It emphasizes that any exposure to radiation carries some level of risk.

Select adult or child, film, PSP, or sensor, and Ant, Post, or BW.

Gray level relates to contrast, which is relative.

25 minutes.

It leads to reduced oxygenation of distal cells and tissues, causing infarction and fibrosis.

Any artifacts present in the image.

0 - 48 hours.

60 cycles/second.

Check for power using the battery indicator.

Absorbed dose for any type of radiation, but does not describe biological effects.

Shorter exposure time of 9 minutes was used for foreign body localization.

Absorption coefficient (z-value) and thickness of the absorber.

Patients don’t need to be moved to a separate room.

It helps focus the electron stream towards the anode.

Alternating current (A/C).

60 Gy.

Solid tumors.

Dissociation and cross-linking.

CBCT provides true 3D images, while conventional radiographs are 2D.

Ductile tungsten and the 'hot' cathode tube.

In 1948.

Short but varied.

In a straight line; can be deflected or scattered.

To identify anomalies, occult disease, salivary stones, and jaw expansion.

They interact with materials they penetrate and cause ionization.

10 - 30 Gy.

Digital imaging can be expensive initially and long-term.

70 kVp (low kVp, high contrast).

Shortest object-receptor distance (ORD) and longest target-object distance (TOD).

Differences in x-ray attenuation result in differences in radiographic density.

50 mSv/year.

Less differentiated cells, such as bone marrow cells.

It serves as a tungsten target for the electrons, converting their kinetic energy into X-rays.

A large focal spot results in a large penumbra, while a small focal spot results in a small (or no) penumbra.

Bitewings (BW’s) and periapical (PA’s) plus full mouth series (FMX).

It is radiation produced when high-energy electrons are slowed in the presence of an atom's electric field, releasing energy.

Density of the subject and energy of the ray.

Approximately 10 times that of a periapical exam.

X-ray source must be perpendicular to both object and receptor.

They can cause certain substances to fluoresce.

Object and receptor should be as close as possible.

They can cause biological changes.

The work required to remove an electron from an atom.

For quality care and legal aspects.

In the 1st and 2nd trimester.

Higher doses increase the chance of developing cancer.

Mandibular Osteogenic Sarcomas due to licking radium on brushes.

An estimate of cancer risk.

Controls the duration of exposure and the time high-voltage is applied to the tube.

8 - 12 weeks.

Charge the handset, as it will not emit x-rays with low battery.

To avoid overheating by managing cycle time between exposures.

Wipe down between patients; do not spray directly on the device or charger.

An internal microchip that must be used with a barrier and allows for 'hot-swap' connection.

Valachovic and Lurie in 1980.

It overcomes the binding energy of electrons, ionizing and ejecting them.

November 1895.

To normalize overall health effects of irradiating specific body parts, expressed in Sv.

Conventional radiographs are 2D images that represent superimpositions.

It contains a coiled tungsten wire filament that releases outer shell electrons through thermionic emission.

Invisible.

No, they have no mass.

Recognition of familiar patterns, resolution of image details, and understanding 2D representation of 3D objects.

Tungsten is ductile, has low thermal expansion, a high atomic number, and a high melting point, making it suitable for X-ray production.

Assess diseases and development with posterior BWs if disease is suspected.

They ensure data safety and compliance with privacy regulations.

Every 24 to 36 months.

There is a likelihood of loss of information.

Use the least amount of radiation as possible.

In the mid-1970s.

Longer wavelength = lower energy; shorter wavelength = higher energy.

0.12 - 0.3 mSv (sensor vs. D-speed film).

Ionization in air caused by gamma or x-rays, used clinically to measure exposure in air.

1 mSv/year.

Effects where the probability of occurrence is dose-dependent, such as radiation-induced cancer.

Photon energy is deposited directly in biological molecules, resulting in damage.

Conceptus, children, and individuals with immune deficiency disorders.

Radium.

Leukemias in medical radiologists and squamous cell carcinomas in physicians and dentists.

Receptor size can cause discomfort to patients.

Panoramic (Pano) imaging.

The effect or aftermath of disease, not the disease itself.

Source and object should be as far apart as possible.

They provide a 50-90% dose reduction compared to film.

To reduce exposure by 55% and improve image quality.

Overall degree of blackness on the image.

Tissue unit volumetric density (z value) and tissue thickness.

Difference in densities between adjacent areas.

It produces lower contrast by penetrating tissues more evenly.

When the reproductive capacity is greatest and during prolonged mitotic processes.

Previous endo or perio treatment, pain/trauma, and family history of dental anomalies.

Object-film distance (OFD) and target-film distance (TFD). Smaller OFD and longer TFD result in less magnification.

The absence of a normal structure that should be present.

Radiographs.

0.5 seconds.

Converts A/C to D/C, preventing electron production in the inverse cycle.

Larger data results in longer transfer times.

Patient history, clinical exam, and lab findings (where applicable).

Primary barriers reduce exposure to the usable beam; secondary barriers reduce exposure to leakage radiation.

kVp (kilovolt peak).

Panoramic and Cephalometric systems.

Ionization of water leading to free radical formation.

It derives equivalent dose, relating absorbed dose in human tissue to effective biological damage.

DNA.

It results in better resolution.

