What type of sinks are necessary in a washing facility?
Click to see answer
Large sinks to resist acids and alkalis.
Click to see question
What type of sinks are necessary in a washing facility?
Large sinks to resist acids and alkalis.
What is necessary in a washing facility for draining?
A draining area.
What is the function of the HEPA filter in a laminar air hood?
To filter out airborne particles and microorganisms.
What does Figure 1 show?
Determination of growth curve study of leaf-derived callus in suspension cultures.
What specific conformation is essential for the completion of the active pharmacophore of pentacyclic triterpenoids?
A five-ring structure.
What did Cocking, E.C discover in 1960?
The technique of isolation and culture of protoplasts after digesting the cell walls enzymatically.
What is the purpose of in vitro selection of mutants?
To obtain mutants tolerant to biotic and abiotic stresses.
What does Figure 2 display?
pH, Conductivity, Fresh weight, and Dry weight measured during batch suspension culture of cells.
What parameters were measured during the batch suspension culture of cells?
pH, Conductivity, Fresh weight, and Dry weight.
What is the role of cytokinin in plant differentiation?
Stimulates shoot development.
What biotic elicitor was used in the study?
Yeast extract of 50 μg/mL.
What is direct organogenesis in plant tissue culture?
It is the process of directly forming organs from explant tissue without an intervening callus phase.
In 1885, who made the first experimental step in tissue culture by removing a fragment of the neural plate of a chick embryo and cultivating it in warm salt solution?
W. Z. Roux.
What is callus in plant tissue culture?
Undifferentiated mass of cells formed in tissue culture.
What is the technique used for the evolution of haploids?
Anther and pollen culture including ovule culture.
How are embryo-like structures formed in somatic embryogenesis?
Either directly from the tissue or via an intervening callus phase.
What is the purpose of using autoclaves for medium sterilization?
To kill microorganisms and spores.
What did Hamill, J. D., Parr, A. J., Robins, R. J., and Rhodes, M. J. C. establish in 1986?
Hairy root cultures of Beta vulgaris and Nicotinna rustica.
What is subculturing in plant tissue culture?
The process of transferring the cultured plant material to a fresh culture medium to promote continued growth.
What did Steward, F. C., Caplin, S. M., and Miller, F. K. discover in 1952?
The synergistic action of 2,4-D and coconut milk in a culture of potato tissue.
What activities are carried out in the medium preparation and sterilization area of the laboratory?
Preparing and sterilizing culture media for experiments.
What does the expression of totipotency refer to?
The process by which a single cell develops into a complete organism.
What is required for somatic embryos to germinate?
Functional shoot and root apices capable of meristematic growth.
Why do somatic embryos show poor germinable quality?
Due to the lack of 'embryo maturation' phase characteristic of seed or zygotic embryos.
What does Figure 8.8 show in part A?
Direct secondary somatic embryogenesis.
What is the purpose of washing the explant in water?
To remove endemic surface contaminants.
Where does in vitro rooting take place?
In controlled environment in culture rooms.
How does vermiculite change when heated in a commercial furnace?
It expands and takes on a concertina shape, like a tiny accordion.
What process enables plant regeneration from individual cells or tissues?
Organogenesis or somatic embryogenesis.
What are the components of a laminar air hood?
Coarse filter, HEPA filter, gas cock, gas cylinder, and electrical outlets.
What natural gene transfer mechanism was used by Agrobacterium tumifaciens in 1985?
Very efficient gene transfer system.
What is micropropagation?
Micropropagation is a method of rapidly multiplying plant material to produce a large number of plants.
What is indirect somatic embryogenesis?
A process where somatic embryos are formed from callus tissue.
What is somaclonal variation?
It refers to the genetic variation that arises in plants that have been produced from tissue culture.
What is a torpedo in the context of embryogenesis?
The stage of embryo development characterized by a cylindrical shape with a pointed end.
What did La Rue C. D initiate in 1947?
