p.11
Laboratory Organization
What type of sinks are necessary in a washing facility?
Large sinks to resist acids and alkalis.
What is the function of the HEPA filter in a laminar air hood?
To filter out airborne particles and microorganisms.
p.39
Plant Tissue Culture History
What does Figure 1 show?
Determination of growth curve study of leaf-derived callus in suspension cultures.
p.7
Plant Tissue Culture History
What did Cocking, E.C discover in 1960?
The technique of isolation and culture of protoplasts after digesting the cell walls enzymatically.
p.3
In Vitro Selection of Mutants
What is the purpose of in vitro selection of mutants?
To obtain mutants tolerant to biotic and abiotic stresses.
p.40
Plant Tissue Culture History
What does Figure 2 display?
pH, Conductivity, Fresh weight, and Dry weight measured during batch suspension culture of cells.
p.40
Laboratory Organization
What parameters were measured during the batch suspension culture of cells?
pH, Conductivity, Fresh weight, and Dry weight.
p.25
Totipotency and Plant Cells
What is the role of cytokinin in plant differentiation?
Stimulates shoot development.
p.38
Secondary Metabolite Biosynthesis
What biotic elicitor was used in the study?
Yeast extract of 50 μg/mL.
p.31
Morphogenesis and Plant Regeneration
What is direct organogenesis in plant tissue culture?
It is the process of directly forming organs from explant tissue without an intervening callus phase.
p.32
Totipotency and Plant Cells
What is callus in plant tissue culture?
Undifferentiated mass of cells formed in tissue culture.
p.54
Somatic Embryogenesis
What is the technique used for the evolution of haploids?
Anther and pollen culture including ovule culture.
p.71
Somatic Embryogenesis
How are embryo-like structures formed in somatic embryogenesis?
Either directly from the tissue or via an intervening callus phase.
What is the purpose of using autoclaves for medium sterilization?
To kill microorganisms and spores.
p.8
Plant Tissue Culture History
What did Hamill, J. D., Parr, A. J., Robins, R. J., and Rhodes, M. J. C. establish in 1986?
Hairy root cultures of Beta vulgaris and Nicotinna rustica.
p.26
Laboratory Organization
What is subculturing in plant tissue culture?
The process of transferring the cultured plant material to a fresh culture medium to promote continued growth.
p.6
Plant Tissue Culture History
What did Steward, F. C., Caplin, S. M., and Miller, F. K. discover in 1952?
The synergistic action of 2,4-D and coconut milk in a culture of potato tissue.
p.10
Laboratory Organization
What activities are carried out in the medium preparation and sterilization area of the laboratory?
Preparing and sterilizing culture media for experiments.
p.23
Totipotency and Plant Cells
What does the expression of totipotency refer to?
The process by which a single cell develops into a complete organism.
p.79
Somatic Embryogenesis
What is required for somatic embryos to germinate?
Functional shoot and root apices capable of meristematic growth.
p.79
Somatic Embryogenesis
Why do somatic embryos show poor germinable quality?
Due to the lack of 'embryo maturation' phase characteristic of seed or zygotic embryos.
p.80
Somatic Embryogenesis
What does Figure 8.8 show in part A?
Direct secondary somatic embryogenesis.
What is the purpose of washing the explant in water?
To remove endemic surface contaminants.
p.49
Laboratory Organization
Where does in vitro rooting take place?
In controlled environment in culture rooms.
p.51
Plant Tissue Culture History
How does vermiculite change when heated in a commercial furnace?
It expands and takes on a concertina shape, like a tiny accordion.
p.54
Morphogenesis and Plant Regeneration
What process enables plant regeneration from individual cells or tissues?
Organogenesis or somatic embryogenesis.
p.14
Laboratory Organization
What are the components of a laminar air hood?
Coarse filter, HEPA filter, gas cock, gas cylinder, and electrical outlets.
p.8
Plant Genetic Engineering
What natural gene transfer mechanism was used by Agrobacterium tumifaciens in 1985?
Very efficient gene transfer system.
p.43
Micropropagation of Plant Materials
What is micropropagation?
Micropropagation is a method of rapidly multiplying plant material to produce a large number of plants.
p.59
Somatic Embryogenesis
What is indirect somatic embryogenesis?
A process where somatic embryos are formed from callus tissue.
p.57
Somatic Embryogenesis
What is somaclonal variation?
