What is the definition of obedience?
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Adjusting your thoughts or behavior in accordance with an authority figure.
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What is the definition of obedience?
Adjusting your thoughts or behavior in accordance with an authority figure.
How does obedience differ from conformity?
Obedience involves following orders from an authority figure, while conformity is going along with others.
How many trials did the confederates give incorrect answers in Asch's study?
12 out of 16 trials.
What did the shock generator in Milgram's experiment simulate?
It simulated administering electric shocks to the learner for incorrect answers.
What is conformity?
Adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with the group.
What implications does conformity have?
Conformity can be both beneficial (collective knowledge) and harmful (peer pressure).
What was one of the implications of Milgram's findings regarding human behavior?
Under the right circumstances, ordinary people may act in unsettling ways.
What is one reason people conform?
Concern about what others think of them.
What was the main finding of the Asch experiment regarding conformity?
Many participants gave clearly incorrect answers to match the thoughts of a group of peers.
What did Milgram's experiment demonstrate about obedience?
Most people would follow orders even when they believed it was wrong.
What factor increases conformity according to Asch's findings?
The number of confederates present, up to about five.
How did homeowners respond when informed about their energy consumption compared to neighbors?
They reduced the amount of energy they used.
What did the learner say when he reached 150 volts?
He protested, saying he had heart trouble and wanted to be released.
What percentage of participants in Asch's study conformed at least once?
75% of participants knowingly gave at least one wrong answer.
What was the maximum voltage that participants were instructed to administer in the Milgram experiment?
450 volts.
What was the main task participants had to perform in Asch's study?
Identify which of three lines matched the length of a single line.
What is informational influence?
The influence that leads individuals to conform because they believe others possess accurate information.
What was the setup of Milgram's experiment?
Participants acted as 'Teachers' administering shocks to 'Learners' for mistakes, with voltage increasing from 15V to 450V.
In which type of cultures is more conformity typically found?
Collectivist cultures, such as Japan and China.
How did the experimenter respond when participants wanted to stop the experiment?
He insisted that the experiment required them to continue.
How did seeing other teachers refuse to press the shock levers affect participants' willingness to continue?
Participants were less willing to continue after seeing other teachers refuse.
What is conformity?
The tendency to change attitudes and behaviors to match those of the people around us.
What role did participants believe they were taking in Milgram's study?
They believed they were participating in an experiment on learning and memory.
What ethical concerns arise from obedience studies?
The ethical treatment of participants and the implications of blind obedience.
Which group is more prone to conformity, teenagers or adults?
Teenagers.
What is a positive outcome of using descriptive norms in hotels?
More guests reused towels, reducing water and energy use.
What was the main question in Solomon Asch's conformity study?
Would people conform even when the answer was clear and obvious?
What percentage of participants in Milgram's experiment continued to administer shocks to the maximum voltage?
65 percent.
What can misperceptions of norms lead to?
Problems such as excessive binge drinking among college students.
How do misperceived norms contribute to binge drinking among college students?
Students often overestimate how much the average student drinks, leading to increased alcohol consumption.
What was a significant ethical concern raised by Milgram's study?
Participants believed they were causing harm to others, raising questions about the morality of obedience.
What is the term used for the influence that comes from wanting to do the right thing?
Informational influence.
What did the contemporary sexism study reveal about predicted versus actual behavior?
95% predicted they would stand up to a sexist comment, but only 44% actually did.
What is normative influence?
Going along with the crowd due to concern about social approval and avoiding criticism.
What percentage of participants conformed at least once in Asch's experiment?
76 percent.
How was the teacher and learner role assigned in Milgram's experiment?
Through a rigged drawing, the real participant was always assigned the teacher's role.
What is the main finding of the Bocchiaro & Zimbardo (2010) study regarding obedience?
Approximately two-thirds of the sample refused to cooperate, influenced by compassion, ethics, and recognition of the situation as problematic.
What did the Nuremberg Trials reveal about obedience?
Nazi war criminals claimed they were 'just following orders' as a defense for their actions.
What is the dark side of obedience?
It can lead individuals to violate ethical principles and laws, contributing to atrocities.
Did women participants show different obedience rates compared to men in Milgram's study?
No, women followed the experimenter's instructions at the same rate as men.
What classic study demonstrated conformity?
A study where college students gave wrong answers to a visual judgment task to avoid going against the group.
What was the main objective of Milgram's experiments?
To understand why many decent German citizens obeyed Nazi orders during the Holocaust.
What disturbing behavior was illustrated in Milgram's study?
Participants administered painful electric shocks to others when instructed by an authority figure.
What effect does providing accurate information about drinking norms have on students?
It has been found to reduce overindulgent drinking.
What was the maximum voltage that participants could administer in the experiment?
450 volts.
What did Sherif's study on the autokinetic effect demonstrate about norms?
When alone, estimates varied widely, but in groups, estimates converged toward consensus.
What are the two main reasons people conform?
Normative conformity (seeking social approval) and informational conformity (trusting others' opinions).
What effect did the physical presence of the learner have on obedience rates?
Obedience rates decreased when the learner was in the same room as the experimenter.
What ethical concerns arose from Milgram's obedience research?
Many participants experienced intense levels of stress during the procedure.
