What is the primary source of energy among biomolecules?
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Carbohydrates.
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What is the primary source of energy among biomolecules?
Carbohydrates.
What serves as a secondary source of energy in the human body?
Lipids.
What are the structural and functional units of the human body that are crucial for survival?
Proteins.
What roles do vitamins play in the human body?
Vitamins serve as accessory growth factors and have specific functions.
What is the role of minerals in the human body?
Minerals, both major and minor, are important for building and functioning of the human body.
What are enzymes and their function?
Enzymes are biomolecules that act as biocatalysts, catalyzing specific biochemical reactions in metabolic pathways and are considered functional units of metabolism.
What are hormones and their role in the human body?
Hormones are endocrine substances that act as chemical messengers, bringing coordination and regulating enzyme activities of metabolism.
What are the basic building blocks of life?
Cells
What is vitalism?
The idea that substances and processes associated with living organisms do not behave according to the known laws of physics.
Who invented the first compound microscope?
Robert Hooke
Who disproved the fallacy that biochemicals can only be produced by living organisms?
Friedrich Wöhler in 1828, by synthesizing urea from ammonium cyanate.
What is the significance of the term 'cell' coined by Robert Hooke?
He observed small box-like chambers in cork which he called 'cells'.
What was Eduard Buchner's contribution to biochemistry in 1897?
He disproved that complex bioconversion of chemical substances requires living matter by demonstrating that glucose can be converted to alcohol using dead yeast.
What are the main characteristics of cells?
Cells grow, reproduce, use energy, adapt, and respond to their environment.
What analogy did Emil Fischer use to describe enzyme-substrate interaction?
The lock and key analogy.
What are the two types of acids for naming purposes?
Binary acids and ternary acids (oxyacids).
What is the origin of the word 'cell'?
It comes from the Latin word 'cella', meaning 'small room'.
What did J.B. Sumner demonstrate in 1926?
He disproved the fallacy that complex bioconversion of chemical substances requires living matter.
What are binary acids composed of?
Two elements, one of which is hydrogen.
What are the organisms that may consist of just one cell?
Bacteria, amoebae, and yeasts.
Who identified DNA as the information molecule in 1944?
Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty.
What is a buffer?
A weak acid and its salt or a weak base and its salt.
What are ternary acids (oxyacids) composed of?
Three elements, one of which is hydrogen and another oxygen.
What type of cells do prokaryotes have?
Prokaryotic cells that lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
What was Watson and Crick's major contribution to biochemistry in 1953?
They proposed the structure of DNA.
What does a buffer do?
A buffer solution resists pH changes when small quantities of acid or base are added.
How do all binary acid names begin?
With “hydro” and end in “ic.”
What are the three basic structures found in eukaryotic cells?
Nucleus, cell membrane, and cytoplasm with organelles.
What concept did Crick propose in 1958?
The central dogma of biology.
How do buffers work?
They use the equilibrium concepts described by Le Chatelier’s principle.
How is the name of H2S formed?
It is named “hydrosulfuric acid.”
What is the hierarchy in the organization of life starting from elements?
Elements, simple organic compounds (monomers), macromolecules (polymers), supramolecular structures, organelles, cells, tissues, organisms.
What material is absent in the cell wall of prokaryotic cells, and what is it made of instead?
Cellulose is absent; the cell wall is made up of peptidoglycan or murein.
What type of acid are fatty acids?
Monocarboxylic acids containing an even number of carbon atoms.
How is the name of HBr formed?
It is named “hydrobromic acid.”
How does biochemistry impact various fields?
It impacts medicine, agriculture, industrial applications, and environmental applications.
What distinguishes eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells?
Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, whereas prokaryotic cells do not.
What are the two types of fatty acids?
Saturated (single bonds) and unsaturated (double bonds).
Are binary acids always composed of just two atoms?
No, they are composed of two elements, not necessarily just two atoms.
