Histology E2 Clinical Correlations

Which of the following is a potential consequence of Hepatitis C infection?

Which layer of the duodenum is the outermost layer?

What is lymphangioma primarily characterized by?

Where does lymphangioma most commonly occur?

What is the appearance of skin lesions associated with lymphangioma?

How are the vesicles in lymphangioma connected to the lymphatic system?

What is the nature of the lesions in lymphangioma?

What observation can be made about the blood vessels in the two images of lining mucosa?

What feature is present in the left image but not in the right image of lining mucosa?

What can be inferred about the overall condition of the lining mucosa in the right image?

What is a key characteristic of oral submucous fibrosis?

Which areas of the mouth are affected by oral submucous fibrosis?

What histological feature is observed in oral submucous fibrosis?

What does the presence of dense collagen fibers in the submucosa indicate in oral submucous fibrosis?

Why is oral submucous fibrosis considered a precancerous condition?

Where is masticatory mucosa primarily found in the oral cavity?

What type of epithelium covers the masticatory mucosa?

What is a notable feature of the lamina propria in masticatory mucosa?

What is Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome commonly known as?

What is the most common benign tumor of the salivary glands?

What type of cells are intermingled in the epithelial tissue of pleomorphic adenoma?

What do myoepithelial cells produce in pleomorphic adenoma?

What type of tissue is infiltrated by nodules in a pleomorphic adenoma?

What do the lighter eosinophilic-stained regions in a pleomorphic adenoma resemble?

What is the staining characteristic of normal parotid tissue in a pleomorphic adenoma?

What color do the eosin-stained areas of a pleomorphic adenoma appear?

What is the primary composition of the nodules found in a pleomorphic adenoma?

What is another name for pleomorphic adenoma?

Where do the majority of pleomorphic adenomas occur?

What is a characteristic feature of pleomorphic adenoma?

What is alcoholic fatty liver also known as?

What primarily affects the lungs in pneumonia?

What is the red hepatization stage of pneumonia characterized by?

What are common causes of pneumonia?

What fills the air space in the lungs during pneumonia?

What is the primary cellular response in bronchial pneumonia?

What is the term used to describe the process where airspace is replaced with fluid in pneumonia?

What can severe untreated bronchial pneumonia lead to regarding alveolar walls?

What is the consequence of the inflammatory response in bronchial pneumonia?

What does the term 'hepatization' refer to in the context of pneumonia?

What is a characteristic appearance of lung tissue affected by pneumonia on gross examination?

What causes the lung tissue to appear dense and consolidated in pneumonia?

What do the clusters of cells in the top view of lung tissue affected by pneumonia likely represent?

How long are most patients aware of their pleomorphic adenoma?

What are the main cellular components of a pleomorphic adenoma?

What is the significance of fine needle biopsy in pleomorphic adenoma?

What potential risk is associated with pleomorphic adenomas after surgery?

What does the myxoid background in a pleomorphic adenoma indicate?

What is the appearance of myoepithelial cells in a pleomorphic adenoma?

What is a parotid cyst primarily characterized by?

What can cause the formation of a parotid cyst?

What histological feature is associated with the lining of a parotid cyst?

What is typically found in the cavity of a parotid cyst?

What histological change may be observed in the surrounding stroma of a parotid cyst?

What is the most common type of intraoral cancer?

What are common symptoms in the late stages of squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue?

How does squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue typically present clinically?

What is a common characteristic of squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue?

What type of lesions are typically seen in squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue?

What visual signs might indicate squamous cell carcinoma on the tongue?

What are the major risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue?

How do the cancer cells in squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue appear pathologically?

Through which system does squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue tend to metastasize?

What is a characteristic feature of cancer cells in squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue?

How does squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue typically spread?

What histological feature is indicative of invasive squamous cell carcinoma in a mucosal biopsy?

What does deep keratinization or pearls in a biopsy suggest?

What staining method is used to visualize the cellular structure in the biopsy of invasive squamous cell carcinoma?

What virus is responsible for the most common viral infection affecting the salivary glands?

Which cranial nerve can be damaged by mumps infection affecting the parotid gland?

Which muscle is associated with the lining mucosa of the lip?

What are common clinical presentations of mumps?

What symptom follows mild fever in mumps infection?

What type of swelling is associated with mumps infection of the parotid gland?

What is sialadenitis?

What histologic finding is characteristic of acute sialadenitis?