A large focal spot allows better heat dissipation but results in poor image detail, while a small focal spot provides sharper images but has poor durability.

A long TOD results in a small penumbra.

No, they cannot be focused to a point; they always diverge.

Object and receptor must be parallel.

40 Gy.

3 mSv/year.

It decreases; photons get absorbed, resulting in less energy.

The focal spot should be as small as possible.

Intensity is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the source and the point of measure.

The intensity decreases by 4x.

It doesn't explain how radiation cancers can appear decades after exposure.

At least 6 feet away.

X-rays are produced by bombarding a substance with high-velocity electrons, while gamma rays are emitted by the nucleus of a radioactive substance.

Lead, due to its high attenuation.

As Low As Reasonably Achievable.

The first radiograph was taken.

It reduces radiation exposure by 25%.

It reduces leakage.

Photon energy is deposited in water, generating energized and radical water species that attack biological molecules.

Digital imaging uses approximately 90% less radiation than D speed film.

Immediate image acquisition.

1. Separation of electrons (Thermionic Emission) 2. Production of high-speed electrons 3. Concentration of electrons (Space charge) 4. Movement of electrons from cathode to anode 5. Sudden stoppage of electron stream.

Elimination of processing equipment and chemicals, and no need for a dark room.

A/C will damage the tungsten filament.

Film is an archived record with permanent errors, while digital has many archiving methods.

Start at the upper left and read clockwise.

Quality, number and type of images, and viewing conditions.

Direct current (D/C), which has unidirectional flow.

High-voltage circuit and low-voltage circuit.

The production of ions through the ejection of one or more electrons from an atom.

Don’t enable NOMAD pro until ready for exposure.

Training and experience.

By decreasing pixel size and increasing dots-per-inch (dpi).

Press and hold the designated buttons.

Delta rays.

The tone emitted ends, indicating the trigger can be released.

Dr. Kells in April 1896.

The process where the filament heats up (~2200 °C) and releases outer shell electrons when current is applied.

Location, size, shape, density, borders, and effect on adjacent structures.

None.

Positive history, positive clinical findings, and high caries risk.

It results in a large penumbra.

Liquids, solids, and gases; penetration depends on the composition of the subject.

It causes elongation, making the image longer than the object.

Use PA to examine specific sites and other techniques as appropriate.

Every 6 months.

Representing a particular object (image, diagram, etc.) in the form of numerical digits (binary system).

Source (method for generation of X-rays) and Detector (records the X-ray photons).

Focal spot size, object receptor distance, and tube object/receptor distance.

To improve diagnostic accuracy by changing density and contrast, taking measurements, and more.

X-rays and gamma rays.

300 R.

READY + Green indicators.

A process where a high-energy photon strikes a free outer shell electron, ejecting it and reducing the photon's energy.

By another 30%.

Genetic damage.

DICOM compatible.

It raises the median and mean energy, increasing the number of photons hitting the receptor and decreasing radiation dose to superficial structures.

Exposure to large, acute doses from weapon detonation, nuclear accidents, or excessive fallout.

2 - 3 weeks.

The angular relationship between teeth, receptor, and beam, as well as insufficient or excessive beam angulation.

It's nothing, unimportant, or similar dismissive statements.

In veterinary clinics.

14.2 μSv (equivalent to 1.7 days of background radiation).

White.

"You see what you know" and "You see what you look for."

It reduces dose by 23% and increases penetration.

mAs (mA multiplied by exposure time).

A measure of the energy transferred to a material as an ionizing particle travels through it.

0.43 mSv.

Carious lesions and apical resorption, using histogram 'gray scale' data.

Quantity is controlled by exposure time and tube current (mA), while quality is controlled by tube voltage (kVp).

It causes foreshortening, making the image shorter than the object.

Step-up transformers have more coils in the secondary circuit, increasing voltage; step-down transformers have more coils in the primary circuit, decreasing voltage.

They produce an image.

electrons = 2n².

Leaded aprons and thyroid collars.

Follow all radiation safety guidelines.

500 mSv.

Human eyes can detect 4-6 line pairs/mm, while digital images can achieve 10 line pairs/mm.

It may improve diagnosis of one disease while obscuring another.

No, not all are FDA approved.

Mobile locations, operating rooms (OR), and emergency rooms (ER) for a few PAs/occlusal images.

An adaptive response where preirradiated human lymphocytes develop fewer chromosomal aberrations after subsequent irradiation.

Irradiated cells signal distress to adjacent cells through direct interactions or chemical mediators.

Enhanced rates of mutagenesis and alterations in cellular function or death, considered a hallmark of carcinogenesis.

It should 'click' into place and be secure by pushing towards the backscatter shield.

To return trapped electrons to the valence band, emitting laser light that is converted to digital information.

Beta particles are smaller, less energetic, and ejected at high velocity from a nucleus undergoing beta decay.

No radiographic exam required unless disease is suspected.

Connects cathode to anode and aids in the movement of electrons.

Regulates current through the filament, powered by a step-down transformer.

A positively charged particle with large electrical charge and mass.

An atom that has an unpaired electron with respect to spin; highly reactive.

The sum of protons and neutrons.

It absorbs X-ray energy, stores it as valence electrons, and later reads it with a laser beam.

The ability to distinguish between two closely spaced points.

The area of unsharpness in the projected shadow of an object.