CELL BIOLOGY

Robert Hooke discovered cells in a piece of cork using his microscope.

In the cytoplasm, located between the plasma membrane and nucleus.

Uniporters move one specific ion/molecule, symporters move in the same direction, and antiporters move in the opposite direction.

Active transport requires energy (ATP) to move substances from low to high concentration.

Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis.

The four major biomolecules are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

In prokaryotic cells, genetic material is located in a region called the nucleoid and consists of a single, circular chromosome, while in eukaryotic cells, it is enclosed in a nucleus and organized into multiple, linear chromosomes.

Prokaryotic cells are relatively simple with a single, circular chromosome and lack a nuclear membrane and many organelles, while eukaryotic cells are complex with multiple, linear chromosomes, containing a nuclear membrane and numerous organelles.

Secondary active transport uses energy from sodium produced by primary active transport to move substances, either in the same direction (cotransport) or opposite direction (countertransport).

The cytoplasm is the jelly-like interior of the cell, located outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane, containing water and the fluid portion called cytosol.

Cell metabolism includes all chemical reactions within a cell, involving energy transfer from nutrient digestion.

Fluid-mosaic model.

It allows only certain substances to enter the cell.

Receptor-mediated endocytosis involves the uptake of substances through receptors and can include phagocytosis or pinocytosis.

An isotonic solution has balanced solute and solvent concentrations, resulting in no net movement of water.

Rough ER has ribosomes attached to it, while smooth ER does not and is involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification.

DNA plays a major role in ensuring that dominant traits are inherited and regulates cellular functions.

Flagella are extensions of the plasma membrane containing doublets of parallel microtubules, propelling spermatozoa, while cilia are shorter extensions that move materials over the cell surface.

Movement of solutes from higher solute concentration to lower solute concentration.

In a hypertonic solution, water moves from high water concentration to low water concentration, causing cells to shrink as water exits.

Proteins have peptide bonds, while carbohydrates have glycosidic bonds.

Rough endoplasmic reticulum has attached ribosomes and synthesizes proteins that are usually transported to the Golgi apparatus, while smooth endoplasmic reticulum has no attached ribosomes and manufactures lipids and carbohydrates, detoxifies harmful chemicals, and stores calcium.

Hydrophilic polar head and hydrophobic non-polar tail.

Phagocytosis is a type of endocytosis where cells 'eat' solids, such as white blood cells consuming bacteria.

Centrioles are found in the centrosome and help pull the two nuclei apart during cell division.

No, microvilli do not move.

The cell theory states that all organisms are composed of similar units of organization called cells.

Ribosomes, composed of ribosomal RNA and proteins, serve as the site of protein synthesis.

Many membrane-bound organelles.

A concentration gradient is the difference between two points, which is steeper when the difference is great. Factors affecting it include temperature, speed, and viscosity.

Cilia are short and move small materials over the cell surface, while flagella are longer and move the entire cell.

The cell is the fundamental unit of life, and the nucleus directs cell activities.

Peroxisomes are membrane-bound vesicles that serve as a site for lipid and amino acid degradation and break down hydrogen peroxide.

Prokaryotic cells divide primarily by binary fission, while eukaryotic cells divide through mitosis and meiosis.

They identify cells.

Osmosis is the diffusion of water from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration.

The Golgi apparatus collects, modifies, and packages proteins for transport.

Microvilli are primarily involved in absorption in the intestine and kidneys.

Cells communicate through chemical and electrical signals, which is essential for coordinating functions like muscle contraction.

The nucleus, enclosed by a nuclear envelope and containing chromatin and nucleoli, acts as the control center of the cell. It regulates protein synthesis and the chemical reactions of the cell through the DNA it contains.

Main examples of prokaryotic cells include bacteria and archaea, while eukaryotic cells include animals, plants, fungi, and protists.

Specialized structures of cells that perform specific functions.

Moving ions or molecules from one place to another.

Pinocytosis is a type of endocytosis where cells 'drink' liquids, commonly seen in kidney, liver, and intestinal cells.

Vesicular transport requires energy and includes processes like endocytosis (entering the cell) and exocytosis (exiting the cell).

Proteasomes are tubelike protein complexes in the cytoplasm that break down proteins.

The plasma membrane is a lipid bilayer composed of phospholipids and cholesterol, with proteins incorporated or attached. It acts as the outer boundary of the cell, controlling the entry and exit of substances, facilitating intercellular communication through receptor proteins, and enabling cells to recognize one another with marker molecules.

Lysosomes are membrane-bound vesicles that contain digestive enzymes.

A cell wall composed of peptidoglycan.

A genetic disorder that affects chloride ion channels, primarily impacting the pancreas and lungs.

In a hypotonic solution, water moves from low water concentration to high water concentration, causing cells to swell as water enters.

The nucleus contains the genetic material and is where DNA is found.

Viruses are acellular particles that require a host to survive, while cells are the basic units of life.

Mitochondria are major sites of ATP synthesis when oxygen is available, and they have a double membrane with inner projections called cristae.

Centrioles serve as centers for microtubule formation, determine cell polarity, and form the basal bodies of cilia and flagella.

Molecules that are soluble in lipids, such as oxygen and carbon dioxide.

The Sodium-Potassium Pump (Sodium-Potassium ATPase) moves 2 potassium ions into the cell and 3 sodium ions out, requiring depolarization to function.

Lysosomes digest organelles that are no longer functional and phagocytose cells.

Microvilli are supported by actin filaments and increase the cell surface area, functioning as sensory receptors and for absorption.

The Golgi apparatus modifies, packages, and distributes lipids, proteins, and other secretions for use within the cell or for internal secretion.

Prokaryotic cells are generally smaller, ranging from 0.2 to 2μm, while eukaryotic cells are generally larger, ranging from 10 to 100μm.

Passive transport is transport that requires no energy, including diffusion and facilitated diffusion.

It determines the fluid nature of the membrane and limits the movement of phospholipids.

Osmotic pressure depends on the difference of solution concentrations and is the force required to keep water in balance. Higher solute concentration requires higher osmotic pressure.

The two types of sex cells are egg and sperm; they determine sex by being female (XX) or male (XY).

Mitochondria are responsible for ATP synthesis, providing energy for the cell.

Microvilli function as sensory receptors in the hair cells of the inner ear.