How has Action Centred Leadership (ACL) been recognized in the British Army?
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It has remained the nucleus of British Army leadership practice for over fifty years.
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How has Action Centred Leadership (ACL) been recognized in the British Army?
It has remained the nucleus of British Army leadership practice for over fifty years.
What key question did Adair's work address regarding leadership?
What does a leader have to know and then do in order to be a success?
What is a key critique of Adair's leadership outlook?
It is partisan and lacks critical engagement or theoretical analysis.
How does ACL relate to other leadership concepts in the British Army?
It is presented alongside Transactional and Transformational leadership on a sliding scale.
What does 'contingent leadership' refer to?
A leadership approach that adapts styles based on the varying stages of motivation, experience, and knowledge of followers.
How is ACL characterized in terms of leadership style?
As a directive and leader-led model.
What is the main limitation of ambiguity models in structured organizations?
They tend to overplay the role of uncertainty.
In which types of organizations does professional socialization reinforce predictability?
Highly organized state organizations such as schools, hospitals, or the armed forces.
What is a critical aspect of leadership theory according to Bush (2011)?
It concerns the source and nature of leadership.
What did Maslow's theory assert about fulfilling needs?
People follow a set sequence in fulfilling their needs, moving to higher needs only after lower ones are achieved.
What visual representation is used to illustrate Adair's leadership model?
A Venn diagram.
What is the main theme of Gill's 2006 book?
Theory and practice of leadership.
What theory does Adair's ACL model draw upon?
Maslow’s motivational theory.
What is the focus of the article by Simkins in 1999?
Values, power, and instrumentality in educational management.
What does Vincent's 2015 analysis discuss?
The Optimal Balance of the Be, Know, Do Leadership Framework.
What was the main theme of Adair's leadership theory?
The overlapping needs of Task, Individual, and Team.
What was the primary purpose of Adair's 1973 book 'Action Centred Leadership'?
To provide a wider national and international audience with insights into the functions of leadership.
What discrepancy is noted in leadership practices according to Gardner - McTaggart?
The discrepancy between normative and descriptive leadership.
What are the eight functions of leadership as outlined in Adair's 1983 book?
Defining the task, Planning, Briefing, Controlling, Evaluating, Motivating, Organising, and Setting the example.
What are the three areas of focus in Action Centred Leadership (ACL)?
Developing the team, building and maintaining the group, and achieving the task.
What does 'empowerment leadership' entail?
It seeks to distribute leadership and facilitate empowerment among team members.
What does the chapter aim to explore regarding Action Centred Leadership?
The gap in scholarly work exploring ACL in a globalizing context.
What does Gardner-McTaggart's 2017 paper focus on?
Leadership models and values in a globalizing world.
What model did Charles Handy propose?
The 'Best Fit Approach'.
What was stated in the first British Army Leadership Doctrine manual regarding Adair's theory?
It is the most relevant leadership model that concisely summarizes the role of the Army leader.
What was the title of Adair's first book released in 1968?
Training for Leadership.
What does ACL stand for?
Action Centred Leadership.
What significant change did Adair make in his 1983 book 'Effective Leadership'?
He expanded the functions of leadership from six to eight.
What is the significance of a contingent approach in leadership?
It recognizes the diverse nature of leadership contexts and adapts styles to fit specific situations.
What model did Adair develop in his 1983 book to illustrate the needs of different groups?
The Three Circles Model, represented as a Venn diagram.
What type of leadership model does ACL align most closely with?
Transactional and directive models.
What is the focus of transactional leadership?
Developing relationships based on clear intentions to deal with issues and achieve tasks.
Why is it important to clarify models and styles in leadership?
To understand the overall nature and source of leadership.
What is the title of the book by T. Bush published in 2011?
Theories of Educational Leadership and Management, fourth edition.
What is the title of Lukacs's 1923 work?
History and Class Consciousness.
What is the title of the Army Leadership Doctrine published in 2015?
Army Leadership Doctrine.
What is a primary tool for leaders already aware of organizational values?
Action Centred Leadership (ACL).
What is a significant limitation of ACL when taken out of an organizational structure?
It lacks detailed nature and theoretical rigor to stand alone as a comprehensive leadership theory.
For how long has ACL been the principal leadership development tool for the British Armed Forces?
For the last 50 years.
What are the three fundamental needs around which ACL is built?
Individual, Team, and Task.
What is a key limitation of ACL in leadership discussions?
It provides insufficient sources for meaningful dialogue on leadership.
How does the British military incorporate leadership into its doctrine?
By including 'transformational leadership' and aligning with ACL principles.
What are the three distinct areas of British Army leadership?
Moral (Army Values), Collegial (Transformational Leadership), and Functional/Political (ACL & Transactional Leadership).
What is the significance of the 'Be know do' framework in relation to ACL?
It is similar to ACL and was incorporated into the American Army's leadership doctrine.
Where was ACL designed?
At the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst.
What type of model does ACL fit within according to the text?
An 'ambiguity model' of leadership.
What does ACL aim to provide as a leadership tool?
A practical amalgam of leadership and management ideas, concepts, and skills.
What does Adair's situational approach lend to ACL?
Credence to the view that ACL fits within a situated or contingent model of leadership.
What does Adair believe about the simplicity of his leadership model?
He believes it has simplicity, power, truth, and beauty.
What theory does Gawel's 1997 paper discuss in relation to motivation?
Herzberg’s theory of motivation and Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.
What was the main influence on Adair's leadership model?
Behavioural studies of military leadership in the 1940s and 1950s.
Who authored 'Leadership Theory and Practice' in 2007?
Northouse, P.
Who developed the ACL model?
John Adair.
What does ACL primarily focus on?
