What is the average diameter of an Erythrocyte?
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6-8 µm.
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What is the average diameter of an Erythrocyte?
6-8 µm.
What is the focus of the first chapter in Clinical Hematology?
Hematopoiesis.
What is the primary site of hemoglobin synthesis?
In the RBC precursors from the globin polypeptide chain and heme.
What are Cabot rings?
Ring-shaped, figure-eight or loop-shaped structures seen in erythrocytes.
In which conditions can Cabot rings be observed?
Lead poisoning and pernicious anemia.
What is a common test performed in clinical hematology?
Complete blood count (CBC).
What is the main topic of chapter 10?
Bone Marrow Failure and Pancytopenia.
What is the major fetal hemoglobin?
Hemoglobin F (HbF), composed of α2γ2.
What is the role of recombinant GM-CSF in clinical hematology?
It offsets neutropenia following intensive chemotherapy and hastens recovery of peripheral blood counts after bone marrow transplantation.
What is the N:C ratio of Megakaryocytes?
1:12.
What is the first identifiable cell in erythrocytic development?
Pronormoblast.
What percentage of total hemoglobin is HbF at birth?
About 70%.
What is the oxygen tension in arterial blood entering tissues?
90 mmHg.
What conditions are associated with teardrop cells?
Homozygous beta thalassemia, myeloproliferative syndrome, and pernicious anemia.
What are macrocytes?
Abnormally large cells (8-12 microns).
What is a primary cause of neutrophilia related to myeloproliferative disorders?
Down syndrome and hereditary neutropenia.
What is the formula for total erythrocyte mass in steady state?
Mass (M) = Production (p) X Survival (s).
What is the normal value range for Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW)?
12-15%.
What is the average duration from myelocyte to metamyelocyte?
4.3 days.
Which chapter covers Sickle Cell Hemoglobinopathies?
Chapter 5.
What is the shape of a normal red blood cell (RBC)?
A biconcave disc.
What type of anemia is commonly associated with hypochromasia?
Severe iron deficiency anemia.
What factors influence the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen?
Temperature, CO2 concentration, and the level of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate in red cells.
What morphologies would be prominent on a smear of a patient with severe liver disease?
Target cells, macrocytes.
What is the N:C ratio of mature monocytes?
2:1 to 1:1.
What conditions are associated with Howell-Jolly bodies?
Hemolytic anemia, pernicious anemia, postsplenectomy, and physiological atrophy of the spleen.
Which red cell progenitor requires a relatively large amount of erythropoietin to respond?
BFU - E.
What are sickle cells and how are they identified?
RBCs due to the presence of HbS, identified in wet film as sickle-shaped cells under reduced oxygen tension.
What percentage of nucleated bone marrow cells does promyelocyte constitute?
Approximately 3%.
What is polychromatophilia?
A term used when a nonnucleated erythrocyte has a faintly blue-orange color due to residual RNA in the cytoplasm.
What is the formula for calculating RDW?
Divide the standard deviation of MCV by MCV and multiply by 100.
What are basophils and how frequently are they found in peripheral blood?
Basophils are seen less frequently than eosinophils; under normal conditions, less than 100/μl are found in the peripheral blood.
What receptors do basophils have and what is their role in allergic reactions?
Basophils have receptors for immunoglobulin E (IgE) and their degranulation results in the release of histamine and heparin during allergic or anaphylactic reactions.
Which inclusion cannot be visualized on Wright's stain?
Heinz bodies.
What is the normal range for MCV?
Normocytic: 80-100 fl, Microcytic: < 80 fl, Macrocytic: > 100 fl.
What type of granules do Myelocytes have?
Fine granules.
What is the shape of the nucleus in Metamyelocytes?
Distinct lobes (2-5).
What is the grading scale for Hemosiderin content?
Grade 0-6.
What does the second appendix cover?
CD Nomenclature for Leukocytes Antigen.
What is covered in chapter 16?