It refers to the genetic variation that arises in plants that have been produced from tissue culture.
p.58
Somatic Embryogenesis
What is a torpedo in the context of embryogenesis?
The stage of embryo development characterized by a cylindrical shape with a pointed end.
p.6
Plant Tissue Culture History
What did La Rue C. D initiate in 1947?
Endosperm cultures of Zea mays and obtained subcultures.
p.25
Totipotency and Plant Cells
What is the role of auxin in plant differentiation?
Stimulates root development.
p.79
Somatic Embryogenesis
What happens during the 'embryo maturation' phase in seed embryos?
Accumulation of embryo-specific reserve food materials and proteins, imparting desiccation tolerance and promoting normal development for germination.
p.55
Genotypic and Phenotypic Variability in Plant Tissue Cultures
What is somaclonal variation?
The variation generated through several types of nuclear chromosomal rearrangements and losses, gene amplification or de-amplification, nonreciprocal mitotic recombination events, transposable element activation, apparent point mutations, and alterations in maternally inherited characteristics.
p.67
Plant Tissue Culture History
What contributes to the high metabolic activity of meristems in tip culture?
The high metabolic activity of meristems.
p.33
In Vitro Selection of Mutants
What is in vitro selection?
The process of selecting desirable traits in a controlled environment outside of the organism's natural habitat.
p.65
Plant Genetic Engineering
What are cybrids?
Hybrids produced through protoplast fusion.
p.69
Laboratory Organization
What are the different sizes of beakers mentioned?
100 mL, 250 mL, 1 L, 5 L.
p.9
Laboratory Organization
What are the key areas or sections in a plant tissue culture laboratory?
Media preparation area, sterilization area, culture room, and storage area.
p.15
Laboratory Organization
What is a steripot?
A container designed for sterilizing and storing laboratory materials.
p.36
Secondary Metabolite Biosynthesis
What is the role of pentacyclic triterpenoids in anti-snake venom and anti-inflammatory activity?
They can be used for anti-snake venom and anti-inflammatory activity.
p.7
Plant Tissue Culture History
Who advanced the hypothesis that shoot and root initiation in cultured callus can be regulated by particular ratios of auxins and cytokinin?
Skoog, F. and Miller, C.O.
p.66
Plant Genetic Engineering
What are the parent plants of the fertile somatic hybrid plants?
Oriental hybrid lily and Lilium formolongi.
What did White, P. R. and Braun, A. C initiate studies on in 1942?
Crown gall and tumor formation in plants.
p.56
In Vitro Selection of Mutants
Which crops have shown variations due to in vitro selection?
Wheat, triticale, rice, oats, maize, sugar cane, alfalfa, tobacco, tomato, potato, oilseed, rape, and celery.
What is the purpose of transferring plants to a greenhouse in the establishment of aseptic culture?
To reduce endemic contaminants.
p.55
Genotypic and Phenotypic Variability in Plant Tissue Cultures
How can variation be generated in plant tissue cultures?
Through nuclear chromosomal rearrangements and losses, gene amplification or de-amplification, nonreciprocal mitotic recombination events, transposable element activation, apparent point mutations, and alterations in maternally inherited characteristics.
p.67
Plant Tissue Culture History
What is the characteristic of meristem tip culture related to the vascular system?
It lacks a vascular system.
p.51
Plant Tissue Culture History
What specific mineral is vermiculite?
A hydrated magnesium iron aluminum silicate mineral.
p.33
Totipotency and Plant Cells
What is somaclonal variation?
The creation of genetic variants from cells that have undergone tissue culture.
p.16
Laboratory Organization
What equipment is commonly found in a culture room facility?
Humidifier, timer, wall cabinets, illuminated trolleys, and test-tube racks.
p.8
Plant Genetic Engineering
Who developed a very efficient gene transfer system in 1985?
Gheysen, G., Dahese, P., Van Montaque, M., and Schell, J.
What is a dissecting laminar air flow hood used for?
It is used for dissecting and provides a sterile airflow over the work area.
p.3
Totipotency and Plant Cells
What are the fields of study that have been advanced by the new technique?
Totipotency, nutrition, metabolism, division, differentiation, preservation of plant cells, morphogenesis, plant regeneration, variations through in vitro culture, evolution of haploids, wide hybridization programmes, micropropagation of plant materials, in vitro selection of mutants, secondary metabolite biosynthesis, and plant genetic engineering.
p.43
Micropropagation of Plant Materials
What are the key steps involved in micropropagation?