The leader and their actions, rather than the interaction with followers.
What is Action Centred Leadership (ACL) primarily associated with?
It is associated with the leadership practices and systems in various contexts, including military.
What is the nature of ACL as a leadership tool?
It is a simple, leader-led/directive tool applicable by junior commanders in complex situations.
Why did Adair revise the ACL model in the 1980s?
He realized it lacked depth for wider use beyond the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst.
How do ambiguity models differ from collegial models?
Ambiguity models offer contingent leadership, while collegial models stress teamwork.
What is a key characteristic of ambiguity models?
They are not normative and offer no idea of the source or nature of leadership.
What is the main focus of Bolman and Deal's book published in 1991?
Reframing organizations through artistry, choice, and leadership.
What aspect of leadership does ACL emphasize according to the text?
Developing the individual, which receives one third of the leadership focus.
What is the focus of Handy's 1976 book?
Understanding organizations.
What are the four variables identified by Cecil Gibbs in leadership studies?
Personality of the leader, needs of the group, the group or team itself, and the situation.
What major amendments were made to ACL in the 1980s and 90s?
Inclusion of satellite theories such as Maslow's and Hertzberg’s Motivational Model.
Where was the original source of ACL established?
The academic department of the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst.
How does a transactional leader adapt their style?
They may employ different styles to pursue transactional goals, such as using an empowering style when it suits a particular individual.
What distinguishes normative theories from descriptive theories in leadership?
Normative theories prescribe how organizations should be managed, while descriptive theories explain how organizations actually function.
What does ACL stand for?
Action Centred Leadership.
What gap does ACL have despite its adaptations?
It does not fully empower followers or address their interactions.
What values guide the British Army's leadership through ACL?
Selfless commitment, courage, discipline, integrity, and respect for others.
How is ACL described in terms of its nature?
It is process-oriented and action-focused.
What does Vincent (2015) highlight about the British Army's leadership?
It remains structured around ACL while incorporating empowerment.
What is the nature of the organizations that have adopted ACL?
They have a structured system and an existing set of values and standards.
What criticism has been directed at Maslow's motivational theory?
It lacked experimental verification and support.
How does transformational leadership differ from transactional leadership?
Transformational leadership empowers others, while transactional leadership focuses on leader-directed tasks.
What does Adair suggest about the relationship between a leader and their group?
There should be some social distance to handle decision-making pressures.
In which book did Adair include a chapter on The Situational Approach?
How to Grow Leaders (1996).
What does the MOD's 2004 publication focus on?
Leadership in Defence.
What does the source of ACL depend on?
The institutions and people who make use of it.
What is the primary focus of transformational leadership?
Relationships and empowerment of team members through an individualized approach.
Who provides an overview of management and leadership models?
Bush (2011) presents a helpful overview.
What are the four leadership styles identified by Hersey-Blanchard?
Directing, coaching, supporting, and delegating.
What does the critique suggest about the marketing of ACL?
It promotes a market product without addressing the underlying complexity.
What concept is akin to the eclecticism valued in post-modern leadership?
Conceptual pluralism.
What do formal models emphasize in leadership?
The head’s leading role in policy-making.
What are the three key roles of a leader according to Adair's model?
Achieve the task, develop the individual, and build and maintain the team.
Who conducted leadership research alongside Adair during the Second World War?
Charles Handy.
In which publication did Gibbs discuss leadership?
Handbook of Social Psychology, Vol 2.
What does Hartley's 2016 article discuss?
Economic crisis, technology, and the management of education.
What concept did Adair introduce regarding Task, Individual, and Team needs?
They are interconnected and influence each other, represented as overlapping circles.
What is a potential issue with the simplicity of the ACL model?
It may oversimplify complex human phenomena.
How does leadership differ between commercial and essential public bodies?
Commercial leadership focuses on increasing shareholder value, while public bodies focus on national issues and service to the people.
What was the impact of adding 'Motivating' and 'Setting the example' to the ACL model?
It gave the revised model a more inspirational approach.
What is the normative orientation that ACL does not impart?
Values and standards specific to each organization.
What event does Deakin's 2014 publication discuss?
A symposium on leadership held at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst.
What does Habermas's 1987 work critique?
Functionalist reason.
What was the original name of the Action Centred Leadership model?
Functional Leadership.
What type of publication is Vincent's work categorized under?
Sandhurst Occasional Papers No. 20.
What are the six essential requirements of leadership according to Adair's 1973 book?
Planning, Initiating, Controlling, Supporting, Informing, and Evaluating.
What did Adair refer to as his 'Satellite Theories'?
Fredrick Hertzberg’s Motivational Model and Tannenbaum and Schmidt’s Continuum of Leadership Behaviour theory.
What role did John Adair have at Surrey Polytechnic?
He was an early 'Professor of Leadership'.
What is a major criticism of collegial leadership models according to Hargreaves?
True collegiality is spontaneous, voluntary, and geared towards development, unlike contrived collegiality.
What risk does a leader face when adopting a transformational model of leadership?
Entering into the shifting sands of 'contrived collegiality'.
What are the two approaches to leadership discussed in relation to ACL?
Leader-led leadership and empowerment leadership.
What is the significance of group needs in Adair's ACL model?
It is essential to grasp functional leadership.
Who authored 'Bass and Stodhill's Handbook of Leadership'?
B. Bass.
What is the focus of 'leader-led empowerment' in ACL?
The leader is in the leading position, guiding the team.
What does the 'Best Fit Approach' emphasize?
The role of the situation in leadership decision making.
What is the subject of Held's 1980 book?
Introduction to Critical Theory.
Who developed the Action Centred Leadership (ACL) model?
John Adair.
In what year did John Adair produce the Functional Leadership model?