Multiple Myeloma and Related Paraproteinemia.
What are poikilocytes and what do they indicate?
Pear-shaped RBCs indicating destruction.
What is the role of supravital stains like new methylene blue?
Used for quantitative determination of blood reticulocytes.
What are the general categories of morphologic classification of anemia?
Macrocytic-normochromic, normocytic-normochromic, and microcytic hypochromic.
How long does the myeloblast stage last?
About 15 hours.
In which conditions may schistocytes occur?
Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, uremia, severe burns, and hemolytic anemia caused by physical agents like DIC.
What do stomatocytes resemble?
A slitlike opening that resembles a mouth.
What are some causes of decreased production in neutropenia?
General bone marrow failure, specific failure of neutrophil production, congenital conditions, and drug-induced causes.
What happens if the survival time of erythrocytes is decreased by half?
The bone marrow must double production to maintain a constant mass.
In a patient with an MCHC > 36%, what would you expect to observe?
Spherocytes.
How can a microcytic cell be described?
A size of less than 7 µm.
What are common causes of eosinophilia?
Allergic diseases, parasitic diseases, skin diseases, drug sensitivity, connective tissue disease, hematological malignancies, and idiopathic hypereosinophilia.
How is Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) calculated?
MCV (FL) = Hematocrit (L/L) / RBC count (X10^12 /L).
What color is the cytoplasm of Myeloblasts?
Medium blue.
How is MCH calculated?
MCH (pg) = Hemoglobin (g/dl) X 10 / RBC count (X10^12/L).
What types of erythropoiesis can be evaluated?
Normoblast, Megaloblastic, Dysplastic.
What is the size range of a Reticulocyte?
7-10 µm.
Who is the target audience for Clinical Hematology?
Medical students, clinician and resident doctors in training, and general practitioners.
What are common blood disorders addressed in clinical hematology?
Anemia, leukemia, and clotting disorders.
What is the primary focus of Clinical Hematology?
Practical guide to hematology.
Which chapter discusses Acute Leukemia?
Chapter 12.
What marks the transition from reticulocyte stage to full maturation of erythrocytes?
Catabolism of RNA, ribosome disintegration, and loss of mitochondria.
What are microcytes?
Small cells less than 6.7 microns.
Where does hematopoiesis start during gestation?
In the yolk sac, as early as the 3rd week.
What is a spherocyte?
RBCs of smaller diameter but thicker than normal, more fragile due to imbedding water.
What is the shape of the nucleus in mature monocytes?
Horseshoe-shaped.
What are some disorders of hematopoietic stem cells?
Aplastic anemia, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, acute non-lymphocytic leukemia, myeloproliferative disorders, and myelodysplastic syndromes.
What do Papenheimer bodies represent?
Ferric ions.
Which of the following cells is not of the myeloid cell line?
T - lymphocyte.
What is an example of a congenital cause of neutropenia?
Kostman's syndrome.
What role do eosinophils play in the immune response?
They are involved in allergic reactions, response to parasites, and defense against certain tumors.
What percentage of peripheral blood leukocytes do eosinophils make up?
1-4%.
In which condition are Howell-Jolly bodies not clinically seen?
Iron deficiency anemia.
What is the primary function of monocytes and macrophages?
Their major role is phagocytosis, although they also have regulatory and secretory functions.
What is the size range of a Basophilic Normoblast?
12-17 µm in diameter.
What are the two classes of progenitors identified in platelet development?
The two classes are BFU-M and CFU-M, with BFU-M being the most primitive progenitor cells committed to the megakaryocyte lineage.
Why is it important to have a concurrent complete blood count with each bone marrow aspirate?
To correlate observations made from the marrow examination.
What is Gamal Abdul Hamid's academic position?
Associate Professor.
What is the significance of hematological tests?
They help in diagnosing various blood conditions and monitoring treatment.
What is discussed in the third appendix?
Cytotoxic Drugs.