What are the principal areas of biochemistry?
Structure and function of biological macromolecules, metabolism (anabolic and catabolic processes), molecular genetics (regulation of protein synthesis).
When did biochemistry emerge as a field?
In the late 18th and early 19th centuries.
Name some lipid molecules that fatty acids are components of.
Triacylglycerol, steroids (cholesterol, sex hormones), fat-soluble vitamins.
What is an example of a binary acid with more than two atoms?
H2S, which is composed of hydrogen and sulfur, has three atoms.
What does biochemistry study?
The study of biochemical reactions and processes occurring in living cells of organisms.
Who introduced the term 'biochemistry' and when?
German chemist Carl Neuberg in 1903.
List four functions of fatty acids.
Storage of energy in the form of fat, membrane structures, insulation (thermal blanket), synthesis of hormones.
When did Clinical Biochemistry evolve as an autonomous field?
In the 1940s.
What is metabolism in biochemistry?
The total sum of chemical reactions happening in a living organism, involving highly coordinated and purposeful activity.
What is Medical Biochemistry?
A branch of biochemistry dealing with the biochemical constituents of the human body and their interactions to maintain health, growth, reproduction, and related diseases.
Differentiate between anabolism and catabolism.
Anabolism is energy-requiring biosynthetic pathways, while catabolism is the degradation of fuel molecules and the production of energy for cellular function.
What does Clinical Biochemistry focus on?
Clinical diseases and pathological conditions of the human body, supporting diagnosis, therapy, and research in the medical field.
What catalyzes all biochemical reactions?
Enzymes.
What is Bacterial Biochemistry?
A branch of biochemistry that deals with microbes.
What are the primary functions of metabolism?
Acquisition and utilization of energy, synthesis of molecules needed for cell structure and function, removal of waste products.
What are biomolecules?
Biomolecules are molecules that are the building blocks of cells.
What does Plant Biochemistry study?
Biochemical processes and components in plants.
Name the types of reactions frequently encountered in biochemical processes.
Nucleophilic substitution, elimination, addition, isomerization, oxidation-reduction, hydrolysis.
Approximately how many kinds of biomolecules do animal and plant cells contain?
Approximately 10,000 kinds.
What is a distinguishing feature of eukaryotic cells regarding their nucleus?
Eukaryotic cells have a membrane-bound nucleus, and their hereditary material is found inside the nucleus.
What is the focus of Animal Biochemistry?
Biochemical processes and components in animals.
How do living cells obtain energy?
By the oxidation of biomolecules, transferring electrons from one molecule to another and capturing the released energy.
What proportion of a cell's content by weight is water?
50-95% of a cell's content by weight is water.
What type of ribosomes do eukaryotic cells have and where are they located?
Eukaryotic cells have large ribosomes that are present in the endoplasmic reticulum and free in the cytoplasm.
What does Industrial Biochemistry involve?
The study of industrial products involving microorganisms.
How do cells maintain high internal order?
Through synthesis of bio-molecules, transport across membranes, cell movement, and waste removal.
Which ions make up about 1% of a cell's content?
Ions like Na+, K+, and Ca+.
What materials make up the cell wall of plant cells and most fungi?
The cell wall of plant cells contains cellulose, while the cell wall of most fungi is composed of chitin.
What is the primary function of cellular membranes?
To communicate with other cells and control the movement of material inside or outside the cell.
What does titration refer to?
The addition of an acid and base in measured quantities.
Who discovered enzyme catalysis?
Berzelius.
What elements are almost all other kinds of biomolecules composed of?
C, H, N, O, P, S.
What is the average size range for eukaryotic cells?
Eukaryotic cells are complex and larger in size, with an average diameter of 10-100 nm.
What are the four components of cellular membranes?
Phospholipid bilayer, transmembrane proteins, interior protein network, and cell surface markers.
What is the end point in a titration?
The point where the moles of added acid and base are equal.
