EKG Lecture Voiceover Content

Lateral Wall Infarction refers to the damage or death of heart muscle tissue in the lateral wall of the left ventricle, typically caused by a blockage in the coronary arteries supplying that area.

Ventricular Hypertrophy is the thickening of the ventricular walls of the heart, often due to increased workload or pressure overload, which can lead to heart disease.

Other EKG Changes refer to various alterations in the electrocardiogram that may indicate different cardiac conditions or abnormalities beyond the standard findings.

The AV Node, or atrioventricular node, is responsible for slow depolarization, allowing time for the atria to contract before the ventricles.

Left Axis Deviation often indicates conditions such as left ventricular hypertrophy or left bundle branch block.

It results in a negative EKG deflection.

The Wave of Depolarization refers to the process by which the electrical charge across a cell membrane changes, leading to the activation of cardiac muscle cells and the propagation of electrical impulses throughout the heart.

The Horizontal Plane with V2 View refers to a specific perspective in electrocardiography where the V2 lead is positioned to capture electrical activity from the heart in a horizontal plane, typically providing insights into the anterior and septal regions of the heart.

Normal Axis refers to the typical electrical axis of the heart, which is usually between -30 degrees and +90 degrees in the frontal plane. It indicates that the heart's electrical activity is directed towards the left and downward.

q Waves are small negative deflections that can appear in the QRS complex, often indicating a previous myocardial infarction if they are present in specific leads.

Inferior Leads allow you to determine if depolarization is moving toward or away from the inferior portion of the heart.

Axis Deviation refers to the abnormal orientation of the heart's electrical axis, which can indicate underlying cardiac conditions.

It results in a positive EKG deflection.

Axis Deviation in Lead AVF refers to the change in the electrical axis of the heart as observed in the AVF lead on an electrocardiogram, indicating potential abnormalities in heart function or structure.

Precordial leads measure the heart's electrical activity in the horizontal plane, providing insights into the anterior and lateral walls of the heart.

Phase 4 represents the resting membrane potential, typically around -90mV, maintained primarily by K+ ions.

Left Axis Deviation occurs when the electrical activity of the heart is directed more towards the left, typically defined as an axis of -30° to -90°.

It disrupts the current flow of ions, leading to changes in depolarization and repolarization.

To take action that prevents someone from dying or suffering serious harm, often through medical intervention or emergency response.

Bipolar Limb Leads are a type of electrocardiogram lead configuration that measures the electrical activity of the heart by comparing the voltage between two electrodes placed on the limbs.

The AV Node is located at the junction of the atria and ventricles, specifically in the interatrial septum near the opening of the coronary sinus.

The AV Node, or Atrioventricular Node, is a specialized group of cells located between the atria and ventricles of the heart that plays a crucial role in the electrical conduction system by delaying the transmission of electrical impulses from the atria to the ventricles.

A type of myocardial infarction that occurs in the posterior wall of the heart, often associated with occlusion of the right coronary artery.

Lateral Leads allow you to determine if depolarization is moving toward or away from the left lateral portion of the heart.

Axis refers to the general direction of the electrical activity of the heart during depolarization, typically represented in degrees on the ECG.

Left Axis Deviation occurs when the electrical activity of the heart is directed more towards the left side, typically indicated by an axis of less than -30°.

It results in a biphasic deflection.

The QT Interval is the time from the start of the Q wave to the end of the T wave in the heart's electrical cycle, representing the duration of ventricular depolarization and repolarization.

The PR Interval is the period from the beginning of atrial depolarization to the beginning of ventricular depolarization, measured on an electrocardiogram (ECG).

Hypertrophy is the increase in muscle mass and dilation of the chamber wall.

A Normal 12-Lead EKG is a standard electrocardiogram that records the electrical activity of the heart from 12 different perspectives, providing a comprehensive view of heart function and rhythm.

AXIS refers to the direction of depolarization as it passes through the myocardium.

A normal Axis indicates that the heart's electrical activity is directed towards the left foot and is typically between -30° and +90°.

Right Axis Deviation occurs when the electrical activity of the heart is directed more towards the right side, typically indicated by an axis greater than +90°.

Phase 2 is marked by a balance between the influx of Ca2+ ions and the efflux of K+ ions, which sustains the plateau phase of the action potential.

There is a decrease in oxygen delivery to myocytes, which can lead to hypoxia.

A Cardiac Action Potential is a rapid change in membrane potential that occurs in cardiac muscle cells, leading to contraction and the propagation of electrical signals throughout the heart.

