PIAGET THEORY

2 to 7 years.

A schema is a basic building block of intelligent behavior that helps organize and interpret information.

How a child acquires knowledge.

Age 11 onwards.

It showed that children could plan and solve problems earlier than Piaget suggested.

It can be fast.

In the fourth sub-stage.

Sensori-Motor, Pre-Operational, Concrete Operational, and Formal Operational.

The length of the string, the weight, and the strength with which it was pushed.

Children can learn and develop through their interaction with the environment without needing adults.

Appearances rather than the underlying properties.

They have difficulty using concepts and applying them to abstract situations.

The module suggests evaluating the criticisms, but specific criticisms are not detailed here.

Processes that enable transition.

Babies achieve object permanence much earlier than Piaget believed.

1. Schemas, 2. Processes that enable transition between stages, 3. The four stages of cognitive development.

Each stage is characterized by a qualitatively different type of thinking and behavior.

The process of maturation and development.

Understanding that certain properties of objects remain the same despite changes in appearance.

Children show new and more advanced capabilities at each stage.

A new experience is based on or grows from a previous learning experience.

Accommodation involves adjusting existing schemas or creating new ones when new information does not fit into current categories.

They varied one factor at a time to see its effect, similar to a scientific method.

Schemata help in simplifying and organizing information as well as guiding responses to different situations.

Teaching can significantly enhance the development of formal operational thought processes.

Critiques of Piaget’s Theory.

He underestimated children's abilities at each stage.

Infants understand cause and effect relationships, allowing for more creativity and flexibility in their actions.

Yes, but the timing and length of the stages can differ.

Use one object to represent another.

The tendency to think only from one's own perspective.

Children show object permanence much earlier than Piaget proposed.

Children all over the world go through these stages in the same fashion.

Assimilation is the process of fitting new information into an already existing schema.

Four stages.

Cognitive development stage where children aged 7-11 can perform conservation tasks and understand class inclusion.

Each stage builds on a previous stage.

Assimilation adds new information to existing schemas, while accommodation modifies schemas to incorporate new information.

The child is preoccupied with their own body and gains voluntary control over their actions.

Children engage in goal-directed behavior and begin to understand cause-effect relationships.

A highly influential researcher in cognitive development.

The understanding that an object continues to exist even though it is out of sight.

The influence of biology on child development and the origin of knowledge.

The capacity for formal reasoning.

The ability to copy behaviors observed in others when the model is absent.

Individuals follow the same sequences of stages regardless of individual differences.

The schema of Diwali includes images of lights, rangoli, and ideas related to pleasant weather and Lord Ram.

The schema doesn't fit reality.

Think about abstract concepts without the presence of concrete objects.

The ability to mentally reverse actions and operations.

To keep the child active and to let the child live.

It corroborated Piaget's findings that conservation occurs in a specific order.

Children perform better with more interesting and clearer tasks.

The ability to mentally represent objects and anticipate the consequences of their actions.

When a child looks for an object at its original location even after seeing it moved.

It does not acknowledge cross-cultural differences in cognitive development.

The inability to mentally reverse or undo an operation.

The tendency to think only from one's own point of view and to be unable to consider others' perspectives.

By using two different glasses with varying shapes and asking if the liquid amounts were the same.

The Pendulum Task.

Around sub-stage 6.

It allows children to search for objects they cannot see and understand their existence.

Training improved students' ability to perform these tasks around age 17.

Object permanence.

Several distinct stages of cognitive development in children.

The role and influence of culture on cognitive development.

Symbolic functioning.

Assimilation and accommodation.

The Three Mountains Task.

All individuals move through these stages regardless of culture.

When new information is generalized based on previous schemas, it can lead to incorrect assumptions about individuals.

Sensory-Motor Stage, Preoperational Stage, Concrete Operational Stage, Formal Operational Stage.

From birth to approximately 2 years.

It involves focusing on various aspects of a problem to understand and solve it.

Martorano's study (1977).

Children develop curiosity about objects in their surroundings and manipulate them, but without intentionality.

Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development.

Four stages.

Summary.

Children can develop skills characteristic of more than one stage.

As an active participant who learns by doing or experimenting.

The inability to focus on all aspects of a problem or object, leading a child to focus on only one aspect.

They help in representing and understanding aspects of the world.

A balance between assimilation and accommodation.

The ability to think hypothetically and outside the box.

The belief that inanimate objects are living.

The child interacts with the environment to develop cognitively.

Initially calling a cat a dog due to similarities, but later updating their schema to categorize it as a cat.

Through sense organs and motor abilities.

Children can perform operations only with tangible and real objects, making abstract tasks challenging.

That even 9-year-old Zimbabwean children were skilled in conservation tasks, suggesting cultural influences.

Schema.