evolution

They provide clues to common ancestry.

Homology in plants.

In the next 200 million years.

The process by which a single ancestor species evolves into a variety of forms to adapt to different environments.

They are stable and constant from generation to generation.

Convergent evolution.

Adaptive radiation into varieties similar to corresponding marsupials.

Natural selection.

The darkening of tree trunks due to industrial smoke, which affected predator visibility.

Agriculture and the start of human settlements.

The evolution of different species in a given geographical area starting from a point and radiating to other habitats.

The frequency of occurrence of alleles of a gene or a locus.

Stabilising, directional, and disruptive.

Homology indicates common ancestry, while analogy refers to structures that are similar in function but not in anatomy, like the wings of butterflies and birds.

Existing living forms share similarities with life forms that existed millions of years ago.

When more than one adaptive radiation occurs in an isolated geographical area representing different habitats.

It results in the selection of resistant varieties in a shorter time scale.

In a water environment.

It indicates that evolution is based on chance events and mutations, rather than being directed or deterministic.

The light reaction where water is split using solar energy.

Gene migration, genetic drift, mutation, genetic recombination, and natural selection.

About 4000 years old.

Plants.

Alfred Wallace independently arrived at similar conclusions about natural selection around the same time as Darwin.

Whales, dolphins, seals, and sea cows.

They lived on both land and water.

Elongation of their necks.

Around 900cc.

Evolution is treated as a consequence of the process called natural selection.

Only the part of the population that can survive under the new conditions will thrive, potentially leading to a new species.

Mutations as a cause of evolution, differing from Darwin's minor variations.

Fitness is the end result of inherited adaptive abilities.

About 2000 million years ago.

They were small and resembled shrews.

The origin and evolution of life forms in the context of the evolution of Earth and the universe.

The study of the history of life forms on Earth.

The relationship between dinosaurs and their modern-day counterparts like crocodiles and birds.

Giant molecules like RNA, proteins, and polysaccharides.

The skull of a baby chimpanzee is more like an adult human skull than an adult chimpanzee skull.

He noted the diversity of finches, which evolved different beak forms for various feeding strategies.

They probably ate meat.

Differences between measured frequencies and expected values.

Fitness is based on inherited characteristics that allow better adaptation to new conditions.

Between 75,000-10,000 years ago.

A process where heritable variations that enhance survival and reproduction become more common in a population.

A Coelacanth fish, thought to be extinct, was caught.

Climatic changes or evolution into birds.

Genetic drift can lead to variations in a population, which may result in the emergence of new species.

Darwin's finches.

It illustrates adaptive radiation based on different feeding habits and environments.

Structures that indicate common ancestry, such as the forelimbs of certain animals.

Thick-shelled eggs that do not dry up in the sun.

The proportion of dark-winged moths increased after industrialization.

Natural selection is the mechanism of evolution where individuals better adapted to their environment survive and reproduce more than those less suited.

Charles Darwin.

They enable better resource utilization and increase reproductive success.

Stout and strong fins.

Giant ferns (pteridophytes).

By being viviparous and keeping them inside the mother’s body.

They were better camouflaged against the thick growth of almost white-colored lichen.

The frequencies of allele A and allele a, respectively.

p².

It is linked to the life cycle or life span of the organisms.

That it was always the same since creation and will remain the same in the future.

When a small group from a population migrates and becomes isolated, leading to different allele frequencies.

They use methods like radioactive dating to calculate the age of fossils.

Fossil discoveries provide evidence for evolutionary changes and can confirm or challenge existing theories about species' origins.

The sudden disappearance of dinosaurs.

Research indicates that some animals, like certain primates and dolphins, may exhibit self-consciousness.

Moths that can better camouflage themselves survive and increase in population size.

As a process.

The binomial expansion of (p + q)², indicating allele frequencies in a population.

Sweet potato (root modification) and potato (stem modification).

Fitness refers to the reproductive success of an individual or population in a given environment.

Seaweeds and a few other plants.

The ozone layer.

The idea that life came from outer space.

The formation of amino acids under conditions similar to early Earth.

Dryopithecus and Ramapithecus.

The origin of the universe through a singular huge explosion.

The condition where the gene pool remains constant in a population.

They can be used as indicators of industrial pollution, as they do not grow in polluted areas.

About 2000 million years ago.

The first form of life arose slowly through evolutionary forces from non-living molecules.

Darwin's ideas on population and competition for resources.

Limited natural resources, stable population sizes, and inherited variations.

Fossils, comparative anatomy, and geological history provide evidence for evolution.

De Vries believed in large, sudden mutations (saltation) rather than gradual changes.

Geological history correlates with biological history, indicating how life forms have changed over time.

Brain size and function, skeletal structure, and dietary preferences.

Chemical evolution refers to the formation of biomolecules that preceded the first cellular forms of life.

Between 650-800cc.

Look back in time, as the light from stars takes millions of years to reach us.

They measure stellar distances, indicating how far light has traveled from stars to reach us.

Frogs and salamanders.

They evolved into reptiles.

Turtles, tortoises, and crocodiles.

1400cc.

The formation and activity of invertebrates.

About 18,000 years ago.

Comparative anatomy studies similarities and differences in the anatomy of different organisms to infer evolutionary relationships.

A species is a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.

That life could have come from pre-existing non-living organic molecules.

It allowed pouched mammals in Australia to survive due to lack of competition.

The context of the origin of life, including the evolution of Earth, stars, and the universe.

It marks a significant moment in the history of the universe.

About 4.5 billion years ago.

Australian marsupials.

The process where the same structure develops along different directions due to adaptations to different needs.

The eye of the octopus and of mammals.

Vertebrate hearts and brains.

Through selective breeding for agriculture, horticulture, and other purposes.

The theory of evolution proposed by Charles Darwin.

Months or years, rather than centuries.

The change in gene frequencies due to migration of a section of a population.

Fossils are remains of ancient life forms that provide insight into the history of life on Earth.

500 million years, or almost four billion years ago.

Yes, human evolution can be viewed as adaptive radiation due to the diverse adaptations to various environments.

Homo habilis.

In Africa.

Branching descent and natural selection.

Extinctions of different life forms.

Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria with mutations that confer resistance survive and reproduce, leading to a population of resistant bacteria.

Louis Pasteur.

Mammals took over when reptiles declined.

Almost 20 billion years old.

Around 350 million years ago.

Stabilization, directional change, and disruption.

Coelacanths.

The diversification of Darwin's finches in the Galápagos Islands is a classic example of adaptive radiation.

Homology suggests a common ancestry among species, explained by the idea of branching descent.

Water vapor, methane, carbon dioxide, and ammonia.

He suggested it was driven by the use and disuse of organs.

The relationship between mutations and variations in evolution.

They suggest that these mammals share a common ancestor despite having different functions.

For example, the modern horse (Equus) corresponds to the ancient fossil Hyracotherium.

Comparative anatomy, fossils, and comparative biochemistry provide substantial evidence for evolution.

Hominid features leading to the belief that man-like primates walked upright.