What is the importance of honesty in professional competence?
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To be honest about one's competence and seek help when necessary, while being impartial in professional advice.
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What is the importance of honesty in professional competence?
To be honest about one's competence and seek help when necessary, while being impartial in professional advice.
What does downloading information from any source constitute?
Copying.
What is the policy regarding personal use of the company E-mail system?
It may be used for reasonable personal use, provided it does not interfere with normal business activities or breach any company policy.
Why is it important to identify users by their username?
Identifying users by their username is crucial for accountability and access control; a password further secures this identification by verifying the user's identity.
What is the primary focus of traditional system administration management?
Device monitoring and micro-management.
What is the minimum list for HTTP logs?
Date and time of connection, IP source address, operation (e.g., GET command), and path of the operation.
What type of browser may users seek access with?
An approved browser installed by the system administrator.
What should users be aware of regarding information found on the World Wide Web?
There is no guarantee that any information found is accurate, legal, or factual.
How can professionals enhance their skills?
By continuing education through training, study, and sharing information with peers.
What is the role of social responsibility in computing?
To understand social and legal issues in computing and promote ethical policies and laws.
What issues can harassment touch upon?
Gender, beliefs, sexual persuasion, and other attributes used to target a group.
How should mistakes be handled in a professional setting?
By being honest about them and attempting to correct them where possible.
How has the perception of computer usage changed among users over generations?
Users have grown up thinking their computer activities are private, which is problematic in a networked community.
What type of data do police forces in the EU want access to from ISPs?
They want access to surveillance data, IP addresses, email message IDs, and more.
What constitutes copyright infringement?
Copying a copyrighted work without the consent of the copyright owner.
What precautions should be taken when opening E-mail attachments?
Users should not open attachments from unknown or unexpected sources to prevent the spread of viruses.
Who is responsible for selecting and maintaining computer equipment?
The system administrator.
Who manages user accounts on the network?
System administrators.
What is a key characteristic of an adaptable system?
The ability to change original assumptions when they fail.
What does the UK Data Protection Act 1998 govern?
The use of personal data.
What is the significance of responsibility for actions and inactions?
It highlights the ethical line individuals walk in positions of responsibility and the interconnectedness of societal responsibilities.
Why is a fixed policy for dismissing employees useful?
It helps avoid harmful lawsuits by ensuring fair treatment and clear procedures.
What is the ethical consideration regarding the timing of fixing problems in systems?
It raises the question of whether it is ethical to wait before fixing a problem under certain circumstances.
What does international copyright law prevent?
Unlawful exploitation of the protected work.
What do companies that engage in data mining do?
Find out behavioral information from computer log files.
What risks should a computer usage policy address?
The risks of using insecure operating systems.
What is a key reason for individuals to adhere to policy guidelines?
To protect their interests and reduce the risk of legal liability.
What is a distributed account?
An account that can be accessed from multiple locations or systems.
Why do local administrators feel the need to scan public resources?
To detect transgressions of policy or law.
What does Richard Stallman say about government surveillance?
He states that when the government records where you go, who you talk with, and what you read, privacy has been essentially abolished.
What may result from violating the computer usage policy?
Disciplinary action, including dismissal and legal action.
What is the role of management in system administration according to Principle 29?
To secure conditions necessary for a system’s components to function, not to control every detail.
What is a computer usage policy?
A computer usage policy outlines acceptable use of technology resources and is essential for maintaining security and compliance within an organization.
What should users refer to before downloading materials from information sites?
The legal terms and conditions expressed by those sites.
Can the company monitor individual web use?
Yes, the company may monitor individual use, including visits to specific web sites.
What standard defines structured information models in organizations?
The X.500 standard.
What actions may managers not request from system administrators?
Any action that could result in a breach of company policies.
What rights does the company reserve regarding data stored on the network?
The right to view any data stored on the network.
What does copyright protect?
An author's interest in their work.
What rights do data subjects have under the UK Data Protection Act?