What can ductal obstruction due to stones lead to in sialadenitis?

Which bacteria is most often associated with abscess formation in sialadenitis?

What is a characteristic histological feature of chronic sialadenitis?

What does the dark purple staining in the lobules of chronic sialadenitis indicate?

How is the overall appearance of chronic sialadenitis described in histological images?

What is a common consequence for patients whose salivary glands are irradiated during treatment for salivary gland tumors?

What effect do antibodies and antibacterial agents have on oral health?

What is a side effect of anticholinergic drugs used to treat heart disease?

What is a common appearance of a fatty liver compared to normal liver tissue?

What condition may result from chronic alcohol abuse and heavy binge drinking?

What are some potential symptoms of alcoholic hepatitis?

What is the relationship between steatosis and liver function tests?

What histologic feature is commonly associated with alcoholic hepatitis?

What is a characteristic feature of alcoholic cirrhosis?

Which of the following is NOT a histologic feature of alcoholic hepatitis?

What is indicated by the presence of neutrophils in the portal area of liver tissue?

What are Mallory bodies composed of?

What does the term 'steatosis' refer to in liver pathology?

What does portal fibrosis indicate in liver tissue?

What are Mallory bodies associated with in liver pathology?

What is the role of the liver in relation to vitamin A?

What condition is associated with vitamin A deficiency?

How does the liver contribute to vitamin D metabolism?

What is a consequence of vitamin D deficiency?

What is the primary function of vitamin D in the body?

What is the role of Vitamin K in the liver?

What condition is associated with Vitamin K deficiency?

Where are the major sites of long-term iron storage in the body?

What can iron overload lead to in the liver?

What are lipoproteins primarily involved in transporting?

Where is the lipid component of lipoproteins produced?

What is the primary function of very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs)?

Which apolipoprotein is associated with liver VLDLs?

Where is the protein component of lipoproteins produced?

What is the primary defect in Abetalipoproteinemia?

What is the primary function of LDLs in the body?

How do high levels of HDL affect heart disease risk?

What is the relationship between LDL levels and cardiovascular disease risk?

Which lipoprotein is denser than LDLs?

What is the effect of low levels of LDL on cardiovascular disease risk?

What triggers liver injury in congestive heart failure?

Which zone of the liver acinus is first affected by congestive heart failure?

What is a major consequence of congestive heart failure on the liver?

What type of necrosis is observed in the liver biopsy of an individual with congestive heart failure?

What is the primary cause of centrilobular necrosis in congestive heart failure?

What histological feature indicates lipid accumulation in the liver biopsy of a patient with congestive heart failure?

What term is used to describe the atrophic changes in hepatocytes undergoing autophagocytosis in congestive heart failure?

What is cardiac cirrhosis in the context of congestive heart failure?

What causes hypertrophy of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (sER)?

How does ethanol affect the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (sER)?

What is a potential negative effect of metabolism by the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (sER)?

What is cholestasis?

What are the two basic types of cholestasis?

What can cause obstructive cholestasis?

What is a characteristic of metabolic cholestasis?

What is the primary cause of Hepatitis C?

What type of liver changes are associated with Hepatitis C?

Which of the following is NOT a pathologic change associated with Hepatitis C?

What is a common histological finding in the liver of a patient with Hepatitis C?

What type of inflammation is observed in the portal area of the liver tissue sample?

What is indicated by the presence of necrotic hepatocytes in the liver tissue sample?

What does periportal hepatitis refer to in the context of liver tissue?

What does the term 'portal fibrosis' imply in liver pathology?

What are gallstones primarily formed from?

Which of the following is a risk factor for developing gallstones?

What condition can occur due to obstruction of the cystic or common bile ducts by gallstones?

What serious condition can result from blockage of the hepatopancreatic ampulla due to gallstones?

In which population are cholesterol stones more common?

What is cholesterolosis characterized by?

What is a distinctive feature of a 'strawberry gallbladder'?

What is the clinical significance of cholesterolosis?

What happens to the superficial epithelium in cholesterolosis?

Can cholesterolosis lead to cholecystitis?

What histological feature is characteristic of Cholesterolosis in the gallbladder?

What is jaundice characterized by?

What causes jaundice to develop?

How is bilirubin normally processed in the body?

What happens to bilirubin levels when there is destruction of erythrocytes?

Which condition can interrupt the elimination of bilirubin?

What are Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses in the gallbladder?

