What happens to the intercostal muscles and diaphragm during exhalation?
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They relax.
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What happens to the intercostal muscles and diaphragm during exhalation?
They relax.
What is the process of alternating inhalation and exhalation called?
Ventilation.
What happens to carbon dioxide (CO2) in the tracheal system?
Cells remove CO2 into the tracheoles.
What is the primary function of the tracheal system in insects?
To deliver air directly to the body cells.
What is the function of the diaphragmaticus in crocodiles?
It helps in the process of respiration.
What structural feature of lungs increases surface area for gas exchange?
Highly subdivided structure.
What type of respiratory structure do most terrestrial vertebrates have?
Internal lungs.
What is a disadvantage of using air as a respiratory medium?
The respiratory surface loses water to air by evaporation.
What are lungs composed of?
Internal sacs with moist epithelials.
What are the primary gases involved in animal gas exchange?
Oxygen and carbon dioxide.
How do lizards regulate their body temperature?
Lizards are ectothermic and rely on external heat sources to regulate their body temperature.
What structures do air pass through from the trachea to the alveoli?
Air passes through the bronchioles.
What is the function of cilia in the respiratory system?
Cilia help sweep air down to the alveoli and collect dust and matter.
Where are cilia commonly found in the body?
In the respiratory tract, lining the airways.
What is the advantage of unidirectional airflow in birds?
It maximizes oxygen extraction from the air.
How does the rib cage move during exhalation?
It moves down.
How does oxygen (O2) move in the tracheal system?
O2 flows from the tracheoles into the cells.
How is air ventilated in most terrestrial vertebrates?
Through bidirectional movement of air.
What unique muscle do crocodiles have that aids in respiration?
Diaphragmaticus.
What is the result of the compression of air sacs during exhalation?
Air is pushed from the back sacs into the lungs and air in the front sacs is expelled through the trachea.
What is the primary function of the tracheal system in grasshoppers?
To facilitate gas exchange.
How do lungs interact with body tissues?
Lungs are not in direct contact with body tissues; the circulatory system must transport gases.
What adaptation helps lizards in their environment?
Lizards have specialized skin that helps prevent water loss.
What adaptation helps reptiles minimize water loss during gas exchange?
The presence of a more impermeable skin and efficient lungs.
What fills the anterior air sacs during inhalation?
Stale air from the lungs.
What role do abdominal muscles play during forced expiration?
They contract.
How does air enter the mammalian respiratory system?
Through the nostrils.
What role does the diaphragm play during inhalation?
It contracts and is pulled downwards.
What covers each lung?
A pleural membrane.
Why is ventilation easier in air compared to water?
Because air is less dense.
How does air enter the trachea in insects?
Through spiracles (pores on the insect’s body).
What is gas exchange in animals?
The process by which animals take in oxygen and expel carbon dioxide.
What is a key characteristic of lizard anatomy?
Lizards have a unique skeletal structure that includes a flexible spine.
What type of respiratory system do lizards possess?
Lizards have a simple lung structure that allows for gas exchange.
What is the primary function of a lizard's tail?
The tail is used for balance, communication, and can be shed as a defense mechanism.
What happens to the air sacs during inhalation in birds?
The air sacs expand.
What happens if cilia are damaged?
It can lead to respiratory issues and accumulation of mucus.
What role do air sacs play in bird respiration?
They store and move air, ensuring a constant supply of fresh air to the lungs.
Where does gas exchange occur in the mammalian respiratory system?
In tiny sacs in the lungs.
How do terrestrial animals adapt to the challenges of air as a respiratory medium?
They have internal respiratory structures with infolded respiratory surfaces inside the body.
How is water loss minimized in lungs?
Lungs are bathed in body fluids.
What factors can affect the efficiency of gas exchange in animals?
Surface area, concentration gradients, and the presence of respiratory pigments.
What is the role of anterior air sacs in birds?
They assist in the respiratory cycle by storing air.
What is the primary method of gas exchange in reptiles?
Through lungs.
How do some reptiles, like sea turtles, facilitate gas exchange?
By using specialized lungs that can function efficiently underwater.
What happens to the air sacs during inhalation in birds?
Both sets of air sacs inflate.
What occurs during exhalation in the bird respiratory system?
Both sets of air sacs deflate, forcing fresh air into the lungs and stale air out through the trachea.
What is the primary respiratory mechanism in birds?
Birds use a unidirectional airflow system for breathing.
How many cycles of inhalation and exhalation are needed for air to pass through a bird's lungs?
Two cycles of inhalation and exhalation.
What type of epithelium lines the nasal cavities?
Ciliated epithelium.
What is the mechanism by which air is expelled from the lungs?
Force pump.
What is the difference between the right lung and the left lung?
The right lung has three lobes, while the left lung has two lobes.
What is an alveolar sac?
A cluster of alveoli where gas exchange occurs.
What is a key advantage of air as a respiratory medium?
Higher oxygen concentration.
What material surrounds the trachea to withstand pressure?
Chitin.
Where does the respiratory system begin?
At the nostrils, nasal cavity, etc.
What role do respiratory surfaces play in gas exchange?
They facilitate the diffusion of gases between the animal's body and the environment.
How do grasshoppers regulate airflow in their tracheal system?
By opening and closing their spiracles.
Why is the tracheal system efficient for gas exchange in grasshoppers?
It allows direct delivery of oxygen to tissues without the need for a circulatory system.