The key steps involve the use of tissue culture techniques to grow plant cells or tissues in a nutrient medium, followed by the regeneration of whole plants from these cells or tissues.
p.63
Plant Tissue Culture History
What are protoplasts?
Single cells without a cell wall and with a plasma membrane.
p.57
Somatic Embryogenesis
What are the observed variations in Cassava due to somaclonal variation?
Normal growth, reduced vigour, branching, dwarfism, and stem deformation.
p.4
Plant Tissue Culture History
Who discovered callus formation from the decorticated elm tree in 1756?
H. L. Duharmel du Monceau.
p.80
Somatic Embryogenesis
What does Figure 8.8 show in part B?
Indirect secondary somatic embryogenesis.
p.47
Morphogenesis and Plant Regeneration
What is shoot elongation?
The process of lengthening of shoots.
p.32
Morphogenesis and Plant Regeneration
What is a meristemoid in plant tissue culture?
A small group of cells capable of forming a shoot or root.
p.26
Plant Tissue Culture History
What are proper explants in plant tissue culture?
The specific plant parts used to initiate tissue culture, such as shoot tips or leaf sections.
p.61
Plant Tissue Culture History
What is a synthetic seed?
A artificially encapsulated plant embryo with or without endosperm.
p.60
Plant Tissue Culture History
What is a synthetic seed?
A clonal propagation system that enables the vegetative propagule to be stored for long periods of time and also enables multiplication of the plant.
p.66
Somatic Embryogenesis
What is the result of the hybridization between Oriental hybrid lily and Lilium formolongi?
Fertile somatic hybrid plants.
p.3
Plant Genetic Engineering
How is plant genetic engineering facilitated by the new technique?
Through in vitro culture methods and DNA transfer technique.
p.51
Plant Tissue Culture History
What is vermiculite?
A naturally occurring mineral that takes the form of glossy flakes.
p.51
Plant Tissue Culture History
What color do vermiculite flakes vary from?
Dark gray to sandy brown.
p.77
Somatic Embryogenesis
What happens when the PEMs are transferred to a medium with a very low level of auxin or no auxin?
They develop into embryos.
p.33
Plant Genetic Engineering
What is gene transfer via Agrobacterium?
The introduction of foreign genes into plant cells using Agrobacterium as a vector.
p.9
Laboratory Organization
What is the purpose of a plant tissue culture laboratory?
To culture and grow plant tissues in a controlled environment.
Why is aseptic technique important in a plant tissue culture laboratory?
To prevent contamination of plant cultures with microorganisms.
p.58
Somatic Embryogenesis
What is direct embryogenesis?
The process of embryo formation without an intervening callus phase.
p.56
In Vitro Selection of Mutants
What are some alterations observed in plants due to in vitro selection?
Plant pigmentation, seed yield, plant vigour, size, leaf and flower morphology, essential oils, fruit, solids, and disease tolerance or resistance.
p.10
Laboratory Organization
What is the function of the inoculation room in laboratory organization?
It is used for inoculating cultures onto prepared media.
p.31
Plant Tissue Culture History
What is a primary explant in plant tissue culture?
It is the initial plant material used to initiate tissue culture.
p.31
Totipotency and Plant Cells
What is a meristemoid in plant tissue culture?
It is a group of cells capable of giving rise to a meristem.
p.33
Plant Tissue Culture History
What is callus culture?
The creation of undifferentiated mass of plant cells in vitro.
p.45
Plant Tissue Culture History
What is the purpose of force outgrowth of axillary buds in the establishment of aseptic culture?
To prepare the stock plant for culture.
p.35
Secondary Metabolite Biosynthesis
What is the process of extracting compounds produced by plants that are not essential for their growth and development?
Secondary metabolite extraction.
p.76
Somatic Embryogenesis
What factors affect somatic embryogenesis?
Genotype and type of explant.
p.48
Plant Tissue Culture History
What is the purpose of using high levels of auxins in Stage III of root induction?
To induce root formation.
p.46
Plant Tissue Culture History
What factors are considered for the selection of cytokinin type and concentration in shoot production?