What is a potential consequence of Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses?

What causes the formation of Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses?

What risk is associated with Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses?

What are Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses?

What is the appearance of Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses in a microscopic image?

What surrounds the Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses?

Where do Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses extend into?

What is the significance of the epithelial lining in Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses?

What is a common symptom of acute pancreatitis?

Which of the following can cause acute pancreatitis?

How do gallstones contribute to acute pancreatitis?

What laboratory findings are typically elevated in acute pancreatitis?

Which of the following is NOT a cause of acute pancreatitis?

What is a key pathological change observed in acute pancreatitis?

What type of inflammatory cells are primarily involved in acute pancreatitis?

What does fat necrosis in acute pancreatitis indicate?

What is the significance of the pancreatic parenchyma in the context of acute pancreatitis?

What does the presence of a darker, amorphous material in the image suggest?

What has been identified in nerve cells in several regions of the brain related to insulin production?

What marks the boundary between the villi and the intestinal glands in the duodenum?

How is insulin resistance related to cognitive function?

What contributes to the degeneration of brain cells in Alzheimer's disease?

What is the primary product of cell type B in the Islet of Langerhans?

Which cell type in the Islet of Langerhans is responsible for producing glucagon?

What percentage of the Islet of Langerhans is made up of cell type D?

What color does cell type A stain with Mallory-Azan?

What is the size of granules found in cell type D?

What type of cancer is most common in the pancreas?

Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for pancreatic cancer?

What is a common symptom of pancreatic cancer?

What is the significance of the CA19-9 antigen in pancreatic cancer?

What pathological feature is characteristic of ductal adenocarcinomas in pancreatic cancer?

What is the primary function of the mucosa in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract?

Which layer of the gastrointestinal tract is responsible for peristalsis?

What type of cells are primarily found in the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract?

Which part of the gastrointestinal tract is involved in the absorption of water and electrolytes?

What is a clinical correlation related to the appendix?

What type of mucosa lines the lips and cheeks in the oral cavity?

Which mucosa is found in the gingiva and hard palate?

What is the primary function of the specialized mucosa found on the tongue?

What are the two main components of the oral mucosa?

What type of epithelium is found in the lining mucosa of the cheeks?

Which layer is NOT part of the epithelium in the lining mucosa of the cheeks?

What is the primary component of the connective tissue in the lining mucosa of the cheeks?

What type of fibers are labeled within the lamina propria of the lining mucosa?

What is a key difference between the epithelium of the lining mucosa and the epidermis of the skin?

What type of epithelium is found in the lining mucosa?

What is the lamina propria primarily composed of?

What does the submucosa contain?

What happens if the lining mucosa is cut?

What is the primary function of the lining mucosa of the lip?

What is the vermilion zone of the lip?

What type of glands are found in the lining mucosa of the lip?

Which layer is NOT part of the lining mucosa of the lip?

What type of epithelium is found in the vermilion zone?

What are Fordyce granules?

What is a notable feature of the vermilion zone in infants?

How does parakeratinized epithelium differ from keratinized epithelium?

What is the primary muscle associated with the labial mucosa?

Which zone of the lip is characterized by a distinct texture and color?

What type of gland is indicated in the labial mucosa image?

What is the color palette primarily used in the microscopic image of the labial mucosa?

What does the term 'labial (lining) mucosa' refer to in the context of the lip?

What is the significance of the dotted-line boxes in the image description?

Which structure is located at the edge of the labial mucosa?

What is the primary function of the minor salivary glands in the labial mucosa?

What does the term 'orbicularis oris muscle' refer to?

What is the primary tissue color observed in the labial mucosa image?

What is the significance of the 'skin-' label in the image description?

What type of epithelium is found in the labial mucosa?

What is a notable feature of the labial mucosa's structure?

What type of glands are present in the labial mucosa?

Which layer is NOT mentioned in the description of the labial mucosa?

What is a key difference in the epithelial layer between the two images of lining mucosa?

How does the connective tissue differ between the two images of lining mucosa?

Why is injection into the masticatory mucosa difficult and painful?

Which layer is absent in the masticatory mucosa?

What type of connective tissue is found in the lamina propria of the masticatory mucosa?

Which layer is located directly beneath the lamina propria in the masticatory mucosa?

What is the primary function of the keratinized stratified squamous epithelium in the masticatory mucosa?

Which layer of the masticatory mucosa is responsible for the presence of collagen fibers?