Endosperm cultures of Zea mays and obtained subcultures.
What is the role of auxin in plant differentiation?
Stimulates root development.
What happens during the 'embryo maturation' phase in seed embryos?
Accumulation of embryo-specific reserve food materials and proteins, imparting desiccation tolerance and promoting normal development for germination.
What is somaclonal variation?
The variation generated through several types of nuclear chromosomal rearrangements and losses, gene amplification or de-amplification, nonreciprocal mitotic recombination events, transposable element activation, apparent point mutations, and alterations in maternally inherited characteristics.
What contributes to the high metabolic activity of meristems in tip culture?
The high metabolic activity of meristems.
What is the term for transferring a small amount of a culture to a fresh medium?
Subculture.
What is in vitro selection?
The process of selecting desirable traits in a controlled environment outside of the organism's natural habitat.
What are cybrids?
Hybrids produced through protoplast fusion.
What are the different sizes of beakers mentioned?
100 mL, 250 mL, 1 L, 5 L.
What is the temperature typically used in autoclaves for sterilization?
121 degrees Celsius.
What are the key areas or sections in a plant tissue culture laboratory?
Media preparation area, sterilization area, culture room, and storage area.
What is a steripot?
A container designed for sterilizing and storing laboratory materials.
What is the role of pentacyclic triterpenoids in anti-snake venom and anti-inflammatory activity?
They can be used for anti-snake venom and anti-inflammatory activity.
Who advanced the hypothesis that shoot and root initiation in cultured callus can be regulated by particular ratios of auxins and cytokinin?
Skoog, F. and Miller, C.O.
What are the parent plants of the fertile somatic hybrid plants?
Oriental hybrid lily and Lilium formolongi.
What did White, P. R. and Braun, A. C initiate studies on in 1942?
Crown gall and tumor formation in plants.
Which crops have shown variations due to in vitro selection?
Wheat, triticale, rice, oats, maize, sugar cane, alfalfa, tobacco, tomato, potato, oilseed, rape, and celery.
What is the purpose of transferring plants to a greenhouse in the establishment of aseptic culture?
To reduce endemic contaminants.
How can variation be generated in plant tissue cultures?
Through nuclear chromosomal rearrangements and losses, gene amplification or de-amplification, nonreciprocal mitotic recombination events, transposable element activation, apparent point mutations, and alterations in maternally inherited characteristics.
What is the characteristic of meristem tip culture related to the vascular system?
It lacks a vascular system.
What specific mineral is vermiculite?
A hydrated magnesium iron aluminum silicate mineral.
What is somaclonal variation?
The creation of genetic variants from cells that have undergone tissue culture.
What is the process of inducing plant cells to develop into embryos?
Somatic embryogenesis.
What is a challenge of in vitro rooting?
High labor cost.
What is the term for the initial high concentration of cells in a culture?
Initial high density.
What equipment is commonly found in a culture room facility?
Humidifier, timer, wall cabinets, illuminated trolleys, and test-tube racks.
Who developed a very efficient gene transfer system in 1985?
Gheysen, G., Dahese, P., Van Montaque, M., and Schell, J.
What is a dissecting laminar air flow hood used for?
It is used for dissecting and provides a sterile airflow over the work area.
What are the fields of study that have been advanced by the new technique?
Totipotency, nutrition, metabolism, division, differentiation, preservation of plant cells, morphogenesis, plant regeneration, variations through in vitro culture, evolution of haploids, wide hybridization programmes, micropropagation of plant materials, in vitro selection of mutants, secondary metabolite biosynthesis, and plant genetic engineering.
What are the key steps involved in micropropagation?
The key steps involve the use of tissue culture techniques to grow plant cells or tissues in a nutrient medium, followed by the regeneration of whole plants from these cells or tissues.
What are protoplasts?
Single cells without a cell wall and with a plasma membrane.
What are the observed variations in Cassava due to somaclonal variation?