Shoot multiplication rate, length of shoot produced, frequency of genetic variability, and cytokinin effects on rooting and survival.
p.48
Micropropagation of Plant Materials
What can result in poor rooting if used just prior to taking micro cuttings in Stage III?
High levels of cytokinins.
p.36
Secondary Metabolite Biosynthesis
How do pentacyclic triterpenoids inhibit metalloproteinase proteolytic activity?
By having a carboxylate group at their C-17 position.
p.38
Plant Tissue Culture History
What physical elicitor was used in the study?
UV light treatment at intensity 100 - 280 nm (Phillips, UV - C).
p.77
Somatic Embryogenesis
What happens to the embryogenic cells in repeated subcultures on the proliferation medium?
They continue to multiply without the appearance of embryos.
p.32
Plant Tissue Culture History
What is a primary explant in plant tissue culture?
The initial plant material used to initiate tissue culture.
p.77
Somatic Embryogenesis
What is the proliferation medium called in the context of somatic embryogenesis?
The 'induction medium' for SE.
p.47
Plant Tissue Culture History
What are Gibberellins?
A group of plant hormones that regulate various developmental processes.
p.47
Laboratory Organization
What is meant by 'carry-over of hormones'?
The unintentional presence of hormones from a previous stage in the culture process.
p.49
Laboratory Organization
Where does ex vitro rooting take place?
In controlled environment outside the laboratory.
p.71
Somatic Embryogenesis
What is the opposite process of somatic embryogenesis?
Zygotic or sexual embryogenesis.
p.6
Morphogenesis and Plant Regeneration
What did Skoog, F. start his work on in 1944?
Organogenesis in tobacco callus.
p.10
Laboratory Organization
What is the purpose of the washing room in laboratory organization?
For cleaning and sterilizing equipment and materials.
p.3
Morphogenesis and Plant Regeneration
What process enables plant regeneration from individual cells or tissues?
Organogenesis or somatic embryogenesis.
p.62
Plant Tissue Culture History
What is synthetic seed germination?
The process of germinating seeds that have been artificially encapsulated to mimic natural seeds.
p.55
Genotypic and Phenotypic Variability in Plant Tissue Cultures
What are the types of nuclear chromosomal rearrangements and losses that can generate variation in plant tissue cultures?
Several types, including gene amplification or de-amplification, nonreciprocal mitotic recombination events, transposable element activation, apparent point mutations, and re-activation of silent genes in multigene families.
p.38
Laboratory Organization
How often was the growth evaluation performed after inoculation?
Every 3 days interval at 525 nm.
p.31
Morphogenesis and Plant Regeneration
What is an organ primordium in plant tissue culture?
It is a small organ structure at an early stage of development.
p.54
Plant Tissue Culture History
What fields of study have been impacted by the new technique?
Totipotency, nutrition, metabolism, division, differentiation, preservation of plant cells, morphogenesis, plant regeneration, variations, evolution of haploids, micropropagation, in vitro selection of mutants, secondary metabolite biosynthesis, and plant genetic engineering.
p.65
Plant Genetic Engineering
What is protoplast fusion?
The production of somatic hybrids.
p.32
Morphogenesis and Plant Regeneration
What is indirect organogenesis in plant tissue culture?
Formation of organs from callus or other undifferentiated tissues.
p.54
Plant Genetic Engineering
How is plant genetic engineering achieved through the new technique?
Through in vitro culture methods and DNA transfer technique.
p.75
Somatic Embryogenesis
How does the embryo arise in somatic embryogenesis?
From a single cell and has no vascular connection with maternal callus tissue or the cultured explant.
p.75
Somatic Embryogenesis
What is the difference between somatic embryogenesis and organogenesis in terms of hormonal signals?
Somatic embryogenesis requires a single hormonal signal, while organogenesis requires two different hormonal signals.
p.2
Plant Tissue Culture History
What does plant tissue culture broadly refer to?
The cultivation in vitro of all plant parts, whether a single cell, a tissue, or an organ.
p.15
Laboratory Organization
What is the purpose of a transfer hood?
To provide a sterile environment for transferring materials in a laboratory.
p.64
Plant Genetic Engineering
What is protoplast fusion?
The merging of protoplasts from different plant cells to form a hybrid cell.
p.61
Micropropagation of Plant Materials
What is the purpose of synthetic seeds?
To facilitate the handling, storage, and transportation of plant embryos.
p.39
Morphogenesis and Plant Regeneration
What is the focus of the study mentioned in Figure 1?