What is the appearance of the stratum granulosum in the masticatory mucosa?

What is nicotine stomatitis characterized by?

What lifestyle habit is most associated with nicotine stomatitis?

What changes occur in the squamous mucosa in nicotine stomatitis?

What appearance may the hard palate have in nicotine stomatitis?

What is a cleft palate?

What is the estimated occurrence of cleft palate in the U.S.?

What is the primary cause of cleft lip and cleft palate?

Can cleft lip and cleft palate be prevented?

What type of epithelium is found in the specialized mucosa of the tongue?

What are the irregularities and elevations on the tongue's surface called?

What is the main function of filiform papillae on the tongue?

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of filiform papillae?

What type of tissue is found beneath the epithelium of filiform papillae?

How many taste buds are typically found on each fungiform papilla?

Which taste sensations are associated with ion channels?

What type of receptors are associated with the other three taste sensations besides salty and sour?

What type of taste do circumvallate papillae primarily detect?

Which glands are the only pure serous glands in the oral cavity?

What are foliate papillae primarily associated with?

Where are taste buds located in relation to foliate papillae?

What is the function of taste receptor cells found in taste buds?

What structure is indicated by the arrows in the photomicrograph of foliate papillae?

Which part of the tongue is associated with bitter taste sensations?

What taste sensation is primarily located in the middle of the tongue?

Which type of papillae is primarily responsible for the sensation of sour taste?

What anatomical structures are located at the back of the tongue?

Which type of papillae are not involved in taste sensation?

What is the shape of a taste bud?

What extends from the taste pore of a taste bud?

What role do nerves play in relation to taste buds?

Which type of cells are NOT part of a taste bud?

Where are taste buds located?

What are 'supertasters' characterized by?

What chemical is associated with taste sensitivity in supertasters?

What term is used to describe individuals who have a reduced ability to taste certain flavors?

What genetic mutation causes Type I familial dysautonomia?

What is a primary symptom of Type I familial dysautonomia?

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of Type I familial dysautonomia?

What developmental defects are associated with Type I familial dysautonomia?

Which chromosome is the DYS gene located on?

What is the appearance of the esophagus at low magnification?

What is the innermost layer of the esophagus called?

Which layer of the esophagus contains esophageal glands that secrete mucus?

What is the outermost layer of the esophagus called?

Which layer of the esophagus is responsible for peristalsis?

What is the function of the muscularis mucosa in the esophagus?

What type of epithelium is found in the esophagus?

What is the function of the muscularis externa in the esophagus?

Which layer of the esophagus is located just beneath the epithelium?

What is the role of the submucosa in the esophagus?

What type of tissue is located beneath the epithelium in the esophagus?

What structures are indicated by the asterisk in the histological slide of the esophagus?

What is the function of the smooth muscle fibers in the esophagus?

What covers the outer wall of the lower esophagus?

What is the function of the muscularis mucosae in the esophagogastric junction?

What is Barrett esophagus primarily characterized by?

What condition is Barrett esophagus a chronic complication of?

What type of cancer risk is increased in patients with Barrett esophagus?

What are goblet cells indicative of in Barrett esophagus?

What symptom is commonly associated with excessive reflux leading to Barrett esophagus?

What are gastric pits?

What surrounds the gastric pits in the stomach?

What is a characteristic feature of the muscularis externa in the cardiac region of the stomach?

What are the main components of the gastric gland in the stomach's fundus and body?

What are the main layers of the stomach wall identified in the body region of the stomach?

What is a characteristic feature of the mucosa in the pyloric region of the stomach?

Which types of enteroendocrine cells are found at the base of the pyloric glands?

What is the primary cause of pernicious anemia as described in the text?

Which condition is associated with a lack of intrinsic factor and can lead to vitamin B12 deficiency?

What role do H₂ receptor-antagonist drugs play in the treatment of peptic ulcers?

What is the most common cause of peptic ulcers according to the text?

What is a potential consequence of long-term use of H₂ receptor-antagonist drugs?

What is the primary function of the villi in the duodenum?

What type of tissue is primarily found in the stomach?

What is indicated by the presence of glands in the stomach tissue?

What is the significance of the muscle layers in the stomach?

What does the presence of finger-like projections in the duodenum indicate?

What is the primary function of the villi in the duodenum?

Which layer of the duodenum is responsible for peristalsis?

What are Brunner glands primarily responsible for in the duodenum?