What is the role of the alveoli in reptilian lungs?
They increase the surface area for gas exchange.
What happens to the diaphragm during inspiration?
The diaphragm contracts.
What type of breathing is described as negative pressure breathing?
The process of inhaling air into the lungs.
What happens to air in the nasal cavities?
It is warmed, filtered, and moistened.
What effect does inhalation have on the volume of the lungs?
It increases the volume of the lungs.
What do bronchi branch from?
The trachea.
What are alveoli?
Clusters of tiny air sacs at the end of bronchioles.
What is the role of the larynx?
It produces sound and protects the trachea against food aspiration.
What is the significance of blood flow in the lungs?
It allows for gas exchange between blood and alveoli.
How do most fish ventilate their external gills?
By a unidirectional flow of water, through pumping or swimming.
What are the largest tubes in the tracheal system called?
Trachea.
What happens to the air sacs during exhalation?
They compress (squeeze).
Why is gas exchange important for animals?
It is essential for cellular respiration and energy production.
What is the function of posterior air sacs in birds?
They help in the unidirectional flow of air through the lungs.
How does air flow in the respiratory system of birds?
Air flows unidirectionally, similar to fish.
How do reptiles differ from amphibians in terms of gas exchange?
Reptiles rely solely on lungs, while amphibians can use both skin and lungs.
What happens to the air already in the lungs during inhalation?
It is pushed into the anterior (front) air sacs.
How do cilia achieve movement?
By beating in a coordinated, wave-like motion.
How many cycles of inhalation and exhalation does it take for air to pass through the bird's respiratory system?
Two cycles.
What occurs during expiration?
Muscles relax, including the diaphragm.
What is the function of the conducting portion in the respiratory system?
To carry air to the gas-exchange portion.
What happens to the intercostal muscles during inhalation?
They contract.
What type of pressure is generated during inhalation?
Negative pressure.
How many lobes does the right lung have?
Three lobes.
What is the glottis?
The opening between the vocal cords in the larynx.
What is the capillary network on the surface of alveoli?
It facilitates the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
What is the function of tracheoles in the tracheal system?
They allow air to travel down to the plasma membrane of each cell.
Is the open circulatory system of insects involved in transporting gases?
No, it is not involved in transporting gases.
What is the purpose of ventilating internal lungs in terrestrial vertebrates?
To replenish the oxygen (O2) supply.
What type of animals primarily have lungs?
Majority of terrestrial animals.
What provides support to the lungs?
The body wall.
What are the openings on the body of grasshoppers that allow air to enter the tracheal system?
Spiracles.
What is the role of tracheoles in the grasshopper's tracheal system?
To deliver oxygen directly to the cells.
What features line the walls of the bronchioles?
Moist epithelial tissue and cilia.
Where is air drawn into during the inhalation phase?
The posterior (back) air sacs.
Where does inhaled air flow after the trachea in birds?
It bypasses the lungs and fills the posterior air sacs.
How do birds achieve efficient gas exchange?
Through air sacs that allow for continuous airflow through the lungs.
What are the two main parts of the mammalian respiratory system?
The conducting portion and the gas exchange portion.
What is the opposite motion of inhalation?
Exhalation.
What happens to the air within the lungs during exhalation?
It is forced out.
What are bronchioles?
Tiny tubes that branch from bronchi.
How do gases exchange in the alveoli?
Oxygen diffuses into blood and carbon dioxide diffuses into alveoli.
What is the function of the pharynx?
It serves as a pathway for air and food.
What are alveoli?
Tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange takes place.
How does the tracheal system deliver oxygen to the tissues in grasshoppers?
Through a network of tubes called tracheae.
What role does blood play in gas exchange?
Blood carries O2 out of the lungs and CO2 into the lungs.
What type of air moves through the lungs of birds?
Fresh air with high oxygen content.
How many breaths are needed for air to move through the entire bird respiratory system?
Two breaths.
What is the primary function of cilia?
To move fluid or mucus across the surface of cells.
What role do cilia play in the respiratory system?
They help to clear mucus and debris from the airways.
Which muscles contract for forced inspiration?
Sternocleidomastoid muscles.
What is the structure of a bird's lung?
Bird lungs are rigid and do not expand or contract like mammalian lungs.
What role does mucus play in the nasal cavities?
It traps particles and moves them to the throat to be swallowed.
What is created inside the chest during inhalation?
A vacuum.
What do bronchi lead to?
Each bronchus leads to a lung.
What is unique about the walls of alveoli?
They are extremely thin, one cell thick.
What is the trachea commonly known as?
The windpipe.
What are bronchioles?
Small air passages that branch from the bronchi into the lungs.
How does negative pressure affect air movement during inhalation?
It functions as a suction pump, drawing air into the lungs.
How many lobes does the left lung have?
Two lobes.
What role does the diaphragm play in respiration?
It contracts and relaxes to facilitate breathing.
What is the role of smooth muscle in the lungs?
It helps regulate airflow by constricting or dilating the bronchi and bronchioles.
What is the function of the pleural membrane?
It forms a sac and secretes fluid for lubrication between lungs and chest wall.
What are nostrils?
The external openings of the nasal cavity.
What do pulmonary arterioles do?
They carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs.
What is the function of the nasal cavity?
It filters, warms, and moistens the air we breathe.
What is the function of pulmonary venules?
They carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.