Plant Cell Suspension Growth Curve.
p.7
Plant Tissue Culture History
What technique did Morel, G discover in 1960?
A technique to produce virus-free progenies by meristem culture in Cymbidium.
Who cultured mature anthers of Datura innoxia to study the physiology of meiosis and accidentally noticed the development of embryoids?
Guha, S. and Maheshwari, S.C.
How can the overgrowth of bacteria and fungi on the explant be prevented?
By pre-treatments to clean up the explant, such as detergents, sterilants, and antibiotics.
p.25
Totipotency and Plant Cells
How does the ratio of auxin to cytokinin affect plant development?
Auxin ↓Cytokinin = Root Development, Cytokinin ↓Auxin = Shoot Development, Auxin = Cytokinin = Callus Development.
p.77
Somatic Embryogenesis
Why is the presence of auxin in the proliferation medium essential for the tissue to develop embryos in the ED medium?
The tissues maintained continuously in auxin-free medium would not form embryos.
How can internal contaminants be removed in the establishment of aseptic culture?
By using disinfecting solutions and screening with antibiotics, fungicides, and others.
p.33
Plant Genetic Engineering
What are microprojectiles used for?
To deliver foreign DNA into plant cells.
p.69
Laboratory Organization
What are the reagent bottles used for?
Storing liquid chemicals and stock solutions.
What is a poly tunnel?
A tunnel-shaped structure covered with polyethylene to provide a protected environment for plant growth.
p.69
Laboratory Organization
What is the filter membrane preferably made of?
Nylon, of sizes 0.22 μm and 0.45 μm.
p.8
Plant Genetic Engineering
What was used to establish hairy root cultures of Beta vulgaris and Nicotinna rustica in 1986?
Infection with Agrobacterium rhizogenes.
p.23
Totipotency and Plant Cells
What is totipotency?
The ability of a single cell to give rise to an entire organism.
p.60
Micropropagation of Plant Materials
What is the main advantage of synthetic seeds?
Enabling the vegetative propagule to be stored for long periods of time and also enabling multiplication of the plant.
p.10
Laboratory Organization
What takes place in the culture room of a laboratory?
It is where cultures are incubated and grown.
p.10
Laboratory Organization
What is the purpose of the analytical room in laboratory organization?
For analyzing and studying the results of experiments.
p.10
Laboratory Organization
What is the function of the hardening facility in laboratory organization?
It is used for acclimatizing plantlets before transferring them to the external environment.
p.79
Somatic Embryogenesis
What is the role of abscisic acid (ABA) in embryo maturation?
It prevents precocious germination, suppresses secondary embryogenesis and pluricotyledony, and promotes embryo maturation in several species.
p.38
Morphogenesis and Plant Regeneration
When were the cells quantified and growth observed in the study?
On the 20th day and after 4 days of treatment.
p.47
Plant Tissue Culture History
What is a basal 'hormone free' medium?
A medium without added hormones.
p.67
Totipotency and Plant Cells
What is the characteristic of the auxin content in the meristem region of tip culture?
It has a high auxin content.
p.52
Laboratory Organization
What is a shade house?
A structure used to provide partial shade to plants, often used for growing shade-loving plants.
p.65
Plant Genetic Engineering
What trait can be introduced through protoplast fusion to confer resistance to chemicals?
Antibiotic/herbicide resistance.
p.52
Laboratory Organization
What is a green house?
A structure with transparent walls and roof, used to create a controlled environment for plant growth.
p.33
Secondary Metabolite Biosynthesis
What is secondary metabolite production?
The synthesis of compounds not essential for the growth and development of the plant.
p.74
Somatic Embryogenesis
What stages do somatic embryos pass through in dicotyledonous plants?
Globular, heart, torpedo, and cotyledonary stages.
p.74
Somatic Embryogenesis
What is the major difference between somatic and zygotic embryogenesis?
Somatic embryos do not pass through the desiccation and dormancy phases as zygotic embryos do.
p.75
Somatic Embryogenesis
What is the advantage of somatic embryogenesis over organogenesis?
The embryo is a bipolar structure rather than a monopolar one.
p.52
Plant Tissue Culture History
What is a mist chamber?
A chamber used to provide high humidity and mist to promote the rooting of plant cuttings.
p.69
Laboratory Organization
What are the different sizes of micropipettes mentioned?