What is the composition of Hemoglobin A (HbA)?
α2β2, making up 95-98% of adult hemoglobin.
What is the average mean corpuscular diameter of an RBC?
7.2 microns.
What conditions are associated with elliptocytosis?
Anemia of malignancy, Hemoglobin C disease, IDA, Pernicious anemia, Sickle Cell Trait, Thalassemia.
What is a teardrop cell (dacrocyte)?
A cell that is usually smaller than erythrocytes and resembles tears.
What are Howell-Jolly bodies?
Round solid staining, dark-blue to purple inclusions in mature RBCs, representing DNA remnants.
What organs are involved in the hematopoietic system?
Bone marrow, liver, spleen, lymph nodes, and thymus.
What is the composition of normal adult hemoglobin?
Two alpha and two beta chains.
How is mild anemia classified based on hemoglobin levels?
Hb < 11 – 8 g/dl.
What is the color of the cytoplasm in mature monocytes?
Blue-grey.
What is the size range of Megakaryocytes?
Up to 160 micrometers.
What drugs can lead to the formation of megaloblasts?
Methotrexate, cyclophosphamide, nitrous oxide, arsenic.
What is the normal shape of a red cell?
Biconvex.
What are hematopoietic growth factors?
Glycoprotein hormones that regulate the proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic progenitor cells.
What is the N:C ratio of a Pronormoblast?
4:1.
Which conditions are associated with rouleaux formation?
Multiple myeloma and Waldenström Macroglobulinemia.
What is the purpose of using Heparin in bone marrow specimen collection?
For Flow Cytometry and Cytogenetics.
What color is the cytoplasm of a Polychromatic Normoblast?
Variable, with pink staining mixed with basophilia.
What is unique about the Reticulocyte?
It is anuclear.
What is clinical hematology?
The study and diagnosis of blood disorders and diseases.
What is the primary focus of clinical hematology?
The diagnosis and treatment of blood disorders.
What is the major function of G-CSF?
Stimulates production of neutrophils.
What is hematopoiesis?
The process of blood cell production, differentiation, and development.
What is the significance of the patient's history in interpreting bone marrow aspirate results?
It may heavily influence the interpretation of results and alterations in sequential hemograms.
What is the progression of erythropoiesis from prenatal life to adulthood?
Yolk sac – liver and spleen – red bone marrow.
How does Epo likely affect red cell production?
It acts on immediate post-stem cell daughter cells, shifting them to the red cell line and shortening the RBC maturation period.
How is the hematocrit calculated using the Rule of Nine?
Red cell count (10^12/L) X 9 = Hematocrit (%).
What are megaloblasts?
Extremely large cells (12 to 25 microns).
What are ovalocytes?
Elliptical, oval biconvex RBCs, an inherited anomaly.
Which type of red cell inclusion is a DNA remnant?
Howell-Jolly bodies.
What can a blood smear suggest?
Type of anemia, presence of malaria, leukemia, and myelodysplasia.
What causes agglutination in erythrocytes?
The presence of antibodies reacting with antigens on the erythrocyte.
What are the key components in the diagnosis of anemia?
History, physical examination, and clinical laboratory tests.
Describe the nucleus of a Pronormoblast.
Large, round nucleus with fine chromatin pattern and 0-2 nucleoli.
What enzymes are released during phagocytosis from secondary granules?
Collagenase, amino peptidase, and lysozyme.
How is rouleaux graded?
1+ = aggregate of 3 to 4 RBCs, 2+ = aggregate of 5 to 10 RBCs, 3+ = numerous aggregates with few free RBCs.
What type of inclusions are found in Myeloblasts?
Auer rods.
What is the chromatin pattern of an Orthochromic Normoblast?
Tightly condensed.
What are common disorders studied in clinical hematology?
Anemia, leukemia, and clotting disorders.
What role do hematologists play in patient care?
They specialize in diagnosing and treating blood-related diseases.
What is the source of GM-CSF?