Chest leads are electrodes placed on the chest to record the electrical activity of the heart from different angles, providing a view of the heart's function and helping in diagnosing cardiac conditions.

The Mitral valve is located on the left side of the heart.

Displacement of the Heart refers to the abnormal positioning of the heart within the thoracic cavity, which can occur due to various conditions such as lung disease, pleural effusion, or structural abnormalities.

The general direction of depolarization can be demonstrated by using a VECTOR.

A Cardiac Action Potential is an electrical impulse that triggers the contraction of cardiac muscle cells, characterized by distinct phases of depolarization and repolarization.

The Left and Right Bundle Branches are pathways that carry electrical impulses to the left and right ventricles, respectively, ensuring coordinated contraction.

AV L represents the augmented lead where the left arm is positive.

It depresses conduction velocities, which can result in AV blocks.

Ventricular Enlargement refers to the abnormal increase in the size of the heart's ventricles, which can occur due to various conditions such as hypertension or heart valve disease.

The act of perceiving or interpreting an activity or situation from an alternative perspective, which can lead to new insights or understanding.

Bipolar Limb Leads are a type of electrocardiogram (ECG) lead configuration that measures the electrical activity of the heart using two electrodes placed on the limbs, specifically the right arm, left arm, and left leg.

Repolarization is the process during which the membrane potential of a cell returns to a more negative value after depolarization, typically involving the exit of potassium ions from the cell.

The chest lead is always POSITIVE, so a depolarization wave moving towards the lead produces a POSITIVE (upward) deflection for that lead on the EKG.

The inferior wall of the heart refers to the lower portion of the heart, primarily composed of the left ventricle and is supplied by the right coronary artery in most individuals.

The Lateral Wall refers to the outer surface of the heart's left ventricle, which is primarily supplied by the left circumflex artery and is involved in the contraction and pumping of blood.

The Age of Injury refers to the time elapsed since a myocardial infarction or ischemic event occurred, which can influence the clinical presentation and management of the condition.

Atrial Enlargement refers to the increase in size of the atria, which can occur due to various conditions such as hypertension, valvular heart disease, or atrial fibrillation.

I and aVL correspond to the LATERAL region of the heart.

The chest leads represent the ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR regions of the heart.

The QT interval represents the duration of the ventricular action potential, including depolarization and repolarization.

The SA Node, or sinoatrial node, is the natural pacemaker of the heart that initiates the electrical impulses leading to fast depolarization of the atria.

Calcium ions (Ca2+) play a crucial role during the plateau phase of the Cardiac Action Potential, sustaining depolarization and allowing for a prolonged contraction of the heart muscle.

During the repolarization phase, potassium ions (K+) exit the cardiac cells, restoring the resting membrane potential and leading to relaxation of the heart muscle.

It results in a positive EKG deflection.

Chest leads are electrodes placed on the chest to record the electrical activity of the heart from different angles, providing a view of the heart's function and helping in diagnosing cardiac conditions.

The process by which the sinoatrial (SA) node generates an electrical impulse, leading to the initiation of the heartbeat.

The P Wave represents the electrical activity associated with atrial depolarization in the heart.

The clinical significance of vector refers to the importance of understanding the direction and magnitude of electrical activity in the heart, which can help in diagnosing various cardiac conditions and understanding the heart's electrical behavior.

Axis Rotation refers to the change in the electrical axis of the heart, which can indicate various cardiac conditions.

A type of myocardial infarction that affects the anterior part of the heart, typically involving the left anterior descending artery.

The Purkinje System is a network of specialized cardiac muscle fibers that conduct electrical impulses throughout the ventricles, facilitating coordinated contraction of the heart muscle.

The Tricuspid valve is located on the right side of the heart.

Ischemic changes refer to alterations in the heart's electrical activity and structure due to insufficient blood supply, often seen in conditions like myocardial infarction.

Axis Rotation refers to the change in the electrical axis of the heart, which can indicate various cardiac conditions or changes in heart orientation.

Axis Deviation in Lead I refers to the orientation of the heart's electrical activity as measured in the first lead of an electrocardiogram (ECG), indicating whether the electrical axis is shifted towards the left or right.

The Anterior Wall refers to the front surface of the heart, primarily composed of the left ventricle and part of the right ventricle, and is significant in the context of myocardial infarction.

Myocardial Infarction, commonly known as a heart attack, occurs when blood flow to a part of the heart is blocked, leading to damage or death of heart muscle tissue.

