MOVEMENT SYSTEM, MUSCLE ACTIVITY, AND STRENGTH

The resistance to an external force that causes permanent deformation.

The stress increase continues until the tissue ruptures.

Voluntary, striated, and multinucleated.

Smooth muscle.

The amount of tension produced by a muscle is related to its length.

The length at which the maximum number of actin-myosin crossbridges is available.

Neural factors and mechanical properties.

Any contracting muscle that causes the same joint motion or maintains a posture.

The point at which the tissue’s elastic properties are stressed.

Muscles that contribute significantly more to the joint movement than other agonists.

Calcium stimulates myosin to act as a catalyst to split ATP.

The functional unit of muscle contraction, including the alpha motor nerve and all the muscle fibers it innervates.

The total force generated is greater than during isolated concentric contraction.

The order of recruitment from smaller to larger alpha motor neurons.

They exhibit fewer structural and functional changes.

A muscle can be stretched beyond its normal resting length and still be able to contract.

The integration of eccentric and concentric contractions that utilize stored elastic energy.

A condition where a muscle limits the ability of its opposing muscle to contract due to lengthening.

Thin filaments.

By lengthening the muscle at another joint, such as extending the wrist.

It allows the finger flexors to have enough length to provide a strong grip.

The number of motor units activated and the frequency at which they are activated.

Energy must be supplied to myofilaments.

Fascicles are attached at oblique angles to a central tendon, shorter, and produce greater forces at the sacrifice of speed.

The ability to succumb to an elongating force and then return to normal length when the force is released.

ATP is coupled to myosin cross-bridges.

A complete organ consisting of cells called skeletal muscle fibers.

It may be followed by atrophy.

The state of being strong, the capacity of a muscle to produce force, and the ability to generate active tension.

They do not narrow because the length of myosin does not change.

The plasma membrane of a muscle fiber.

A give in the structure.

It reduces viscosity and allows the muscle tissue to move with ease.

The entire muscle.

Their lengths are equal in both rested and contracted states.

Larger diameter, faster conducting alpha motor neurons.

Each muscle fiber.

They have a small number of muscle fibers.

For energy conservation and the nature of the task.

They have many muscle fibers.

The fingers passively flex due to the tension of the flexor digitorum profundus and superficialis muscles.

The muscle is able to work against or lift less weight.

To contribute to the body’s needs for mobility and stability.

It covers the epimysium.

Active tension.

Fascicles are parallel and long throughout the muscle, designed for greater shortening distance but less force.

Males are generally stronger than females.

Increase in the number of sarcomeres, resulting in a decrease in sarcomere length.

There is a reduction in neural activity.

(1) Provide identical activity to the agonist, (2) prevent undesired joint action, (3) stabilize.

It provides the opposite anatomic action of the agonist.

The ability to resist changing its shape when a force is applied, but if the force is sufficient, the tissue cannot return to its original shape.

Type II fibers decrease while Type I fibers increase or remain relatively constant.

In multi-joint muscles when the muscle is at its shortest length.

They have greater length, are placed end to end, and provide greater speed of motion.

It is at its lowest, making it difficult for finger flexors to provide a strong grip when the wrist is flexed.

The more muscle fibers a muscle has, the more force it has the potential to exert.

The total cross-sectional area of the muscle.

It stores and releases calcium ions.

Tenodesis Effect.

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP).

The loss of muscle mass as a person ages.

Strain is directly proportional to the ability of tissue to resist the force.

They can subsequently lengthen under less tension.

To surround a joint or body part and contract to stabilize the area, allowing another limb or body segment to exert force and move.

They have greater width and provide greater force.

They are usually inactive but allow passive elongation or shortening for the desired activity.

The number of motor units declines.

The portion between two adjacent Z lines.

The I Band narrows further.

The inability of a muscle to generate force when it is shortened over two joints simultaneously.

They have more mitochondria and a better-developed blood supply.

Multipennate muscles.

By controlling the movement of a bony lever around a joint axis.

The ability of muscle to shorten forcefully.

Muscle spindle and Golgi tendon organ (GTO).

It surrounds each fascicle.

The region where tissue 'takes up the slack' and shows considerable deformation with minimal force.

Larger motor units are recruited.

It shortens as Z disks move toward each other.

Between the ages of 20 and 30 years.

They narrow.