T-Lymphocytes, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts.
What do basophilic stippling granules represent?
Pathological aggregation of ribosome and RNA precipitating during blood smear staining.
What shape do elliptocytes generally have?
Rod, cigar, or sausage shape.
What is the function of granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)?
It is used to enable lethal therapy for uncontrollable disorders and stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of bone marrow progenitors.
What is anemia defined as?
A decrease in red cell mass, hemoglobin concentration, or hematocrit compared to a normal group.
What percentage of total nucleated bone marrow cells does myeloblast constitute?
Approximately 1%.
What are burr cells characterized by?
One or more spine projections of cellular membrane.
During which trimester does hematopoiesis shift to bone marrow?
During the 3rd trimester.
How many heme groups are in a hemoglobin molecule?
Four.
What is the purpose of a peripheral blood smear?
To assess red cell size/shape, white cell appearance, and detect abnormal cells.
How can direct evidence of stem cell disorders be obtained?
Through chromosome analysis and studies of heterozygotes for glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase.
What is the normal range of neutrophilic granulocytes in peripheral blood?
About 2500-7500/μl.
What is the normal hemoglobin level for adult females?
14+ - 2.5 g/dl.
Basophilic stippling is composed of what?
RNA.
What conditions can basophilia be associated with?
Basophilia can be associated with drugs, tuberculosis, ulcerative colitis, and myeloproliferative disorders such as chronic myeloid leukemia (CML).
What anticoagulant is used for molecular diagnostic studies?
E.D.T.A.
How is MCHC calculated?
MCHC (g/dl) = Hemoglobin (g/dl) / Hematocrit (L/L).
What does Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH) measure?
The average weight of hemoglobin in individual red cells.
What does the cytologic interpretation utilize for diagnostic data?
The M/E ratio and the differential cell count.
What additional resources does Clinical Hematology include?
Review questions and quizzes.
What does the M:E ratio in bone marrow aspiration indicate?
It helps in the cytologic diagnosis of conditions like anemia and leukopenia.
What are common side effects of G-CSF and GM-CSF?
Bone pain, fever, malaise, and discomfort at the injection site.
What is the effect of erythropoietin (Epo) in anephric individuals?
It raises hemoglobin levels from about 60 gm/L to 100 gm/L.
What are schistocytes?
Red blood cell fragments.
In which conditions are burr cells increased?
Anemia, bleeding gastric ulcers, gastric carcinoma, renal insufficiency, uremia, pyruvate kinase insufficiency.
What is the progenitor of all blood cells called?
Multipotential hematopoietic stem cell.
How much new erythrocytes must a 70-kg man produce daily?
20 ml of new erythrocytes each day.
What condition is associated with basophilic stippling?
Lead poisoning.
What condition is associated with H-Jolly bodies?
Spleen dysfunction.
What is the major function of granulocytes (neutrophils)?
Uptake and killing of bacterial pathogens.
What initiates the process of chemotaxis in granulocytes?
Chemotactic factors released from damaged tissues or complement components.
What is an example of a hematological malignancy associated with eosinophilia?
Eosinophilic leukemia.
How long does it take for monocytes to be released into circulating blood after their last mitotic division?
Monocytes are released into the circulating blood within 12 to 24 hours.
What does monocytosis usually represent?
Monocytosis usually represents malignant histiocyte disorders, including monocytic variants of leukemia and some types of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma.
What is lymphocytosis and when does it occur?
Lymphocytosis occurs in viral infections, some bacterial infections (e.g., pertussis), and lymphoid neoplasia.
What can abnormal results in hematological tests indicate?
Potential blood disorders or systemic diseases.
What is the focus of the first appendix in Clinical Hematology?
Hematological Tests and Normal Values.
What is the subject of the fourth appendix?
Drugs Used in Hematology.
What are the chromosomes that control the alpha and beta chains of hemoglobin?