What is a primary effect of Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome?

What percentage of patients with Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome have gastric ulcers?

What role does gastrin play in the body?

Where is gastrin released from?

What type of cell is primarily responsible for nutrient absorption in the duodenum?

Which cell type in the pancreas is involved in the secretion of digestive enzymes?

What histological feature is indicative of chronic gastritis in the stomach?

In the context of the pancreas, what does 'salt and pepper chromatin' refer to?

What is a common histological finding in the duodenum during necrosis?

What type of cells line the villi in the jejunum?

What are lacteals in the context of the jejunum?

Which structure is NOT found in the jejunum?

What is the function of the crypts of Lieberkuhn in the jejunum?

What is the role of the muscularis externa in the jejunum?

Where are Paneth cells located in the intestinal lining?

What do the secretory vesicles of Paneth cells contain?

What is the primary function of Paneth cells?

What is the primary function of the ileum in the digestive system?

What are Peyer's patches in the ileum?

Which cells are primarily found in the ileum that aid in absorption?

What structure in the ileum increases the surface area for absorption?

What type of cells are predominantly found in the colon's mucosa?

What is a key feature of the colon that differentiates it from other parts of the intestine?

What are the glands found in the colon that are responsible for secretion?

What is the primary function of goblet cells in the colon?

What is the significance of the absence of villi in the colon?

What are colon polyps?

Which type of colon polyp is the most common?

What is a characteristic feature of colon polyps?

What is the most conspicuous feature of the appendix?

What type of epithelium lines the anal canal?

What is the function of the internal anal sphincter (IAS)?

Which structure is visible in the center right of the anal canal cross-section?

What surrounds the anal canal externally?

What is indicated by the keratinized portion of the stratified squamous epithelium (StS(k))?

What is the most common type of colorectal cancer diagnosed in the United States?

At what age range is colorectal cancer most commonly diagnosed?

What dietary factors are associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer?

What is the typical method for detecting adenomatous polyps in colorectal cancer?

What is the approximate number of colorectal cancer cases diagnosed annually in the United States?

What is the most common location for colorectal cancer in the large intestine?

What genetic mutation is associated with the transformation of a polyp into a benign adenoma in colorectal cancer development?

Which tumor suppressor gene is lost first in the development of colorectal cancer?

What are common early symptoms of colorectal cancer?

What is a potential treatment option for early-stage colorectal cancer?

What is the primary cause of swelling in the nasal membranes during allergic rhinitis?

What are common symptoms of allergic rhinitis?

How do the capillaries in the respiratory region function during airflow?

What happens to the lamina propria during an allergic reaction?

What is rhinitis primarily characterized by?

What is a common microscopic finding in allergic rhinitis?

Which type of cells are predominantly found in the submucosa during allergic rhinitis?

What does the examination of the nasal cavities reveal in allergic rhinitis?

What type of inflammatory cells are predominantly present in the submucosa during allergic rhinitis?

What is a characteristic feature of nasal tissue in chronic rhinitis?

What happens to the mucosa in chronic rhinitis?

What is atrophic rhinitis also known as?

What replaces the submucosa in chronic rhinitis?

What percentage of cancer deaths in men was attributed to lung and bronchial cancer from 2010-2014?

What is a consequence of the changes in chronic rhinitis?

What type of neurons are olfactory receptor cells?

What is the consequence of traumatic head injury on olfactory axons?

What is anosmia?

What is hyposmia?

What forms the olfactory nerve?

What is the primary cause of acute laryngitis?

Which of the following is a symptom of acute laryngitis?

What type of cells infiltrate the connective tissue in acute laryngitis?

What usually causes chronic laryngitis?

Where does squamous metaplasia typically occur?

What can cause changes in the respiratory epithelium?

What type of epithelium is typically seen in chronic bronchitis and bronchiectasis?

What is a consequence of the altered epithelium in squamous metaplasia?

What percentage of cancer deaths in women was due to colorectal cancer from 2010-2014?

What is a functional drawback of squamous metaplasia?

What happens to ciliated cells in smokers due to exposure to smoke?

What compensatory action do individuals take when mucus removal is impaired due to smoking?

What can happen if the factors that predispose to squamous metaplasia are not eliminated?

What is squamous metaplasia characterized by?

At what week of gestation does surfactant synthesis begin in the fetus?

What is the primary consequence of inadequate surfactant secretion in premature infants?

