Upper Limb (1)

Pain, numbness, tingling, and weakness in the upper limb.

Distal phalanx, Middle phalanx, Proximal phalanx.

Flexes thumb.

Includes the superior thoracic artery and thoracoacromial artery.

Opponens pollicis muscle.

It can result in disastrous gangrene with subsequent partial or total loss of the hand.

On the base of the distal phalanx as a single tendon.

To test for occlusion of the radial or ulnar artery.

A procedure performed on veins by applying a tourniquet to occlude venous return, making veins distended and visible.

Causes include abnormal insertion or spasm of scalene muscles, cervical rib, fractured clavicle, and physical trauma or repetitive strain injury.

A branch of the thyrocervical trunk that supplies the supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles.

From the deep palmar arch or the Princeps Pollicis artery.

It covers the tendons of the flexor muscles, median nerve, and ulnar artery and nerve.

Flexor digitorum superficialis and Flexor digitorum profundus.

Activation of mesenchymal cells in the lateral plate somatic mesoderm.

A mesenchymal core covered with ectoderm and capped by an apical ectodermal ridge.

Loss of adduction of the thumb.

Lumbrical muscles, Adductor pollicis, Flexor pollicis brevis, Abductor pollicis brevis, Opponens pollicis, Tendon of flexor pollicis longus, Tendon of palmaris longus, Abductor digiti minimi brevis, Opponens digiti minimi, Tendon of flexor digitorum superficialis, Tendon of flexor digitorum profundus.

Wrist drop.

Coracobrachialis, biceps, and brachialis muscles.

Anterior Ulnar Recurrent Artery, Posterior Ulnar Recurrent Artery, Common Interosseous Artery.

All anterior muscles except the flexor carpi ulnaris and the ulnar half of the flexor digitorum profundus.

Through the carpal tunnel deep to the flexor retinaculum.

Dorsal interosseous muscles, Adductor pollicis (transverse and oblique heads), Opponens pollicis, Opponens digiti minimi, Palmar interosseous muscles.

The brachial veins and the basilic vein.

It supplies the levator scapulae, rhomboids, and serratus anterior muscles.

The extensor hood.

Lumbrical and interosseous muscles, extensor indicis, and extensor digiti minimi muscles.

Loss of pronation, opposition of the thumb, and flexion of the lateral two interphalangeal joints, along with flattening of the thenar eminence (ape hand).

It arises from the posterior cord and is the largest branch of the brachial plexus.

It abducts the thumb.

It innervates the upper portion of the subscapularis muscle.

They flex the metacarpophalangeal joints and extend the interphalangeal joints.

Musculocutaneous nerve.

At the lower border of the teres major muscle.

The ulnar nerve behind the medial intermuscular septum and medial epicondyle.

Median nerve.

Proper palmar digital arteries, which supply the adjacent sides of the fingers.

It is the larger medial branch of the brachial artery in the cubital fossa.

Ischemic necrosis of the forearm flexor muscles.

In the cubital tunnel behind the medial epicondyle.

It is paralysis of the arm caused by pressure from the crosspiece of a crutch, resulting in loss of function of the extensors.

Flexor digitorum profundus, flexor pollicis longus, and pronator quadratus.

A syndrome involving the compression of neurovascular structures such as the brachial plexus and subclavian vessels in the thoracic outlet.

It is palpable just to the radial side of the insertion of the flexor carpi ulnaris into the pisiform bone.

Lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve.

The central structure of the axilla, extending from the outer border of the first rib to the inferior border of the teres major muscle.

The superficial palmar arterial arch.

Three palmar metacarpal arteries.

It innervates the skin on the medial side of the forearm.

A fracture of the midshaft of the humerus.

The superficial palmar arch and the deep palmar branch.

Claw hand.

As the smaller lateral branch of the brachial artery in the cubital fossa.

It can be felt proximal to the wrist between the tendons of the brachioradialis and flexor carpi radialis muscles.