Their rights must be processed in accordance with the Act.
What do some software manufacturers include that invades user privacy?
Spy-software that monitors user behavior.
Under what condition can the company access a user's email?
If it has reasonable grounds to do so.
What is a potential practical advantage of the Unix model?
Granular control over file permissions and user access.
What is meant by an account policy?
A set of rules governing the management and use of user accounts.
What considerations should be taken into account in designing a login environment?
User experience, security, and accessibility.
What is essential for understanding human-computer systems?
The ability to see relationships between seemingly distinct parts of a system.
Who is authorized to download software?
Only an authorized system administrator.
What does Principle 28 (Adaptability) highlight about systems?
An adaptable system can cope with the unexpected and contribute to predictability in change or recovery from failure.
What behaviors can be regarded as harassment in computer usage?
Harassment can include sending threatening messages, cyberbullying, or unwanted communication through digital platforms.
What actions are users prohibited from regarding software and hardware?
Connecting unauthorized equipment, using unapproved software, or altering settings.
What implications does user behavior have for organizations providing network access?
Organizations are responsible for their users' behavior on the network.
What is essential for the parts of a system to work together effectively?
Certain freedom for the parts to fulfill their roles without constant interference.
Is spam mail considered harassment or freedom of speech?
This is a debated issue, as dealing with spam incurs costs in time and resources.
What are the responsibilities of users to their organization?
To comply with the organization's guidelines and policies.
What is the ethical dilemma regarding the use of process list commands in operating systems?
It questions whether it is ethical to monitor what other users are doing.
How did the events of September 11, 2001, influence government surveillance policies?
They provided a strong argument for increased surveillance in the name of anti-terrorism.
Why is it not advisable to log onto a computer with root or Administrator privileges unless necessary?
It increases the risk of accidental changes or security breaches.
What is meant by a user quota?
A limit set on the amount of resources a user can consume.
What should be analyzed regarding support services at an organization?
The availability of support services, potential improvements, and cost estimation for enhancements.
What should users be aware of regarding E-mail privacy?
Normal E-mail carries the same level of privacy as a postcard.
What can lead to false assumptions and systemic errors of management?
Ignoring the dependencies within a system.
What is included in the minimum list of network access logs?
Date and time of connection, user-id and password, assigned IP address, and number of bytes transmitted and received.
What happens if a system is fundamentally flawed?
No amount of management will make it work.
Is the use of the company network private?
No, the company retains the right to monitor network use.
Who is responsible for maintaining confidentiality of data?
Every individual using a computer.
Who is authorized to perform installations and upgrades?
An authorized system administrator.
What is one principle of data protection under the UK Data Protection Act?
Personal data shall be processed fairly and lawfully.
What is a potential risk of digital cameras connected to computers?
Anyone can potentially watch you.
What can Information Technology Policy Documents help organizations avoid?
Real money in lawsuits.
What is meant by a user shell?
A user shell is an interface that allows users to interact with the operating system.
What was the FBI's alleged tool for obtaining encryption keys?
A Trojan horse called Magic-Lantern.
What concerns arise from the monitoring of large quantities of data by governments?
It raises issues about privacy invasion and potential misuse of personal information.
What is meant by 'support services'?
Services provided to assist users in resolving issues and improving their experience.
What are the pros and cons of the use of disk quotas?
Pros: Prevents resource hogging; Cons: Can limit user productivity.
What factors should be critically reviewed in the terminal room layout?
Lighting, seating, temperature, and potential redesign for better work conditions.
What is meant by garbage collection of user files?
Garbage collection of user files refers to the process of identifying and removing unnecessary or unused files to free up storage space.
What is the recommendation regarding chain or junk E-mail?
Users must not participate in chain or junk E-mail activities (spam) and should avoid mass E-mailing whenever possible.
How does the Internet affect users' perception of distance to other cultures?
The Internet reduces the logical distance, making users feel closer to different customs and policies.
What are some key themes in system management discussed in the text?
Resource management, scheduling, and strategy.