It winds along the groove of actin and lies on top of active sites in the resting state.

To actively flex the hip and extend the knee through their full ranges of motion individually.

Muscle size, architecture of muscle fibers, passive components, physiological length, moment arm length, speed of contraction, active tension, age, and gender.

They have a better-developed blood supply.

The elongation of tissue from the application of a low-level load over time.

Aerobic respiration.

In the plastic range of tissue or structures.

The inability of a muscle to stretch sufficiently when it is lengthened over two joints simultaneously.

There is an increase in the amount of perimysium.

The more pennates a muscle has, the greater force it is able to produce.

Involuntary, striated, and uninucleated.

20% to 40%.

The capacity of muscle to respond to a stimulus.

It is stored, transitioned, and utilized in the concentric contraction phase.

Actin moves toward each other.

Passive movements of those joints.

It has a crimped or wavy appearance.

It produces acceleration of body segments.

Some distensibility occurs by straightening and aligning the fibers.

The muscle lengthens and the points of insertion move away from each other.

The basic structural and functional unit of skeletal muscle.

Calcium ions (Ca2+).

Action potential (AP).

The cytoplasm of muscles, which contains myofibrils.

There is a somewhat proportional relationship; muscle strength increases as speed increases until a certain point.

The muscle’s fascia and tendon.

Endomysium, perimysium, and epimysium.

It attaches to Z disks and extends to the M line, functioning as a spring to allow the sarcomere to stretch and recoil.

About 24 hours after the activity.

ATPase, capable of splitting ATP to ADP + PO4.

A greater rebound response or contraction is produced.

There is an increase in the ratio of connective tissue to muscle fiber tissue.

The force or load required is less.

A type of contraction where the muscle produces force with no apparent change in the joint angle.

It speeds the transmission of a muscle action potential to all portions of the muscle fiber.

They resist extraneous movement of joint surfaces.

Smaller diameter, slower conducting alpha motor neurons.

The ability to stretch, elongate, or expand.

Frequency, number, and size of motor units.

It is similar in both males and females.

Endomyseal and perimyseal connective tissue.

It decreases due to sarcopenia.

Some microfailure between the collagen bonds begins.

They overlap at the center of the sarcomere.

Tissue returns to its original size and shape.

It decelerates body segments and provides shock absorption.

Active insufficiency is reached in the rectus femoris and passive insufficiency in the hamstrings.

Larger muscles generally have a greater capacity to produce force.

Longer muscles provide that segment’s mobility.

There is a decrease in the number of sarcomeres with a compensatory increase in sarcomere length.

Shorter muscles provide stability.

Passive tension.

Calcium ions.

It affects the amount of force a muscle can generate.

They respond rapidly.

It produces sufficient creep to improve flexibility, especially if applied repetitively.

At the junction between the muscle and tendon.

7% to 8%.

It runs parallel and superficial to the myofibril, found deep to the sarcolemma.

It refers to the way muscles help maintain the position of joint surfaces.

During an isometric muscle action.

A muscle develops tension less than its resting length during contraction.

The muscle shortens and the proximal and distal insertion points move closer together.

Isometric length-tension relationship and force-velocity relationship.

They are inversely related.

It occurs when a muscle becomes shortened to the point where it cannot generate or maintain active tension.

It gradually declines.

It indicates that tissue can deform significantly without requiring much force.

The H zone disappears.

Concentric, eccentric, or isometric contractions.

When landing from a jump or in walking.

Eccentric and deceleration activities.

Bundles of protein filaments arranged parallel to the long axis of the muscle fiber.

Local depolarization of the sarcolemma occurs.

Changes are permanent.

The increase in muscle size.

Myosin filaments.

Very difficult to stretch; minimal effects.

It allows the contracting muscle fibers to transfer their forces along the tendon to the bone to produce motion.

Type IIa (fast-twitch oxidative glycolytic) and Type IIb (fast-twitch glycolytic).

It stabilizes joints.

Through many motor units firing asynchronously and repeatedly.

It increases viscosity, causing muscles to become stiff.

A muscle gains tension when stretched beyond its normal resting length.

They must relax and lengthen.

A muscle that contracts at the same time as the agonist to provide identical activity, prevent undesired joint actions, or stabilize.

The ability of muscle to recoil to its original resting length after it has been stretched.