What is Edward Buchner known for?
Enzyme extraction.
From what are most biomolecules considered to be derived?
Hydrocarbons.
What is the primary function of the plasma membrane?
The plasma membrane functions as a barrier and contains transport and signaling systems.
What role does the phospholipid bilayer play in cellular membranes?
It serves as a flexible matrix and barrier to permeability.
What happens when strong acids are titrated with strong bases to the end point?
A neutral solution results (pH = 7.00).
What process did Louis Pasteur discover?
Fermentation process.
What determines the chemical properties of organic biomolecules?
Their functional groups.
What is the function of the nucleolus within the nucleus?
The nucleolus is a site for the synthesis of RNA making up the ribosome.
What is the result when strong acids are titrated with weak bases to the end point?
An acidic solution results (pH < 7.00).
What are transmembrane proteins?
Integral membrane proteins.
Who discovered the role of Creatine PO4 in muscles?
Lohmann.
What are the building blocks of proteins?
Amino acids.
What role do mitochondria play in eukaryotic cells?
Mitochondria are responsible for energy production through metabolism and contain their own DNA.
What is the outcome when strong bases are titrated with weak acids to the end point?
A basic solution results (pH > 7.00).
What are the properties of acids?
Acids taste sour, turn litmus red, react with active metals to form hydrogen gas, and react with bases to form salts and water.
What significant cycle did Hans Kreb discover?
The TCA Cycle.
How many commonly occurring amino acids are there?
What is the function of chloroplasts in plant cells?
Chloroplasts are responsible for photosynthesis, trapping light energy for the synthesis of sugars, and contain DNA.
What determines the acidity of the resulting solution when weak acids and bases are titrated to the end point?
The relative strengths of each.
What are the properties of bases?
Bases taste bitter, turn litmus blue, feel slippery, and react with acids to form salts and water.
Who discovered insulin?
Banting and Macleod.
What functional groups are found in amino acids?
Amino group and carboxyl group.
What is the main difference between rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) is covered with ribosomes and is involved in protein synthesis, while smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) is involved in lipid synthesis and metabolism, and detoxifying chemicals.
What is normality in the context of titrations?
A system of measuring the concentration of solutions often used in titrations.
What is the Arrhenius definition of acids and bases?
An acid is a substance that releases hydrogen ions (H+) in solution, while a base releases hydroxide ions (OH-) in solution.
What did Fiske and Subbarow discover?
The role of ATPs.
What is dissociation?
The process in which dissolved substances separate into free mobile ions.
What determines the chemical properties of each amino acid?
The R group (side chains).
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?
The Golgi apparatus processes proteins to a mature form and sorts them for secretion or membrane localization.
What is the Bronsted-Lowry definition of acids and bases?
An acid is a proton donor, and a base is a proton acceptor.
How is the normality of an acid defined?
It is equal to the moles of hydrogen ions available per liter of solution.
What is Watson and Crick known for?
The discovery of the double-stranded DNA structure.
On what does the strength of acids and bases depend?
Their ability to dissociate in solution.
How are individual amino acids in a protein connected?
By peptide bonds.
What is the Lewis definition of acids and bases?
An acid is an electron pair acceptor, and a base is an electron pair donor.
What role do lysosomes play in a cell?
Lysosomes are responsible for degrading proteins and membranes in the cell and help degrade materials ingested by the cell.
How is the normality of a base defined?
It is equal to the moles of hydroxide ions available per liter of solution.
Who discovered the protein structure?
Landsteiner.
What does concentration refer to in a solution?
The molarity of the solution.
What functions can proteins perform?
Transport proteins, structural proteins, enzymes, antibodies, cell receptors.
What is the function of vacuoles in plant cells?
Vacuoles contain water and storage materials in plants.
What are some common acids and their uses?
Hydrochloric acid (stomach acid), acetic acid (vinegar), and carbonic acid (soda water).
What is an equivalent in the context of normality?