Alpha chains are on chromosome 6; beta, gamma, and delta chains are on chromosome 11.
What conditions may poikilocytosis be seen in?
Pernicious anemia, iron deficiency anemia (IDA), congenital hemolytic anemia, and many other types of anemia.
What happens to the oxygen dissociation curve during tissue or systemic acidosis?
It shifts to the right, resulting in more oxygen being released.
What are the three mechanisms that influence oxygen supply to peripheral tissues?
Blood flow, oxygen transport capacity, and oxygen affinity of hemoglobin.
What does the Rule of Nine express?
The numerical relationship of hematocrit to red cell count.
What conditions can lead to macrocytes?
Deficiency of Vitamins B12 or Folate, hypothyroidism, liver disease, alcohol, smoking.
What are the two main categories of causes for neutropenia?
Decreased production and increased destruction.
How would a cell with a diameter of 9 µm and an MCV of 104 be classified?
Macrocyte.
What stains are used in a peripheral blood smear?
Polychrome stains (Wright-Giemsa) and monochrome stains.
How does a polychromatophilic erythrocyte appear when stained with a supravital stain?
It appears to have a threadlike netting within it and is called a reticulocyte.
What condition is associated with Heinz bodies?
G6PD deficiency.
What condition is associated with Pappenheimer bodies?
Iron loading anemia.
What condition is associated with acanthocytes?
Abetalipoproteinemia.
What condition is associated with microcytes?
Iron deficiency anemia.
What is the N:C ratio of a Basophilic Normoblast?
4:1.
What is the size range of a Polychromatic Normoblast?
11-14 µm in diameter.
Who is the editor of Clinical Hematology?
Gamal Abdul Hamid, MD, PhD.
What aspects of diseases are discussed in Clinical Hematology?
Pathophysiology, clinical features, and paraclinical features supporting diagnosis and differential diagnosis.
What is the focus of chapter 18?
Transfusion Medicine.
What clinical conditions are associated with basophilic stippling?
Lead poisoning, severe anemia, and thalassemia.
What does the Second Rule of Three indicate?
It expresses normal red cell relationships and abnormalities indicate pathological states.
When is moderate to severe iron deficiency anemia indicated according to the Second Rule of Three?
When hemoglobin is disproportionately lower than hematocrit.
What is the main use of the Second Rule of Three?
As a check on the validity of test results in quality control.
What replaces active blood cell producing marrow in the fourth year of life?
Fat.
In which conditions can spherocytes be found?
ABO hemolytic disease of newborn, acquired hemolytic anemia, congenital spherocytosis, blood transfusion reaction, and DIC.
What factors should be considered when identifying a cell?
Size of the cells, characteristics of the nucleus, and characteristics of the cytoplasm.
What does hypochromia indicate?
When central pallor exceeds one third of the cell's diameter or the cell has a pale overall appearance, clinically associated with iron deficiency anemia.
What does RDW measure in terms of red blood cells?
It quantifies the variation in size of red blood cells (anisocytosis).
What do target cells (codocytes) resemble?
A shooting target with a central red bull's eye surrounded by a clear ring and an outer red ring.
What happens to the nucleoli in fully mature Megakaryocytes?
They are no longer visible.
What is a distinctive feature of Megakaryocytes?
They are multilobular, not multinucleated.
What is rouleaux formation associated with?
The presence of cryoglobulin.
What color is the cytoplasm of a Pronormoblast?
Distinctive basophilic color without granules.
What are the pathways involved in the killing and digestion of pathogens?
Oxygen-dependent and oxygen-independent pathways.
What is the grading for sickle cells and basophilic stippling?
Grade as positive only.
What is the First Rule of Three in hematology?
Red cell count (in million) X 10^12 /L X 3 = Hemoglobin/dl.
What can each bone marrow aspirate have?
A cytologic and/or etiologic diagnosis.
What is the significance of a complete blood count (CBC)?
It provides essential information about the types and numbers of cells in the blood.
