ability for starch and fat.
What role does breast milk play in a newborn's immune protection?
It contains antibodies and other immune factors that help protect against infections.
How long may it take for the shunt to close in pre-term neonates?
It may take much longer than in full-term neonates.
What type of antibodies does a newborn have at birth?
Passive antibodies (IgG).
What could blood-flecked stool indicate in infants?
An anal fissure.
What contributes to the closure of the Ductus Arteriosus?
Increase in PO2 (90 to 95 mm Hg) and decrease or alterations in prostaglandin.
What keeps the Ductus Arteriosus open in the fetal state?
Low fetal systemic PO2 (about 25 mm Hg) and prostaglandin produced by the placenta.
What is the primary function of the umbilical artery?
To transport deoxygenated blood from the fetus to the placenta.
What is the relationship between ineffective respirations and heart disease in newborns?
Ineffective respirations can indicate potential heart disease.
What occurs within 3 to 7 days after the umbilical cord is clamped?
Fibrosis occurs in the fetal circulatory structures.
What type of immunoglobulin is predominantly transferred to the newborn?
IgG.
What is the role of surfactant in the lungs?
It eases the surface tension on alveolar walls, making the first breathing easier.
Why is the Foramen Ovale referred to as a 'door'?
Because it acts as an opening between the right and left atrium.
What can mucus in stool or watery and loose stools indicate?
Milk allergy or lactose intolerance.
What is the timeframe for structural closure of the shunt in term babies?
Occurs within 3 to 7 days.
What causes the decrease in pulmonary artery resistance after birth?
Vasodilation caused by the expansion of the lungs.
