What is one pharmaceutical application of DNA technology?
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Large-scale production of human hormones and other proteins with therapeutic uses.
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What is one pharmaceutical application of DNA technology?
Large-scale production of human hormones and other proteins with therapeutic uses.
What organization has approved many gene therapies for trials in human patients?
The National Institutes of Health.
What is recombinant DNA technology considered?
One of the recent advances in biotechnology.
Who developed recombinant DNA technology?
Boyer and Cohen.
What is one application of recombinant DNA technology in gene analysis?
Analysis of Gene Structure and Expression.
What is one application of recombinant DNA technology in medicine?
Human Gene Therapy.
What does the gene in the insect-resistant tomato plant encode?
A bacterial protein that is toxic to certain insects.
What are the advantages of using a subunit vaccine?
Reduced risk of infection and fewer side effects compared to live vaccines.
In what year was recombinant DNA technology developed?
How do GMOs contribute to drought and salinity tolerance?
They allow crops to be grown in otherwise inhospitable environments as populations expand.
What type of cells can be used to mass produce proteins?
Recombinant cells.
Which organism is commonly used for protein production in biotechnology?
Bacteria.
What do transgenic plants and animals contain?
Genes from other organisms.
What is the primary purpose of the subunit herpes vaccine?
To stimulate an immune response against the herpes virus without using live virus.
In what way is recombinant DNA technology used in legal contexts?
Forensic Evidence.
What is an example of a genetically modified organism that exhibits cold tolerance?
Tobacco and potato plants with an antifreeze gene from cold water fish.
What techniques are used to analyze gene structure and expression?
Specialized recombinant DNA techniques.
Where is GenBank located?
At the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland.
What happens after the DNA fragments are cut?
The DNA fragments are joined or spliced together.
What is one benefit of GMOs related to disease?
Disease resistance against viruses, fungi, and bacteria that cause plant diseases.
What is the result of watering the transformed tobacco plant with luciferin?
All plant tissues generate light.
How can recombinant DNA technology assist in healthcare?
By diagnosing genetic disorders.
How has DNA technology improved vaccine production?
By enabling the production of safer vaccines.
What gene is transformed into tobacco plants using the Ti plasmid?
The luciferase gene from a firefly.
Name a therapeutic gene product produced from cloned genes.
Insulin.
How may the human blood protein produced by transgenic sheep be beneficial?
It may help in the treatment of cystic fibrosis.
What is the purpose of breeding plants for millennia?
To enhance certain desirable characteristics in important food crops.
What types of pharmaceutical products can be developed using recombinant DNA technology?
Drugs and Vaccines.
What are transgenic plants?
Plants that have been genetically modified to express desirable traits.
What are genetically modified organisms (GMO) in the context of recombinant DNA technology?
Organisms that have been altered using recombinant DNA techniques, including transgenic plants and animals.
How is recombinant DNA technology applied in medicine?
It is used for developing therapies and treatments.
What type of vaccine is the subunit herpes vaccine?
It is a vaccine that contains only specific subunits of the herpes virus.
What distinguishes a transgenic mouse from a normal mouse?
A transgenic mouse expresses a rat growth hormone.
Which tumor suppressor genes are expressed to treat cancer in gene therapy?
E1A and p53.
What gene do the transgenic sheep carry?
A gene for a human blood protein.
What are genetically modified organisms (GMOs) used for in agriculture?
To create plants with genetically desirable traits.
What is recombinant DNA?
A molecule that combines DNA from two sources, also known as gene cloning.
What is one benefit of using herbicide or pesticide resistant crops?
Decreases chemical insecticide use.
What is genetic engineering?
The application of recombinant DNA technology to the manipulation of genes.
What is a vector in recombinant DNA technology?
A plasmid or phage into which the target gene is inserted to form a replicon.
What is ADA-SCID?
Severe combined immunodeficiency due to adenosine deaminase deficiency.
Which type of cells are used for producing complex proteins that require post-translational modifications?
Mammalian cells.
What is done during the specific cutting step in recombinant DNA technology?
DNA is cut at defined sites.
What are some common terms used to describe genetic engineering?
Gene manipulation, recombinant DNA technology, gene cloning (molecular cloning), genetic modification.
What is the first step in the Recombinant DNA process?
Isolating the vector and target gene.
Why are patents important in the context of genetic engineering?
To insure profits from R&D investments.
What is another organism, besides bacteria, used for mass protein production?
Yeast.
What is a notable example of a genetically modified organism mentioned?
Super-shrimp.
Why is cloning necessary in recombinant DNA technology?
To produce numerous copies of DNA for insertion into host cells.
What does the term 'clone' refer to in classical biology?
A population of identical organisms derived from a single parental organism.
How do genetically modified crops impact production?
They increase production.
What are the current challenges in gene therapy?
Serious technical and clinical difficulties in ensuring proper gene expression.
What practical applications does Recombinant DNA Technology have?
It has been used to change DNA in living organisms and may have more practical uses in the future.
What is a concern regarding capitalism in the field of genetic engineering?
It may overshadow humanitarian efforts.
What significant genomic information has been determined by researchers?
The entire genomic sequence of humans and many key experimental organisms.
How do the insect-resistant tomato plants differ from wild-type plants?
Only the insect-resistant plant can grow when exposed to insects.
What does gene therapy involve?