A mole of H+ ions or OH- ions.
What elements compose H2SO4?
Hydrogen, sulfur, and oxygen.
What did Peter Mitchell discover?
Oxidative phosphorylation.
Do concentration and strength mean the same thing?
No, they are related but not the same.
What is the most abundant organic molecule found in nature?
Carbohydrates.
What is the function of peroxisomes?
Peroxisomes produce and degrade hydrogen peroxide, a toxic compound produced during metabolism.
What are some common bases and their uses?
Sodium hydroxide (Draino), ammonia water (cleaning agent), aluminum hydroxide (Rolaids), and magnesium hydroxide (Tums).
How can the normality of an acid be related to its molarity?
By the number of replaceable H+ ions contained in the acid.
What is the name of H2SO4?
Sulfuric acid.
What genetic discovery is Nirenberg known for?
Genetic code in mRNA.
What percentage do strong acids and bases dissociate?
~100%
Where are carbohydrates initially synthesized?
In plants through photosynthesis.
What structural component gives a plant cell its rigidity?
The cell wall provides rigidity to plant cells.
How can the normality of a base be related to its molarity?
By the number of replaceable OH- ions contained in the base.
What is the negative ion in H2SO4?
Sulfate ion (SO4^2-).
List the common strong acids.
HClO4 (Perchloric acid), HI (Hydroiodic acid), HBr (Hydrobromic acid), HCl (Hydrochloric acid), HNO3 (Nitric acid), H2SO4 (Sulfuric acid)
What did Paul Berg contribute to biochemistry?
Recombinant DNA technology.
What is the basic unit of carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides.
What is the cytoplasm and what does it contain?
The cytoplasm is the liquid portion enclosed by the plasma membrane, called cytosol, and it houses the membranous organelles.
How do you name an acid when the anion name ends in 'ate'?
The acid name ends in 'ic'.
List the common strong bases.
LiOH (Lithium hydroxide), NaOH (Sodium hydroxide), KOH (Potassium hydroxide), RbOH (Rubidium hydroxide), CsOH (Cesium hydroxide), Ca(OH)2 (Calcium hydroxide), Sr(OH)2 (Strontium hydroxide), Ba(OH)2 (Barium hydroxide)
What is Karry Mullis known for in biochemistry?
Polymerase chain reaction.
What larger molecules can monosaccharides form?
Glycogen in animals and humans, starch in plants.
What is the role of the cytoskeleton in a cell?
The cytoskeleton provides the cell with its shape and aids in movement through arrays of protein filaments.
What is the name of HNO3, which contains the nitrate ion (NO3^-)?
Nitric acid.
What did Khorana synthesize?
Genes.
What does pH measure?
The acidity of a solution.
List some functions of carbohydrates.
Store energy, provide energy, supply carbon for synthesis, form structural components, intercellular communications.
How is pH defined?
As the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution.
How do you name an acid when the anion name ends in 'ite'?
The acid name ends in 'ous'.
What is a logarithm?
A power of 10. If a number is written as 10^x, then its log is x.
What is the name of H2SO3, which contains the sulfite ion (SO3^2-)?
Sulfurous acid.
What is the log of 100?
2, because 100 can be written as 10^2.
What is the name of HNO2, which contains the nitrite ion (NO2^-)?
Nitrous acid.
What is the log of 0.0001?
-4, because 0.0001 can be written as 10^-4.
What is Ka a measure of in acid-base chemistry?
Acid strength.
How can the log of numbers that are not nice even powers of 10 be determined?
By using a calculator.
How is the equilibrium constant (Ka) calculated?
By dividing equilibrium product concentrations by reactant concentrations.
What is the log of 0.00345?
-2.46 as determined by the calculator.
What does a large Ka indicate about an acid?
The acid is stronger, as more products are formed.
What does a small Ka indicate about an acid?
The acid is weaker, as fewer products are formed.