What treatment can reduce the risk of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in extremely premature infants?

How does administering cortisol to mothers with threatened premature delivery affect neonatal outcomes?

What is a common symptom of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome in premature infants?

What type of disease is cystic fibrosis classified as?

What is the genetic cause of cystic fibrosis?

What is the effect of CFTR gene mutations on exocrine glands?

What types of cells are found in the medullary cords of lymph nodes?

What happens to the bronchioles in cystic fibrosis?

Which age group is primarily affected by cystic fibrosis?

What characterizes emphysema?

What is the most common cause of emphysema?

What happens to the alveolar walls in emphysema?

Which of the following changes occurs in the pulmonary vessels due to emphysema?

What is a significant consequence of emphysema on gas exchange?

What happens to air spaces in the lungs affected by emphysema?

What role do neutrophils play in the destruction of alveolar walls in emphysema?

What is the effect of proteolysis on the alveolar walls in emphysema?

What is a characteristic feature of alveolar walls in emphysema as observed under a microscope?

What does the appearance of alveolar spaces look like in emphysema?

What color are the stained alveolar walls in the microscopic image of emphysema?

What is the role of macrophages in the lymph nodes?

What is a characteristic feature of lung tissue affected by emphysema as seen in microscopic images?

What does the middle view of the lung tissue show in relation to pneumonia?

What does the presence of purplish cellular infiltrate in the lung tissue suggest?

What does the bottom right view of the lung tissue indicate about the pneumonia condition?

What is a common histological feature of pneumonia in lung tissue?

What effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on the smooth muscle lining the bronchioles?

What is one function of the smooth muscle in the bronchioles during breathing?

How does the parasympathetic nervous system affect the smooth muscle in the bronchioles?

What impact does aging have on the contractility of smooth muscle in the bronchioles?

What role does smooth muscle play in the cough reflex?

What are the primary symptoms of chronic asthma?

What causes airflow obstruction in asthma?

What happens during acute asthma attacks?

Which of the following is a pathologic finding in chronic asthma?

What is a characteristic feature of the respiratory airways in asthma patients?

What is a key histological feature of bronchioles affected by chronic asthma compared to normal bronchioles?

What is the primary function of Clara cells in the terminal bronchioles?

What happens to Clara cells in the bronchioles of heavy smokers?

What role do Clara cells play in the respiratory system?

What type of cells increase in number in the bronchioles of heavy smokers?

What is a distinguishing feature of Clara cells compared to ciliated cells?

What is the primary characteristic of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)?

Which of the following is NOT a cause of ARDS?

What pathologic finding is associated with the early stage of ARDS?

What is the significance of hyaline membranes in ARDS?

How is ARDS classified in terms of lung disease?

What is a key histological feature of lung tissue affected by acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)?

What is a defining characteristic of pulmonary hypertension?

What happens to the lumens of pulmonary vessels in pulmonary hypertension?

At what pressure level is pulmonary hypertension defined?

What is a characteristic histological feature of pulmonary arteries affected by pulmonary hypertension?

What appearance do the smooth muscle cells in the pulmonary artery exhibit in pulmonary hypertension?

What type of cells are likely present in the thickened vessel wall of the pulmonary artery in pulmonary hypertension?

What does the staining of the tissue around the artery indicate in pulmonary hypertension?

What does BAC stand for in the context of lung adenocarcinoma?

What percentage of all lung cancers was BAC thought to account for?

Where does BAC develop in the lungs?

How does BAC spread in the lungs?

What is a common characteristic of lung adenocarcinoma (BAC)?

Which demographic is more likely to be affected by lung adenocarcinoma?

What trend is observed in the incidence of lung adenocarcinoma?

Which group has a higher incidence of lung adenocarcinoma?

What are common symptoms of lung adenocarcinoma (bronchioalveolar carcinoma)?

Why is lung adenocarcinoma often referred to as the 'masquerader'?

What is the role of fine-needle aspiration biopsy in diagnosing lung adenocarcinoma?

How does staging of lung adenocarcinoma compare to other lung cancers?

Why are PET scans less reliable for lung adenocarcinoma compared to other lung cancers?

What was the most common cancer site for males in Puerto Rico from 2010-2014?

Which cancer site had the highest incidence among females in Puerto Rico during 2010-2014?

What percentage of males were diagnosed with lung and bronchus cancer in Puerto Rico from 2010-2014?

What was the percentage of colon and rectum cancer incidence among females?