5000 μL, 1000 μL, 500 μL, 250 μL, 100 μL.
p.32
Morphogenesis and Plant Regeneration
What is an organ primordium in plant tissue culture?
An early stage of organ development in tissue culture.
p.76
Somatic Embryogenesis
How is somatic embryogenesis genotype dependent?
It is genotype dependent for a given species, with significant variations in response between cultivars.
What is a net house?
A structure covered with netting to protect plants from pests and excessive sunlight.
p.69
Laboratory Organization
What are the different types of culture tubes and flasks mentioned?
Glass, polypropylene, or disposable.
p.76
Somatic Embryogenesis
What is the concentration range of auxins, particularly 2,4-D, that stimulates the formation of localized group of meristematic cells in the callus?
0.5 – 1.0 mgl-1 (proliferation or induction medium).
p.78
Somatic Embryogenesis
What allowed embryo development when calli were initiated on a medium with KNO3 as the sole source of nitrogen?
The addition of a small amount (5 mM) of nitrogen in the form of NH4Cl in the presence of 55 mM KNO3.
p.71
Somatic Embryogenesis
What are the structures formed in somatic embryogenesis?
Embryo-like structures analogous to zygotic embryo.
p.75
Somatic Embryogenesis
What are the three steps of somatic embryogenesis?
i. Induction of embryo ii. Embryo development iii. Embryo maturation
p.72
Somatic Embryogenesis
What is somatic embryogenesis (SE)?
The process where embryos are developed directly from the explant without an intermediate callus phase.
p.71
Somatic Embryogenesis
Is fertilization always essential to stimulate the egg to undergo embryogenesis?
No, as happens in parthenogenesis, the pollen stimulus alone, or simply the application of some growth regulators may induce the egg to undergo embryogenic development.
p.72
Somatic Embryogenesis
What are the two ways by which somatic embryogenesis (SE) could be obtained?
i) Indirect SE, where callusing is induced from the explant and later the callus gives rise to SE. ii) Direct SE, where somatic embryos are developed directly from the explant without an intermediate callus phase.
p.69
Laboratory Organization
What are the different sizes of measuring cylinders mentioned?
5 mL, 10 mL, 25 mL, 50 mL, 100 mL, 500 mL, 1 L, 2 L, 5 L.
p.78
Somatic Embryogenesis
What happened when calli were initiated on a medium with KNO3 as the sole source of nitrogen?
They failed to form embryos upon removal of auxin.
p.65
Plant Genetic Engineering
How can protoplast fusion contribute to quality improvement?
By producing novel hybrids with improved quality.
p.52
Plant Tissue Culture History
What is a poly house?
A structure covered with polyethylene to create a controlled environment for plant growth.
p.49
Laboratory Organization
What is a benefit of ex vitro rooting?
Low cost and high rate of acclimation.
p.75
Somatic Embryogenesis
What is the hormonal requirement for induction of somatic embryogenesis?
It requires a single hormonal signal to induce a bipolar structure capable of forming a complete plant.
p.72
Totipotency and Plant Cells
Is it the monopoly of the egg to form an embryo?
No, any cells of the female gametophyte or even that of the sporophytic tissue around the embryo sac may give rise to an embryo.
p.54
In Vitro Selection of Mutants
What is the technique for selecting mutants tolerant to biotic and abiotic stresses?
In vitro selection of mutants.
p.76
Somatic Embryogenesis
What role does auxin play in the development of somatic embryos?
Auxin plays a major role in the development of somatic embryos.
p.78
Totipotency and Plant Cells
How does the ratio of ammonium to nitrate affect SE?
It has been shown to affect SE.
p.72
Somatic Embryogenesis
When was in vitro somatic embryogenesis (SE) first demonstrated?
In 1958 by Reinert and Steward.
p.78
Totipotency and Plant Cells
How does the form of nitrogen influence the induction of SE?
It has a strong influence on the induction of SE.
p.78
Plant Tissue Culture History
What sources of reduced nitrogen are often required for the culture medium?
Ammonium, glycine, glutamate, or casein hydrolysate.
p.69
Laboratory Organization
What are large forceps and scalpels used for?
Dissecting and subculturing plant material.
p.74
Somatic Embryogenesis
How do somatic embryos germinate and develop?
They germinate and develop into complete plantlets.