The relaxed fingers extend due to the passive tension of the extensor digitorum.

Slow-twitch fibers.

It serves as an attachment point for actin myofilaments.

Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate (Pi).

By stabilizing the area, they enable other limbs or body segments to exert force and move effectively.

There is a decrease in the number of motor units, with remaining units having more fibers per unit.

A representation of a structure's ability to withstand applied stresses based on deformation.

Hamstrings during a straight leg raise (SLR) or tenodesis of the wrist.

It can be either shortened or lengthened.

Decreased range of motion (ROM) and increased muscle stiffness.

The percentage of fiber types within the muscle influences the effects.

Usually at a maximum of 70% of its resting length.

As the stretch increases, more tension is produced.

Slowly, due to a slow form of myosin ATPase.

From 5 to 30 days, depending on the severity.

A single high-force contraction of the muscle while lengthened.

Increased elasticity leads to increased extensibility and decreased viscosity.

It limits the ability of opposing muscles to contract effectively.

The force or load that the body or its parts resists.

A condition where the hamstrings are unable to stretch adequately, affecting movement.

It affects both muscle structure and function.

It occurs when the opposing muscle becomes stretched to the point where it can no longer lengthen and allow movement.

Straight Leg Raise (SLR).

Genetics, biological maturation, conditioning levels, and proper diet and exercise.

In the sarcomeres.

The A Band.

Stabilization by antagonists that allows the multi-joint agonist to perform the desired function.

They form cross bridges.

The material returns to its original shape after the stress is removed.

It is the range beyond the elastic limit extending to the point of rupture.

The sarcomere shortens.

Loss of weight and muscle atrophy.

Bundles of fascicles or individual muscle fibers.

They contract more slowly.

At the center of each A band.

Their ability to contract is limited due to the inability of the lengthening muscle to stretch further.

Only myosin myofilaments are present; actin and myosin do not overlap.

Acetylcholine.

They provide tension beyond the normal resting length.

The distance to which the muscle is capable of shortening after it has been elongated as far as the joint(s) over which it passes allows.

Tension at lengths less than resting length.

Inability to reach full range of motion in both the hip and knee joints.

Height difference in the morning vs in the afternoon.

A band and I band.

It has permanent deformation.

It is the weakening of tissue.

The amount of deformation a structure can tolerate before succumbing to stress.

Gradual or acute onset injuries.

The relationship between muscle length and the tension it can produce.

The arrangement of myofilaments.

Toe region, Elastic region, Plastic region.

Actin filaments.

Structural proteins and contractile proteins.

Isotropic.

Fast-twitch fibers.

The decrease in muscle size.

The tendon and its fascia.

They have very little myoglobin.

Type IIa fibers.

Using an isokinetic device.

The velocity decreases to zero, resulting in an isometric contraction.

Stiffness.

There is an increase in the amount of connective tissue within the extracellular matrix of the muscle.

The M line is the middle of the H zone and helps hold the myosin myofilaments in place.

The muscle is unable to control the load, leading to uncontrollable lengthening or dropping of the load.

Initial deformation where the material begins to stretch.

It complies with the muscle’s change in length.

The endomysium thickens.

The material undergoes permanent deformation and does not return to its original shape.

Their myosin heads have a fast form of myosin ATPase.

Fewer and smaller mitochondria.

Immobilization position, percentage of fiber types, and length of the immobilization period.

Thick filaments.

Overhead movements.

The distal end of a hockey stick.

It binds oxygen and acts as an oxygen reservoir.

A longer moment arm can increase the torque produced by the muscle.

Longer periods can lead to more significant changes in structure and function.

It may continue for up to 10 days post-exercise.

Anisotropic.

The rupturing of fibers.

During normal human movements.

It refers to the physiological length of the muscle that affects its ability to generate force.

Up to twice the force.

Thick myofilaments are composed of myosin, and thin myofilaments are composed of actin.

Z line, M line, and Titin.

Calcium ions.

They can affect muscle size, strength, and overall performance capabilities.

Muscle soreness does not occur, and the muscle adapts.

Shortening of the muscle occurs while the load on the muscle remains constant.

It becomes passively stretched as the muscle continues to lengthen.

Collagen fibril orientation becomes more circumferential.

Removal of calcium from myofibrils.

A contraction that occurs when the rate of movement is constant.