Normal growth, reduced vigour, branching, dwarfism, and stem deformation.
Who discovered callus formation from the decorticated elm tree in 1756?
H. L. Duharmel du Monceau.
In 1839, who expressed the view that each living cell of a multicellular organism would be capable of developing independently?
T. H. Schwann.
What is the process of separating lumps from a suspension using a sieve?
Sieve out lumps.
What does Figure 8.8 show in part B?
Indirect secondary somatic embryogenesis.
What is shoot elongation?
The process of lengthening of shoots.
What is the concentration range of auxins for in vitro rooting?
1 - 5 mg/L.
What is the term for the process of separating solid particles from a liquid in a suspension?
Plate out.
What is a meristemoid in plant tissue culture?
A small group of cells capable of forming a shoot or root.
Who is known as the Father of plant tissue culture?
Haberlandt, G.
What are proper explants in plant tissue culture?
The specific plant parts used to initiate tissue culture, such as shoot tips or leaf sections.
What is a synthetic seed?
A artificially encapsulated plant embryo with or without endosperm.
What is the light intensity range in the controlled environment?
2000 - 4000 lux.
What is a synthetic seed?
A clonal propagation system that enables the vegetative propagule to be stored for long periods of time and also enables multiplication of the plant.
What is the result of the hybridization between Oriental hybrid lily and Lilium formolongi?
Fertile somatic hybrid plants.
How is plant genetic engineering facilitated by the new technique?
Through in vitro culture methods and DNA transfer technique.
What is vermiculite?
A naturally occurring mineral that takes the form of glossy flakes.
What color do vermiculite flakes vary from?
Dark gray to sandy brown.
What happens when the PEMs are transferred to a medium with a very low level of auxin or no auxin?
They develop into embryos.
What is the process of removing the cell wall to obtain a naked cell?
Protoplast isolation.
Where is the virus inactivating system more active in meristem tip culture?
In the apical region.
What is gene transfer via Agrobacterium?
The introduction of foreign genes into plant cells using Agrobacterium as a vector.
What is the purpose of a plant tissue culture laboratory?
To culture and grow plant tissues in a controlled environment.
Why is aseptic technique important in a plant tissue culture laboratory?
To prevent contamination of plant cultures with microorganisms.
How does a dark environment affect rhizogenesis in Stage III?
It favors rooting.
What is direct embryogenesis?
The process of embryo formation without an intervening callus phase.
What are some alterations observed in plants due to in vitro selection?
Plant pigmentation, seed yield, plant vigour, size, leaf and flower morphology, essential oils, fruit, solids, and disease tolerance or resistance.
What is the function of the inoculation room in laboratory organization?
It is used for inoculating cultures onto prepared media.
What is a primary explant in plant tissue culture?
It is the initial plant material used to initiate tissue culture.
What is a meristemoid in plant tissue culture?
It is a group of cells capable of giving rise to a meristem.
In 1853, who performed an experiment on callus formation by decorticated trees such as Robinia, Pawlonia, and Ulmus?
Trecul. A.
What is callus culture?
The creation of undifferentiated mass of plant cells in vitro.
What is the purpose of force outgrowth of axillary buds in the establishment of aseptic culture?
To prepare the stock plant for culture.
What is the process of extracting compounds produced by plants that are not essential for their growth and development?
Secondary metabolite extraction.
Who described callus formation on isolated stem fragments and root slices in 1893?
C. Rechinger.
What factors affect somatic embryogenesis?
Genotype and type of explant.
Under what conditions does plant tissue culture take place?
Aseptic conditions.
Who is considered as the father of micropropagation?
E. A. Ball.
What is the purpose of using high levels of auxins in Stage III of root induction?
To induce root formation.
What is the temperature of the controlled environment?
25 degrees Celsius.
What factors are considered for the selection of cytokinin type and concentration in shoot production?
Shoot multiplication rate, length of shoot produced, frequency of genetic variability, and cytokinin effects on rooting and survival.