Which growth factor stimulates the production of red blood cells?
Erythropoietin.
What condition is referred to as megaloblastic maturation?
A defect in nuclear maturation where nuclear development lags behind cytoplasmic development.
What are crenated erythrocytes also known as?
Echinocytes.
What is the primary site of hematopoiesis in a fetus between the 10th and 30th week of gestation?
Liver.
What is the major site for the removal of normal, aged erythrocytes?
Spleen.
What factors influence the symptoms of anemia?
Degree of reduction in oxygen-carrying capacity, change in total blood volume, rate of changes, severity of underlying disease, and compensatory power of cardiovascular and hematopoietic systems.
What type of granules are found in mature monocytes?
Fine dispersed granules.
What is believed to be the origin of chronic myelogenous leukemia?
At the level of the multipotential stem cell, involving both lymphoid and myeloid cells.
What deficiencies can cause megaloblasts?
Vitamin B12 deficiency, folate deficiency.
What does CFU-GEMM stand for?
Colony-forming unit granulocyte-erythrocyte-monocyte-megakaryocyte.
What is the target cell for erythropoietin?
CFU-E (Colony-forming unit Erythroid).
What is the maximal functional capacity of the bone marrow for erythrocyte production?
Increased production to a level 5 to 10 times normal.
What initiates platelet formation in Megakaryocytes?
The initial appearance of a pink color in the basophilic cytoplasm and increased granularity.
What condition is associated with spherocytes?
Blood transfusion reaction.
What does Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) measure?
The average concentration of hemoglobin in grams per deciliter of red cells.
Describe the nucleus of a Basophilic Normoblast.
Nuclear chromatin is more clumped; nucleoli usually not apparent.
What does the M:E ratio refer to in bone marrow analysis?
The ratio of myeloid to erythroid cells.
What is the role of hematological tests?
To diagnose and monitor blood-related conditions.
Which institution is associated with Gamal Abdul Hamid?
Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Aden.
What type of anemia is discussed in chapter 3?
Iron Deficiency Anemia.
What is anisocytosis?
Variation in size of red blood cells.
What is the first identifiable cell in the granulocytic series?
Myeloblast.
What causes the formation of crenated erythrocytes?
Blood smear that dries slowly.
What is the function of IL-3?
Stimulates production of all non-lymphoid cells.
What are the three pathophysiologic mechanisms that can lead to persistent anemia?
Proliferation defect, maturation defect, and survival defect.
What might a blood smear of a patient with a prosthetic heart valve show?
Schistocyte.
What is a major complaint from patients receiving G-CSF or GM-CSF at higher doses?
Worsened side effects, including capillary leak syndrome with GM-CSF.
In which conditions are stomatocytes increased?
Acute alcoholism, alcoholic cirrhosis, H. sepherocytosis, infection mononucleosis, lead poisoning, malignancies.
What is the major erythrocyte production site?
Bone marrow.
In which conditions are target cells clinically seen?
Hemoglobinopathies, hemolytic anemia, hepatic disease, IDA, and postsplenectomy.
What is the life span of a normal mature erythrocyte?
120 days.
What are the primary laboratory investigations in clinical hematology?
RBC count, Hematocrit, Hemoglobin, Red Cell Indices, Reticulocyte count, Blood smear examination, Bone marrow examination.
What types of granules are found in granulocytes?
Primary (azurophilic) and secondary granules.
What does a grade of 3+ indicate for poikilocytosis?
20 cells per field.
What are the stages of lymphocyte development?
The stages are lymphoblast, prolymphocyte, and mature lymphocyte.
What does the First Rule of Three indicate?
It expresses the normal ratio of hemoglobin to red cells and applies to all hemoglobinized cells.
What does Clinical Hematology provide guidance on?
Diagnosis and treatment of common disorders of red blood cells, white blood cells, hemostasis, and blood transfusion medicine.
What are stress or shift reticulocytes?