The alteration of an afflicted individual’s genes.
What significant application of recombinant DNA technology was developed for diabetics?
The human gene for insulin was placed in bacteria to produce insulin in large quantities.
What can happen to the recombinant DNA after selection?
It can either be expressed or not expressed.
How can trans-genes be transferred to wild populations?
Through pollinator transfer.
What occurs during the fourth step of Recombinant DNA technology?
Transforming the host cells with the recombinant DNA.
What legal issue can arise from genetic engineering patents?
Patent infringements.
What are the two primary data banks for DNA sequence data?
GenBank at the National Institutes of Health and EMBL Sequence Data Base at the European Molecular Biology Laboratory.
What is the primary goal of human gene therapy?
To repair damage caused by a genetic deficiency by introducing a functional version of the defective gene.
Where is the EMBL Sequence Data Base located?
At the European Molecular Biology Laboratory in Heidelberg, Germany.
How is the term 'clone' used in molecular biology?
To mean a collection of molecules or cells all identical to an original molecule or cell.
What is the fifth step in the Recombinant DNA process?
Cloning the transformed cells.
What stage is Recombinant DNA Technology currently in within medical science?
It is an area that is just beginning to be researched in a concerted effort.
What are some examples of therapeutic gene products produced commercially?
Interleukins, interferons, growth hormones, erythropoietin, and coagulation factor VIII.
What has been done with the vast amounts of DNA sequence data?
It has been stored and organized in data banks.
What is the first step in recombinant DNA technology?
Isolating the target gene and the vector.
What is introduced into host cells to clone and express proteins?
The replicon.
What emerged in the early 1970s that led to recombinant DNA technology?
Technologies for the laboratory manipulation of nucleic acids.
What does the cloning of DNA sequences allow in recombinant DNA technology?
The amplification of any particular DNA segment within bacterial host cells.
What types of conditions are gene constructs designed to cure or treat?
ADA-SCID, neuroblastoma, cystic fibrosis, and cancer.
What are the basic techniques involved in recombinant DNA technology?
Isolation of DNA, cleavage at specific sequences, ligation of DNA fragments, introduction into host cells, replication and expression, and identification of host cells with recombinants.
What are vectors used for in gene therapy?
For the delivery of genes into cells.
What does the second step of Recombinant DNA involve?
Cutting or cleavage of DNA.
What are some advantages of genetically modified crops?
Better taste, longer freshness, and protection from disease and insect infestations.
What is the cloned replicon referred to as?
Recombinant DNA.
How can cells containing recombinant DNA molecules be selected?
By the activity of a marker gene and screening for desired recombinants.
What is a key benefit of incorporating foreign genes into the genomes of animals and plants?
Stable incorporation allows for the expression of desired traits.
What is 'Golden rice' enriched with?
Beta-carotene.
What is a significant financial downside of research and development in genetic engineering?
R&D is costly.
What is a potential challenge in developing subunit vaccines?
Ensuring that the immune response is strong enough to provide protection.
What makes genetically modified organisms possible?
The universal nature of the genetic code.
What is the third step in the Recombinant DNA process?
Joining or ligation of DNA fragments.
What is the significance of DNA cloning in Recombinant DNA Technology?
It allows the artificially-created DNA to be reproduced, making the technology useful.
What can result from patent infringements in genetic engineering?
Lawsuits.
How does the subunit herpes vaccine work?
It introduces harmless pieces of the virus to the immune system, prompting an immune response.
What types of cloning vectors can DNA fragments be ligated into?
Plasmids, bacteriophage, viruses, or artificial chromosomes.
What is the purpose of transforming the replicon to a host cell?
To introduce the recombinant DNA into the host for cloning.
What ethical questions does gene therapy raise?
Whether human germ-line cells should be treated to correct defects in future generations.
What is the final step in the Recombinant DNA process?
Selecting or screening for successful recombinant DNA.
In which types of cells can the product of a gene incorporated into an expression vector be generated?
In prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells.
What can recombinant DNA methods produce for therapeutic use?
Proteins and identification of individuals with genetic defects.
What is a potential downside of introducing genetically modified organisms?
They may introduce allergens.
What is the first step in recombinant DNA technology?
Isolation of a gene of interest (target gene).
What must be done to incorporate a cloned variant of a gene into an organism?
It must be expressed only at the proper time and in appropriate cell types.
What potential does gene therapy hold?
Great potential for treating disorders traceable to a single defective gene.
What year was the genetically engineered insulin drug introduced?
What can a recombinant DNA molecule do under certain conditions?
Enter a cell and replicate autonomously or after integration into a chromosome.
What are two examples of herbicide or pesticide resistant crops?
Corn and soybean.
How are positive cells containing recombinant DNA selected?
By identifying cells that have successfully incorporated the recombinant DNA.
What is recombinant DNA technology?
A series of procedures used to join together (recombine) DNA segments.
Why is beta-carotene important?
It is required to make vitamin A, which prevents blindness when in deficiency.
How does Recombinant DNA Technology work?
By taking DNA from two different sources and combining it into a single molecule.
What is the next step after transforming the host cell?
Cloning the transformed cells.
What risk is associated with trans-genes in genetically modified organisms?
They may pass trans-genes to wild populations.
What is Recombinant DNA Technology?
A technology that allows DNA to be produced via artificial means.