It is formed by heads from both the medial and lateral cords.

Ulnar nerve.

It innervates the deltoid and teres minor muscles.

Ventral primary rami of the lower four cervical nerves and the first thoracic nerve (C5–T1).

Anterior to the flexor retinaculum, lateral to the pisiform bone, and medial to the hook of the hamate bone.

The intermuscular septum ends in front of the lateral epicondyle by anastomosing with the radial recurrent artery of the radial artery.

It descends with the anterior interosseous nerve and perforates the interosseous membrane to anastomose with the posterior interosseous artery.

Between the transverse and oblique heads of the adductor pollicis muscle.

It runs along the medial side of the axillary vein.

C5–T1.

The skin underneath the nail, rich in sensory nerve endings and blood vessels.

Palmaris brevis and the skin over the palmar and dorsal surfaces of the medial one-third of the hand.

The anterior interosseous nerve.

It occupies the musculospiral groove on the back of the humerus.

Loss of function in the extensors of the forearm, hand, metacarpals, and phalanges.

It encases the tendons of the flexor muscles, providing support and guiding their movement.

Two medial and lateral bands that insert on the base of the middle phalanx.

The subclavian vein at the inferior margin of the first rib.

The anterior ulnar recurrent branch of the ulnar artery.

Adducts thumb.

Dupuytren contracture.

It runs down the medial aspect of the arm but does not branch in the brachium.

Produces hard keratin and is responsible for nail growth.

Innervates the hypothenar muscles, medial two lumbricals, all interossei, adductor pollicis, and usually the deep head of the flexor pollicis brevis.

It is continuous with the palmar aponeurosis and covers the tendons in the palm.

Infection can spread to the midpalmar space.

A pair of venae comitantes that accompany each of the deep and superficial palmar arterial arches.

They follow the course of the arteries as their venae comitantes.

The ulnar border of the first metacarpal bone under the flexor pollicis longus tendon.

Two proper digital arteries for each side of the thumb.

Flexor retinaculum, scaphoid, trapezium.

It protects the superficial palmar arterial arch, palmar digital nerves, and long flexor tendons.

The main termination of the radial artery and usually the deep palmar branch of the ulnar artery.

A fracture of the medial epicondyle.

It innervates the pectoralis minor muscle and reaches the overlying pectoralis major muscle.

Sufficient blood reaches the ulnar and radial arteries via existing anastomoses around the elbow.

The scaphoid and trapezium bones.

It is divided into three parts by the pectoralis minor muscle.

Keratinized plates consisting of the root, body, and free border.

The supinator muscle and extensor muscles of the forearm.

The cubital fossa, deep to the bicipital aponeurosis.

The dorsal carpal rete.

Funny bone symptoms, which can occur due to damage at the medial epicondyle.

Serratus anterior muscle.

Tennis players and violinists.

Waiter’s tip hand.

Difficult breech delivery, cervical rib syndrome, or abnormal scalene muscle insertion.

Claw hand.

A structure that originates from the medial border of the biceps tendon and lies on the brachial artery and median nerve.

The lateral space containing the flexor pollicis longus tendon and flexor tendons of the index finger.

A condition caused by stenosing tenosynovitis, leading to pain and clicking during finger movement.

It has pectoral, clavicular, acromial, and deltoid branches.

The radial artery, completing the deep palmar arch.

Behind the ulnar head of the pronator teres muscle and lies between the flexor digitorum superficialis and profundus muscles.

The carpal tunnel on the anterior aspect of the wrist.

Chronic inflammation or irritation of the origin of the extensor muscles of the forearm from the lateral epicondyle due to repetitive strain.

Abduct fingers, flex metacarpophalangeal joints, extend interphalangeal joints.

Injection of glucocorticoids or avoidance of repetitive bending of the forearm.

Pain and paresthesia in the hand supplied by the median nerve.