Immature reticulocytes in the blood circulation due to erythropoietin stimulation.
What are acanthocytes and where are they found?
RBCs with thorny spike-like projections, found in liver cirrhosis, hepatic hemangioma, neonatal hepatitis, postsplenectomy, and retinitis pigmentosa.
What is the functional definition of anemia?
A decrease in the competence of blood to carry oxygen to tissues, causing tissue hypoxia.
What does the oxygen transport capacity depend on?
The number of red blood cells and hemoglobin concentration.
What are Papenheimer bodies?
Dark-staining particles of iron in erythrocytes visible with a special iron stain (Prussian blue).
Which two cell types produce their own growth factors?
Lymphocytes and monocytes.
What term describes erythrocytes resembling 'a stack of coins' on a blood smear?
Rouleaux formation.
What clinical conditions are associated with Papenheimer bodies?
Iron loading anemia, hyposplenism, and hemolytic anemia.
What are the normal hematological values for RBC in cord blood?
5+ - 1 million.
What does a bone marrow examination help determine?
The cause of anemia, leukopenia, leukocytosis, thrombocytopenia, and lymphoproliferative disease.
What conditions are associated with agglutination?
Microangiopathic Hemolytic Anemia (MAHA) and Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia (AIHA).
What is the average diameter of mature platelets?
2-4 micrometers.
What does a grade of 1+ indicate in red blood cell morphology for polychromatophilia?
1 to 5 cells per field.
What staining method is used after fixation, decalcification, and paraffin embedding?
Hematoxylin and Eosin stain (H&E).
What is included in the marrow differential count?
500 Nucleated cells.
Describe the nucleus of a Polychromatic Normoblast.
Increased clumping of the chromatin.
Describe the cytoplasm of an Orthochromic Normoblast.
Reddish-pink (acidophilic) color.
What conditions can cause microcytes?
Iron deficiency anemia, thalassemia, sideroblastic anemia, lead poisoning, chronic disease.
What are common causes of neutrophilia?
Bacterial infection, inflammation, trauma/surgery, tissue necrosis, hemorrhage, metabolic issues, primary causes like myeloproliferative disorders, Down syndrome, pregnancy, stress, and certain drugs.
In which condition is the elliptocyte prominent?
Sickle cell anemia.
What is the next stage after myeloblast in the granulocytic series?
Promyelocyte.
What is the final stage of Megakaryocyte development recognized by?
Large size and lobulated nuclei.
What are the two major ancestral cell lines derived from the multipotential stem cell?
Lymphocytic and non-lymphocytic cells.
In which conditions may ovalocytes be found?
Hereditary elliptocytosis, thalassemia, and sickle cell anemia (S.C.A).
What are reticulocytes?
New red cells released from the marrow, indicating increased production.
What are some examples of hematopoietic growth factors?
Erythropoietin, GM-CSF, G-CSF, M-CSF, and interleukin-3.
How many slides should be prepared for staining with Wright-Giemsa stain?
5 slides from approximately 12 prepared slides.
What is the N:C ratio of Myeloblasts?
4:1.
What are the classifications of MCHC?
Normal: 31-36%, Hypochromic: < 31%, Hyperchromic: > 36%.
What is the N:C ratio of a Polychromatic Normoblast?
1:1.
How does the size of a polychromatophilic erythrocyte compare to a mature erythrocyte?
It is larger than a mature erythrocyte.
What is the size range of a Pronormoblast?
12-19 µm in diameter.
What is opsonization?
Coating particles with antibody or complement to enhance phagocytosis.
How does the size of young platelets compare to older ones?
Young platelets are larger than older ones.
What are Langerhans' cells and where are they found?
Langerhans' cells are macrophages present in the epidermis, spleen, thymus, bone, lymph nodes, and mucosal surfaces.
What should the report of a bone marrow analysis include?
Review of peripheral blood smear, assessment of marrow aspirate, conclusion, and diagnosis.