Q Waves are the first negative deflection in the QRS complex of an electrocardiogram, indicating depolarization of the interventricular septum.

An Inferior Wall Infarction is a type of myocardial infarction that occurs in the inferior wall of the heart, typically caused by occlusion of the right coronary artery, leading to ischemia and damage to the heart muscle in that region.

Normal Axis refers to the typical range of electrical activity in the heart, usually between -30° and +90°, indicating that the heart's electrical impulses are directed towards the left and downward.

II, III, and AVF correspond to the INFERIOR region of the heart.

The PR Interval represents the AV nodal conduction time.

The QRS duration indicates conduction through the His-Purkinje system and ventricle.

HR indicates the automaticity of the SA Node.

The His Bundle conducts electrical impulses from the AV Node to the left and right bundle branches, facilitating fast depolarization in the ventricles.

Right Axis Deviation can suggest right ventricular hypertrophy, pulmonary conditions, or other cardiac abnormalities.

The purpose of 12 Lead EKG Placement is to obtain a comprehensive view of the heart's electrical activity from multiple angles, allowing for accurate diagnosis of cardiac conditions.

Phase 3 is characterized by a significant increase in K+ efflux, leading to repolarization of the cardiac cell.

A normal Axis indicates that the heart's electrical activity is directed towards the left and downward, typically between -30° and +90°.

Myocardial Ischemia leads to decreased intracellular levels of ATP.

The phases of the Cardiac Action Potential include Phase 0 (depolarization), Phase 1 (initial repolarization), Phase 2 (plateau), Phase 3 (repolarization), and Phase 4 (resting potential).

The 12-lead ECG provides a comprehensive view of the heart's electrical activity from multiple angles, allowing for the detection of various cardiac conditions. It includes 6 limb leads and 6 precordial leads, which together help in diagnosing arrhythmias, myocardial infarctions, and other heart diseases.

Axis Deviation is determined by analyzing the QRS complex in the electrocardiogram (ECG) leads, particularly leads I and aVF.

AV R represents the augmented lead where the right arm is positive.

The standard lead placements for a 12 Lead EKG include limb leads (I, II, III, aVR, aVL, aVF) and precordial leads (V1, V2, V3, V4, V5, V6).

Phase 1 involves the efflux of K+ ions, which contributes to the early repolarization of the cardiac cell.

Myocardial Ischemia especially affects potassium (K+) and sodium (Na+) channels.

Phase 2, known as the plateau phase, is characterized by a sustained depolarization due to the influx of calcium ions, which is crucial for the contraction of cardiac muscle.

The types of Axis Deviation include Left Axis Deviation (LAD) and Right Axis Deviation (RAD), each indicating different cardiac issues.

Augmented Limb Leads are a set of ECG leads that enhance the electrical signals from the limbs, specifically AV R (Right arm positive), AV L (Left arm positive), and AV F (Left foot positive).

During the depolarization phase, there is a rapid influx of sodium ions (Na+) into the cardiac cells, leading to a change in membrane potential and the initiation of contraction.

It results in a negative EKG deflection.

AV F represents the augmented lead where the left foot is positive.

Phase O is characterized by the rapid influx of Na+ ions, leading to depolarization of the cardiac cell.

Axis refers to the direction of the electrical activity of the heart as represented on the ECG, typically measured in degrees.

Limb leads provide information about the heart's electrical activity in the frontal plane, helping to identify issues such as axis deviation and arrhythmias.

Lead placement in a 12 Lead Electrocardiogram is crucial for accurately capturing the heart's electrical activity and identifying any abnormalities in heart function.

The major difference is that cardiac muscle action potentials have a prolonged plateau phase due to Ca2+ influx, while skeletal muscle and nerve action potentials do not.

Myocardial Ischemia changes the shape of the action potential.

A 12 Lead Electrocardiogram is a diagnostic tool that records the electrical activity of the heart from 12 different angles, providing comprehensive information about heart function and rhythm.

A condition characterized by inadequate blood flow to the heart muscle, leading to decreased oxygen delivery to myocytes and resulting in hypoxia.

The standard leads in a 12 Lead Electrocardiogram include 6 limb leads (I, II, III, aVR, aVL, aVF) and 6 precordial leads (V1, V2, V3, V4, V5, V6).

Right Axis Deviation occurs when the electrical activity of the heart is directed more towards the right, typically defined as an axis of +90° to +180°.

The Cardiac Action Potential has a longer duration and includes a plateau phase (Phase 2), which is not present in Skeletal Muscle Action Potentials, allowing for a longer refractory period.