What can result in poor rooting if used just prior to taking micro cuttings in Stage III?
High levels of cytokinins.
How do pentacyclic triterpenoids inhibit metalloproteinase proteolytic activity?
By having a carboxylate group at their C-17 position.
What physical elicitor was used in the study?
UV light treatment at intensity 100 - 280 nm (Phillips, UV - C).
What happens to the embryogenic cells in repeated subcultures on the proliferation medium?
They continue to multiply without the appearance of embryos.
What is the process of growing cells in a liquid medium?
Suspension culture.
Who obtained very luxuriant callus from Brassica rapa in 1878?
H. Vochting.
What is a primary explant in plant tissue culture?
The initial plant material used to initiate tissue culture.
What is the proliferation medium called in the context of somatic embryogenesis?
The 'induction medium' for SE.
What are Gibberellins?
A group of plant hormones that regulate various developmental processes.
What is meant by 'carry-over of hormones'?
The unintentional presence of hormones from a previous stage in the culture process.
Where does ex vitro rooting take place?
In controlled environment outside the laboratory.
What is the most important nutrient of the culture medium?
Nitrogen.
What is the opposite process of somatic embryogenesis?
Zygotic or sexual embryogenesis.
What did Skoog, F. start his work on in 1944?
Organogenesis in tobacco callus.
What is the purpose of the washing room in laboratory organization?
For cleaning and sterilizing equipment and materials.
What process enables plant regeneration from individual cells or tissues?
Organogenesis or somatic embryogenesis.
What is synthetic seed germination?
The process of germinating seeds that have been artificially encapsulated to mimic natural seeds.
What is the defining characteristic of protoplasts?
Absence of a cell wall.
What are the types of nuclear chromosomal rearrangements and losses that can generate variation in plant tissue cultures?
Several types, including gene amplification or de-amplification, nonreciprocal mitotic recombination events, transposable element activation, apparent point mutations, and re-activation of silent genes in multigene families.
How often was the growth evaluation performed after inoculation?
Every 3 days interval at 525 nm.
What is an organ primordium in plant tissue culture?
It is a small organ structure at an early stage of development.
What is the term for removing unwanted material from a suspension by hand?
Pick off.
What fields of study have been impacted by the new technique?
Totipotency, nutrition, metabolism, division, differentiation, preservation of plant cells, morphogenesis, plant regeneration, variations, evolution of haploids, micropropagation, in vitro selection of mutants, secondary metabolite biosynthesis, and plant genetic engineering.
What is protoplast fusion?
The production of somatic hybrids.
What is the process of using living organisms to carry out a chemical transformation of a compound?
Biotransformation.
Who is known as the 'Father of plant tissue culture' and published a paper on 'Experiments on the culture of isolated plant cells' in 1902?
G. Haberlandt.
What is indirect organogenesis in plant tissue culture?
Formation of organs from callus or other undifferentiated tissues.
What is the process involved in secondary metabolite biosynthesis?
In vitro culture.
How is plant genetic engineering achieved through the new technique?
Through in vitro culture methods and DNA transfer technique.
How does the embryo arise in somatic embryogenesis?
From a single cell and has no vascular connection with maternal callus tissue or the cultured explant.
What is the difference between somatic embryogenesis and organogenesis in terms of hormonal signals?
Somatic embryogenesis requires a single hormonal signal, while organogenesis requires two different hormonal signals.
What does plant tissue culture broadly refer to?
The cultivation in vitro of all plant parts, whether a single cell, a tissue, or an organ.
What is the process of medium sterilization using autoclaves called?
Autoclaving.
What is the purpose of a transfer hood?
To provide a sterile environment for transferring materials in a laboratory.
What is protoplast fusion?
The merging of protoplasts from different plant cells to form a hybrid cell.
What is the purpose of synthetic seeds?
To facilitate the handling, storage, and transportation of plant embryos.
What is the focus of the study mentioned in Figure 1?
