What was the 'Polo'?
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Compulsory labor imposed on Filipino adult males for public works.
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What was the 'Polo'?
Compulsory labor imposed on Filipino adult males for public works.
What did Fr. Jose Burgos say about Filipino aspirations?
No Filipino would dare to dream big if their aspirations are crushed by society.
What does Rizal's advocacy for reform suggest about the training of the Guardia Civil?
It suggests that they were ill-trained.
What reform did Rizal advocate for regarding the constabulary?
It should be composed of well-trained and educated men who understand the limitations of power and authority.
What was a significant factor in the miscarriage of justice experienced by Rizal and his family?
Racial discrimination and the privilege of white Spaniards in legal matters.
What was the role of the Guardia Civil in the Philippines?
To maintain peace and order, serving as a symbol of Spanish tyranny.
What was 'Frailocracy'?
A government by friars that controlled both religious and political aspects of Philippine life.
What negative behaviors did the Guardia Civil eventually exhibit?
They became abusive, maltreated innocent people, looted belongings, and raped women.
Which countries annexed territories in Southeast Asia during the times of Rizal?
France annexed Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos, while the Netherlands annexed Indonesia (Netherlands East Indies).
What term did Spaniards use to refer to Filipinos?
Indios (Indians).
What was the age range for compulsory labor under the 'Polo' system?
Originally 16-60 years old, later changed to 18-60 years old.
What roles did friars play in the governance of the Philippines?
They supervised local elections, inspected schools and taxes, and acted as arbiters of morals.
What was the economic impact of friar land ownership in the Philippines?
It caused economic stagnation and resentment among Filipino tenants.
Who were victims of the Guardia Civil's abuses?
Rizal and his mother.
How did Rizal describe the effectiveness of the constabulary?
He said it was only good for disturbing peace and persecuting honest men.
What were the outcomes of Western Imperialism in Asia and Southeast Asia?
Annexation of parts of Asia and Southeast Asia, including India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Burma, Sri Lanka, Maldives, Malaysia, and Singapore.
How did Rizal's advocacy for agrarian reform affect his family?
It raised the rental amount for tenants, including his family, angering the friars.
What was the initial role of the Guardia Civil in the communities?
To maintain peace and order by suppressing bandits.
What were the social cancers in the Philippines during Rizal's time?
What was the impact of the Spanish Constitution of 1812 on the Filipinos?
The Spaniards enjoyed freedom of speech, association, and other freedoms, while the Filipinos were denied these rights.
How did Japan grow strong during the times of Rizal?
Japan allowed the influences of Western imperialist design, grew strong, and defeated weak China through the Sino-Japanese war. Later, Japan annexed Korea.
What were the Leyes de Indias (Laws of the Indies) and how were they implemented in the Philippines?
The Leyes de Indias were promulgated to protect the rights of natives from overseas colonies, but they were not practiced in far-flung colonies like the Philippines, where the Filipinos were brutalized and abused.