Which cancer site had the lowest incidence among males according to the data?

What was the most common cause of cancer death in men from 2010-2014 in PR?

Which cancer was the leading cause of death among women in PR from 2010-2014?

Which cancer type had the lowest percentage of deaths in women from 2010-2014?

What is a common cause of appendicitis?

What cellular changes are associated with appendicitis?

What happens to the lumen of the appendix during appendicitis?

What histological change is associated with chronic inflammation in appendicitis?

In the context of appendicitis, what does the presence of fibrosis in the lamina propria indicate?

What is the primary function of Helper CD4+ T cells?

Which type of T cell is responsible for killing virus-infected and cancer-transformed cells?

What distinguishes Regulatory T cells from other T cells?

What is the role of Gamma/delta T cells in the immune system?

What is the structure identified as lymphatic tissue in the options provided?

What is the primary function of lymphatic vessels in relation to lymph nodes?

What is the function of the medullary sinuses in lymph nodes?

What is the color of the epidermis in the microscopic image of skin tissue?

What does HIV infection lead to?

Which cells are primarily infected by HIV?

What is a key indicator of the stage of HIV infection?

What are some reasons for the low level of CD4+ T cells in HIV-infected patients?

Which type of lymphocytes recognize and kill CD4+ T cells after they are infected by HIV?

What histological feature is commonly observed in lymph nodes during the early stage of HIV infection?

What is the function of the germinal center in the lymphatic system?

What is the significance of the mantle zone in lymphatic tissue?

What type of epithelium covers the palatine tonsils?

Where are the pharyngeal (adenoid) tonsils located?

Which tonsils have deep and branched crypts?

What type of lymphatic tissue is primarily found in the pharyngeal (adenoid) tonsils?

What is the epithelial covering of the lingual tonsils?

What is the Waldeyer ring composed of?

What are common sites for infection in acute tonsillitis?

What histological feature is prominent in the tonsil tissues of children with acute tonsillitis?

What types of infections can cause acute tonsillitis?

What is the likely diagnosis for the lesions described in the 42-year-old woman?

What does the surface of the epidermis appear like in the microscopic image?

What color is the dermis compared to the epidermis in the microscopic image?

What do the white spaces or gaps in the epidermis suggest?

What is the overall appearance of the dermis in the microscopic image?

What is the most common type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma?

Which of the following is the most common extranodal site for DLBCL?

What are common symptoms experienced by patients with DLBCL?

How do tumor cells appear histologically in DLBCL?

What pattern does the tumor grow in DLBCL?

What is a characteristic feature of Hodgkin lymphoma?

What symptoms are commonly associated with Hodgkin lymphoma?

What is the size range of Reed-Sternberg cells in Hodgkin lymphoma?

What is the appearance of Reed-Sternberg cells under a microscope?

What type of cancer is Hodgkin lymphoma classified as?

What is a characteristic feature of Reed-Sternberg cells in Hodgkin lymphoma?

How do Reed-Sternberg cells appear under a microscope?

What type of cancer is associated with Reed-Sternberg cells?

What is a characteristic feature of Reed-Sternberg cells in Hodgkin lymphoma?

What are the two main types of tissue found in the spleen?

What are the dark purple stained areas in the histological image of the spleen called?

What is the lighter stained region inside the Lymphatic Nodules known as?

Which region surrounds the central artery in the spleen?

What is the darker stained region around the Lymphatic Nodules called?

What is the function of the Germinal Centers in the spleen?

What is the aggregation of macrophages surrounding the terminal arterial capillaries in the spleen called?

What is the main function of the red pulp in the spleen?

What type of cells are primarily found in the splenic cord?

What characterizes the venous sinuses in the red pulp of the spleen?

What is a splenectomy?

Which condition is NOT typically treated with a splenectomy?

What is a common characteristic of diseases treated by splenectomy?

What factors influence the decision to perform a splenectomy?

Which of the following diseases is associated with hypersplenism?

What do primary lymphatic nodules primarily contain?

What is a key feature of secondary lymphatic nodules?

What triggers the development of a germinal center in lymphatic nodules?

Which type of cells are predominantly found in the paracortex of lymphatic nodules?

What distinguishes lymphatic nodules from other lymphatic structures?

What type of cells line High Endothelial Venules (HEVs)?

What is the primary function of High Endothelial Venules (HEVs)?

How do HEVs differ from typical blood vessels?