Plant Cell Suspension Growth Curve.
What technique did Morel, G discover in 1960?
A technique to produce virus-free progenies by meristem culture in Cymbidium.
Who cultured mature anthers of Datura innoxia to study the physiology of meiosis and accidentally noticed the development of embryoids?
Guha, S. and Maheshwari, S.C.
How can the overgrowth of bacteria and fungi on the explant be prevented?
By pre-treatments to clean up the explant, such as detergents, sterilants, and antibiotics.
What are the two methods of rooting?
In vitro and Ex vitro.
How does the ratio of auxin to cytokinin affect plant development?
Auxin ↓Cytokinin = Root Development, Cytokinin ↓Auxin = Shoot Development, Auxin = Cytokinin = Callus Development.
Why is the presence of auxin in the proliferation medium essential for the tissue to develop embryos in the ED medium?
The tissues maintained continuously in auxin-free medium would not form embryos.
How can internal contaminants be removed in the establishment of aseptic culture?
By using disinfecting solutions and screening with antibiotics, fungicides, and others.
What is the condition of rooting in vitro?
Sterile rooting.
What are microprojectiles used for?
To deliver foreign DNA into plant cells.
What are the reagent bottles used for?
Storing liquid chemicals and stock solutions.
What is a poly tunnel?
A tunnel-shaped structure covered with polyethylene to provide a protected environment for plant growth.
What is the filter membrane preferably made of?
Nylon, of sizes 0.22 μm and 0.45 μm.
What was used to establish hairy root cultures of Beta vulgaris and Nicotinna rustica in 1986?
Infection with Agrobacterium rhizogenes.
What is totipotency?
The ability of a single cell to give rise to an entire organism.
What is the main advantage of synthetic seeds?
Enabling the vegetative propagule to be stored for long periods of time and also enabling multiplication of the plant.
What takes place in the culture room of a laboratory?
It is where cultures are incubated and grown.
What is the purpose of the analytical room in laboratory organization?
For analyzing and studying the results of experiments.
What is the function of the hardening facility in laboratory organization?
It is used for acclimatizing plantlets before transferring them to the external environment.
What is the role of abscisic acid (ABA) in embryo maturation?
It prevents precocious germination, suppresses secondary embryogenesis and pluricotyledony, and promotes embryo maturation in several species.
When were the cells quantified and growth observed in the study?
On the 20th day and after 4 days of treatment.
What is a basal 'hormone free' medium?
A medium without added hormones.
What is the characteristic of the auxin content in the meristem region of tip culture?
It has a high auxin content.
What is the term for selecting and cultivating organisms with high productivity?
High producers.
What is the process of generating variations through culture?
In vitro culture.
What is a shade house?
A structure used to provide partial shade to plants, often used for growing shade-loving plants.
What is one of the applications of protoplast fusion related to plant reproduction?
Male sterility.
What trait can be introduced through protoplast fusion to confer resistance to chemicals?
Antibiotic/herbicide resistance.
What does protoplast fusion enable in terms of genetic material transfer?
Partial genome transfer.
What is a green house?
A structure with transparent walls and roof, used to create a controlled environment for plant growth.
What is secondary metabolite production?
The synthesis of compounds not essential for the growth and development of the plant.
What can be achieved through protoplast fusion in relation to disease?
Disease resistance.
What is the process of elongation of shoots prior to ex vitro rooting?
Shoot elongation.
What stages do somatic embryos pass through in dicotyledonous plants?
Globular, heart, torpedo, and cotyledonary stages.
What is the major difference between somatic and zygotic embryogenesis?
Somatic embryos do not pass through the desiccation and dormancy phases as zygotic embryos do.
What is the advantage of somatic embryogenesis over organogenesis?
The embryo is a bipolar structure rather than a monopolar one.
What is a mist chamber?
A chamber used to provide high humidity and mist to promote the rooting of plant cuttings.
What are the different sizes of micropipettes mentioned?
