Urolithiasis

The most common types of urinary stones in dogs and cats are ___ and ___.

Medical dissolution is possible for most stones except for ___ stones.

An alkalinizing diet is used for the treatment of ___ and ___ stones.

The stones that are radiolucent and may not be visible on a radiograph are ___ and ___.

A reduced protein diet is recommended for the management of ___, ___, canine struvite, and to a lesser degree, calcium oxalate stones.

To manage all stone types, it is important to increase urine volume to keep urine ___ and dissolve crystal forming substrates.

To manage urinary stones, one should reduce the quantities of ___ forming substrates in the urine.

Increasing the urine solubility of crystal forming substrates often involves affecting the ___.

Struvite stones in dogs are usually induced by ___ tract infections caused by ___ positive microbes.

To manage struvite stones, a ___ magnesium diet is recommended.

A high quality, reduced protein diet is important to reduce urine ___ concentration in dogs with struvite stones.

For struvite stones, a ___ phosphorous diet is recommended.

Calcium oxalate stones are the most difficult to dissolve and likely require ___, voiding hydropulsion, or lithotripsy.

To prevent calcium oxalate stones, it is important to avoid excessive ___, calcium, oxalate, vitamin D, and sodium.

Calcium oxalate crystals are more likely to occur in ___ urine.

Cystine stones are more common in breeds such as Bulldogs, Newfoundlands, and ___ terriers.

For cystine stones, a reduced protein and ___ restricted diet is recommended.

A urine alkalinizer such as ___ citrate is preferred for managing cystine stones.

The breed predisposed to urate stones is ___.

Dietary management for urate stones includes a reduced ___ diet.

A urine alkalinizer that is preferred for managing urate stones is ___.

Allopurinol decreases uric acid by inhibiting the conversion of hypoxanthine to ___ and then to uric acid.

Caution should be taken when giving allopurinol without a reduced protein diet as it may lead to the formation of ___ stones.

Rare types of stones seen in dogs and cats include calcium phosphate, ___, and silica.