What should managers be aware of when assessing user requests?
Potential risks associated with downloading files from the Internet or accessing additional areas of the network.
What must users not connect to unauthorized computers?
Digital cameras or audio input devices.
What must personal data be in relation to its processing purpose?
Adequate, relevant, and not excessive.
What is important for both the organization and the former employee after dismissal?
Having a clear procedure to protect against potential issues and accusations.
How can human failures be mitigated?
By adherence to quality assurance schemes, such as ISO 9000.
What special considerations are required for distributed accounts?
Security, access control, and synchronization across different systems.
What mechanisms are available for users to share files on Windows computers?
Shared folders, network shares, and file permissions.
What is included in the minimum list for POP or IMAP logs?
Date and time of connection, IP address of client, user-id, and identifying information of E-mail retrieved.
What often leads to failures and security violations in systems?
Neglect of interrelationships within such systems.
What legal recognition does E-mail have?
E-mail is legally recognized as publishing and is easily recirculated.
How should professionals cooperate with each other?
By supporting fellow computing professionals and acknowledging community responsibility.
What optional information might be collected by ISPs?
User’s credit card number or bank account for subscription payment.
What must users do with files created on mobile devices?
Transfer their data to the appropriate area on the network as soon as possible.
How is personal data legally defined?
Data that relate to a living individual who can be identified from those data.
What is the responsibility of users regarding their passwords?
Users must not reveal their passwords to anyone and should safeguard them.
What can happen to personal files stored on the network?
They can be deleted at any time.
Why is it important for organizations to have a computer usage policy?
To ensure users comply with guidelines of behavior that reflect on the organization.
What ethical issues arise from pinging infrastructure machines in a conflict zone?
It raises concerns about privacy and information warfare.
What is the dilemma of user surveillance in society?
To catch criminals, innocent individuals often become scrutinized.
What mechanisms exist for users to share files in Unix?
File permissions, symbolic links, and shared directories.
What is the significance of making ethical choices habitual?
It addresses the idea that human beings are creatures of habit, and law and policy enforcement should encourage ethical behavior.
What does Principle 27 (System interaction) emphasize?
Systems involve layers of interacting components that interdepend on one another.
What does 'the network' refer to in the computer usage policy?
The company computer and telephone network, including all hardware and software.
How were computer systems traditionally organized?
By inspired local ingenuity or through inflexible prescriptions dictated by vendors.
What is a potential problem for those responsible for users regarding libelous materials?
Liability for libelous materials due to users not obeying policies.
What precautions must users take to prevent unauthorized access to the network?
Users must not leave equipment unattended while logged on and must safeguard their passwords.
What is the Realtime Black Hole List (RBL)?
A database of known E-mail abusers created by an Internet vigilante group.
How are organizations held accountable for harassment in cyberspace?
Organizations are responsible for their users, similar to how countries are responsible for their citizens.
What are some actions included in the checklist for security after an employee's dismissal?
Change combination locks, change door keys, surrender laptops and mobile devices, remove authentication privileges, and remove pending jobs that could be logic bombs.
What is a form of surveillance used by research organizations on the Internet?
Mapping out the Internet using programs like ping and traceroute.
What does it mean that passwords are not stored in 'clear text'?
Passwords are stored in an encrypted or hashed format to enhance security.
What is the justification for the argument 'simplest is best'?
Simplicity reduces the likelihood of errors and enhances usability.
What additional information should companies retain for users who insert web pages?
Date, time, IP address, and UserID.
What is the primary responsibility regarding system integrity?
To ensure the integrity of the systems using appropriate means such as maintenance and preventing unauthorized access.
In which areas do ethics play a role in computer management?
Ethics play a role in data privacy, user consent, software licensing, and responsible use of technology.
What is the minimum list of data for email servers according to Member States?
Date and time of connection and IP address of the sending computer.
What is the policy on accessing the World Wide Web?
Access is provided for business purposes, with limited personal use allowed as long as it does not interfere with normal business practice.