A condition resulting from compression on the ulnar nerve in the cubital tunnel, causing numbness and tingling in the ring and little fingers.

Capitate, Hamate, Triquetrum, Pisiform, Lunate, Scaphoid, Trapezium, Trapezoid.

It crosses superficially over the area extending from the lateral margin of the radius to the styloid process of the ulna.

At week 4.

The narrow band of epidermis from the proximal nail fold onto the nail.

Superficial to the flexor retinaculum and lateral to the pisiform bone.

Fracture of the surgical neck of the humerus or inferior dislocation of the humerus.

It is usually continuous with the ulnar bursa.

Biceps brachii, brachialis, and coracobrachialis muscles.

A thickening of the antebrachial fascia on the back of the wrist that subdivides into compartments for extensor tendons.

It descends posteriorly with the radial nerve and gives off branches that anastomose with the posterior humeral circumflex artery.

The ring and little fingers.

Palmar and dorsal interossei muscles and the medial two lumbricals.

Radial Recurrent Artery, Palmar Carpal Branch, Superficial Palmar Branch, Dorsal Carpal Branch.

Between the humeral and ulnar heads of the pronator teres muscle.

Inflammation of the tendon and synovial sheath.

Weakness of supination and flexion of the forearm, and loss of sensation on the lateral side of the forearm.

Axillary sheath, formed by a prolongation of the prevertebral fascia.

Pronation and Supination.

Abnormal flexion of the middle phalanx and hyperextension of the distal phalanx due to tendon injury.

Down the anteromedial aspect of the arm, medial to the brachial artery on the brachialis muscle.

Opponens pollicis.

The half-moon shape distal to the eponychium.

Winged scapula.

The Median Nerve passes deep to the bicipital aponeurosis in the cubital fossa.

Runs laterally across the posterior cervical triangle and passes through the scapular notch under the superior transverse scapular ligament.

Permanent flexion of the distal phalanx due to an avulsion of the extensor tendon.

It passes anteriorly around the surgical neck of the humerus and anastomoses with the posterior humeral circumflex artery.

A stab wound or during radical mastectomy or thoracic surgery.

A birth injury during a breech delivery or violent head displacement.

A small tear or inflammation in the origin of the flexor muscles of the forearm from the medial epicondyle.

It descends on the interosseous membrane between the flexor digitorum profundus and flexor pollicis longus.

The tendons of both the flexor digitorum superficialis and profundus muscles.

Lateral side of extensor expansion.

They can cause infection of the synovial sheaths.

A radial head subluxation that occurs in toddlers when lifted by the wrist.

The angle formed laterally by the axis of the arm and forearm when the elbow is extended, deviating 5–15 degrees laterally.

It divides into the radial and ulnar arteries at the level of the radial neck.

Superficial and deep branches at the root of the hypothenar eminence.

Between the scalenus anterior and medius muscles.

At the lower border of the subscapularis muscle.

It runs posteriorly with the axillary nerve through the quadrangular space.

Compression of the median nerve due to reduced size of the carpal tunnel.

Pectoralis major muscle.

The thoracodorsal artery and the circumflex scapular artery.

Rhomboids and frequently the levator scapulae muscles.

It supplies the pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, serratus anterior muscles, axillary lymph nodes, and gives rise to lateral mammary branches.

It passes posteriorly into the triangular space and ramifies in the infraspinous fossa, anastomosing with branches of the dorsal scapular and suprascapular arteries.

It provides attachments for deep extrinsic flexor, extensor, and abductor muscles of the hand.

It supplies the latissimus dorsi muscle and the lateral thoracic wall.

From the inferior border of the teres major muscle to its bifurcation in the cubital fossa.

Blood from anastomoses in the scapular region can reach the subscapular artery, reversing flow to reach the axillary artery distal to the ligature.

It lies medial to the biceps tendon, lateral to the median nerve, and deep to the bicipital aponeurosis.