5000 μL, 1000 μL, 500 μL, 250 μL, 100 μL.
In 1901, who coined the term 'totipotency' to describe the capability of a cell to form an individual plant?
T. H. Morgan.
What is an organ primordium in plant tissue culture?
An early stage of organ development in tissue culture.
How is somatic embryogenesis genotype dependent?
It is genotype dependent for a given species, with significant variations in response between cultivars.
What is a net house?
A structure covered with netting to protect plants from pests and excessive sunlight.
What are the different types of culture tubes and flasks mentioned?
Glass, polypropylene, or disposable.
What is the concentration range of auxins, particularly 2,4-D, that stimulates the formation of localized group of meristematic cells in the callus?
0.5 – 1.0 mgl-1 (proliferation or induction medium).
What allowed embryo development when calli were initiated on a medium with KNO3 as the sole source of nitrogen?
The addition of a small amount (5 mM) of nitrogen in the form of NH4Cl in the presence of 55 mM KNO3.
What are the structures formed in somatic embryogenesis?
Embryo-like structures analogous to zygotic embryo.
What are the three steps of somatic embryogenesis?
i. Induction of embryo ii. Embryo development iii. Embryo maturation
What is somatic embryogenesis (SE)?
The process where embryos are developed directly from the explant without an intermediate callus phase.
Is fertilization always essential to stimulate the egg to undergo embryogenesis?
No, as happens in parthenogenesis, the pollen stimulus alone, or simply the application of some growth regulators may induce the egg to undergo embryogenic development.
What are the two ways by which somatic embryogenesis (SE) could be obtained?
i) Indirect SE, where callusing is induced from the explant and later the callus gives rise to SE. ii) Direct SE, where somatic embryos are developed directly from the explant without an intermediate callus phase.
What are the different sizes of measuring cylinders mentioned?
5 mL, 10 mL, 25 mL, 50 mL, 100 mL, 500 mL, 1 L, 2 L, 5 L.
What is the concentration range of auxins for ex vitro rooting?
100 - 1000 ppm.
What is the condition of rooting ex vitro?
Non sterile rooting.
What prompts the egg cell to divide and develop into an embryo in the fertilization process?
Fertilization.
What happened when calli were initiated on a medium with KNO3 as the sole source of nitrogen?
They failed to form embryos upon removal of auxin.
How can protoplast fusion contribute to quality improvement?
By producing novel hybrids with improved quality.
What is a poly house?
A structure covered with polyethylene to create a controlled environment for plant growth.
What is a benefit of ex vitro rooting?
Low cost and high rate of acclimation.
What is the hormonal requirement for induction of somatic embryogenesis?
It requires a single hormonal signal to induce a bipolar structure capable of forming a complete plant.
Is it the monopoly of the egg to form an embryo?
No, any cells of the female gametophyte or even that of the sporophytic tissue around the embryo sac may give rise to an embryo.
What is the technique for selecting mutants tolerant to biotic and abiotic stresses?
In vitro selection of mutants.
What role does auxin play in the development of somatic embryos?
Auxin plays a major role in the development of somatic embryos.
What is the most commonly used synthetic auxin for the induction of somatic embryogenesis?
2,4-D.
How does the ratio of ammonium to nitrate affect SE?
It has been shown to affect SE.
When was in vitro somatic embryogenesis (SE) first demonstrated?
In 1958 by Reinert and Steward.
How does the form of nitrogen influence the induction of SE?
It has a strong influence on the induction of SE.
What sources of reduced nitrogen are often required for the culture medium?
Ammonium, glycine, glutamate, or casein hydrolysate.
What do somatic embryos resemble?
Zygotic embryos.
What are large forceps and scalpels used for?
Dissecting and subculturing plant material.
How do somatic embryos germinate and develop?
They germinate and develop into complete plantlets.
What field of study involves the use of protoplast fusion?
Genetic engineering.
What can be produced through protoplast fusion?
Novel hybrids.
