What is the effect of ketamine on blood glucose and cortisol levels?
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Ketamine increases blood glucose and cortisol levels.
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What is the effect of ketamine on blood glucose and cortisol levels?
Ketamine increases blood glucose and cortisol levels.
How does ketamine affect plasma cholinesterase?
Ketamine inhibits plasma cholinesterase.
How does ketamine affect uterine muscle tone?
Ketamine increases uterine muscle tone.
What effect does ketamine have on myocardial oxygen consumption?
Ketamine increases myocardial oxygen consumption and blocks ischemic preconditioning.
What is the primary route of ketamine metabolism?
Hepatic metabolism by cP450
What is the oral bioavailability of ketamine?
25%
What is the elimination half-time of ketamine?
2-3 hours
What is the effect of ketamine on systemic vascular resistance (SVR) and blood pressure (BP)?
↑SVR 30%; ↑BP 40%; ↑PVR 30%; ↑PAP 45%; ↑HR 50%; ↑CO, ↑O2 consumption
What is the nasal bioavailability of ketamine?
50%
What is the effect of ketamine on bronchial activity?
Bronchodilation ((↑NE, anti-M, CCB effect), salivary and transbronchial mucus gland secretion)
What is the relationship between enzyme induction and ketamine tolerance?
Enzyme induction leads to accelerated metabolism, contributing to ketamine tolerance.
What is the effect of ketamine on spontaneous ventilation and CO2 response?
Maintains spontaneous ventilation and CO2 response (transient ↓TV ↑RR / apnea ONLY if given rapidly or opioid included in pre-med)
What is a contraindication for ketamine use related to cardiovascular conditions?
Systemic and pulmonary hypertension, increase ICP, eye procedure, porphyria
What is the effect of ketamine on pharyngeal and laryngeal reflexes?
Pharyngeal and laryngeal reflex maintained
What type of anesthesia does ketamine induce?
Dissociative anesthesia (functional and electrical dissociation between thalamocortical and limbic system)
What is the volume of distribution (Vd) of ketamine?
3 L/kg
What are the effects of ketamine on muscle tone and movement?
Ketamine increases muscle tone and causes jerking movements of limbs.
What is the effect of ketamine on the descending monoaminergic pathway?
Modulates descending monoaminergic (NE, D, 5HT) pathway
What is the intramuscular bioavailability of ketamine?
93%
What is the effect of ketamine on the sympathetic nervous system (SNS)?
SNS stimulating effect (↑NE at NTS, peripheral inhibit uptake)
What is the effect of ketamine on myocardial function?
Direct myocardial depressant
What is the effect of ketamine on regional blood flow?
Regional blood flow due to vasoconstriction
What are some symptoms of emergence delirium caused by ketamine?
Visual, auditory, proprioceptive, confusion, delirium
What is the effect of ketamine on the production of inflammatory cytokines?
Inhibits production of inflammatory cytokines
What type of pain does ketamine provide analgesia for?
Somatic and visceral pain (pre-emptive analgesia)
What is the effect of ketamine on the thalamic and limbic systems?
EEG dissociation between thalamocortical and limbic system
What is the effect of ketamine on EEG patterns?
EEG: abolition of alpha rhythm and dominance of theta activity, onset of delta coincides with loss of consciousness, HD - burst suppression pattern
What type of receptor does ketamine act on as a non-competitive antagonist?
NMDA receptor at phencyclidine site
Which opioid receptor does ketamine act as an agonist and antagonist?
κ agonist; μ antagonist
What type of activity does ketamine have on sodium and calcium channels?
Local Anesthetic (LA) activity (NA channel blockade, L type CCB)