What is one way to bind together an organization?
Through a structured information model, such as a database of personnel, assets, and services.
What impact has E-mail had on cultural barriers?
It has removed virtually every cultural barrier for communication.
What technology allows for high-level accuracy in identifying individuals?
Face recognition technology.
Why do we need a computer usage policy from a client's viewpoint?
To be perceived as competent and professional in conducting business electronically.
What are the main elements of user support?
Helpdesk, documentation, training, and troubleshooting.
What information is required in the FTP log's minimum list?
Date and time of connection, IP source address, user-id and password, path and filename of data object uploaded or downloaded.
What decision did the EU Parliament make regarding data retention?
They decided to allow data retention by Internet service providers without evidence, contrary to the EU Directive on data protection.
What are the main health risks associated with computer use?
Main health risks include eye strain, repetitive strain injuries, and poor posture-related issues.
What is a key consideration for users when interacting on the Internet?
Users should consider the larger issues where greater values are at stake.
What role do standardizing bodies like IETF and ISO play?
They attempt to design models for the management of systems.
What is preferred over vigilante groups for dealing with harassment?
Law enforcement sanctioned by society.
What should an IT policy include regarding breaches?
Instructions on how users will be dealt with when they breach policy, including varying degrees of tolerance.
Does copyright exist without registration?
Yes, copyright exists as soon as the work is created.
What is the company's policy regarding electronic messages created and stored on the network?
They are the property of the company and are not private.
What legislative actions have some governments taken regarding surveillance?
They have pushed for greater powers for conducting surveillance and cracking personal encryption.
What are active and passive users?
Active users engage regularly with the system, while passive users use it infrequently.
What optional information can be included in HTTP logs?
'Last visited page' and response codes.
What is the company's stance on liability for personal transactions?
The company will not accept liability for any personal transaction.
What types of material are prohibited on the company network?
Fraudulent, harassing, offensive, profane, obscene, intimidating, defamatory, misleading, or otherwise unlawful material.
What is the responsibility of system administrators in conflicts arising from cultural differences?
System administrators must mediate conflicts and avoid escalation that could lead to information warfare.
What is a key consideration in managing systems according to the text?
Handling interoperability between the parts of a system.
What challenge does the information age present regarding privacy?
Carving out a quiet space for private thoughts.
What constitutes harassment in the context of public resources like the Internet?
Abuse of a public resource may be viewed as harassment if it infringes on others' personal freedoms.
What is the principle regarding human failure in systems?
All systems fail eventually, but they should fail predictably, with checklists and guidelines to protect the system.
How can mobile technologies potentially infringe on user privacy?
They can trace and map out a user's motion based on their location relative to transmitters.
What is the nine-step approach to user support?
A structured method for addressing user issues effectively.
What is a potential issue with users' attitudes towards their computers in a network community?
The belief that their actions are private can lead to irresponsible behavior in a shared network environment.
What should users avoid when sending E-mails?
Users should avoid breaching copyright or compromising confidentiality, and should not write anything libelous, harassing, discriminatory, or unlawful.
What must any electronic commercial transaction adhere to?
Standard ordering policy.
What has the emphasis in system management shifted towards recently?
Regulation rather than direct management of devices.
What routine maintenance activities might breach user privacy?
Activities like monitoring user activity, logging keystrokes, or accessing personal files without consent can be regarded as breaches of privacy.
What is the ethical responsibility of a professional?
To lead by example and maintain high ethical standards in all duties.
What ethical dilemmas do system administrators face regarding unsafe systems?
They must consider if they are responsible for deploying unsafe systems and whether they can know everything about system safety.
What must be done to prevent a dismissed employee from changing data?
Remove access to all disparate systems and authentication mechanisms.
What do license agreements often allow software manufacturers to do?
Do almost anything to your computer.
What should a computer usage policy address in case of a security breach?
What all parties should do.
What are the limitations of the Unix model for file sharing?
Complex permission settings and potential security risks.