What is the primary objective of donor selection?
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To ensure that the donation will not harm the donor and the donated blood will not harm the recipient.
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What is the primary objective of donor selection?
To ensure that the donation will not harm the donor and the donated blood will not harm the recipient.
What is one key goal of donor selection in blood donation?
To minimize risks to both the donor and the transfusion recipient.
What is a disadvantage of preoperative collection?
Risk of bacterial contamination when sterility is compromised.
When must a donor-patient be deferred from preoperative collection?
When there is a risk of bacteremia.
What is the minimum hematocrit level required for blood donors?
38%
Why is the donation of plasma-containing products from mother to baby contraindicated?
Due to potential immunological risks.
What is the minimum time before scheduled surgery that preoperative blood must be collected?
No sooner than 72 hours or 3 days before the scheduled surgery.
What is the minimum hemoglobin level for women according to DOH?
12.5 g/dL
Why is donation between close relatives for hematopoietic progenitor cell transplants contraindicated?
Because of the risk of immunization to HLA and other histocompatibility antigens, which may endanger the graft.
Can preoperative collected blood be crossed-over into homologous inventory?
No, it cannot be crossed-over into homologous inventory.
What is the minimum hemoglobin level for men according to DOH?
13.5 g/dL
What is the minimum hemoglobin level for both sexes according to AABB?
12.5 g/dL
What is the maximum time frame within which pooled or washed platelets must be administered in an open system?
Within 4 hours.
What methods can be used to measure hemoglobin levels?
Copper sulfate or spectrophotometric method
Who said, 'Hope is faith holding out its hand in the dark'?
George Iles
What is the formula to calculate the amount of blood to be drawn?
Donor’s weight (lb) x 450 ml / 110 lb
What is the storage temperature range for a Blood Bank refrigerator?
1-6 °C
What does the quote 'Hope is faith holding out its hand in the dark' imply about the relationship between hope and faith?
It implies that hope is an extension of faith, providing guidance and support in uncertain or difficult times.
What does HTLV-1 cause?
Adult T-cell lymphoma/leukemia and HTLV-associated Myelopathy (HAM).
What are the exceptions to a permanent deferral for cancer in blood donation?
Basal or squamous cell cancer, carcinoma in situ of the cervix, and papillary thyroid carcinoma.
What is the formula to determine the allowable amount of anticoagulant needed?
Allowable Amount x 14 / 100
What is the typical room temperature for storing blood components?
22-24 °C
What disease is associated with HTLV-2?
HTLV-associated Myelopathy (HAM).
What is the causative agent of Chagas’ disease?
Trypanosoma cruzi.
Why are recipients of human-derived pituitary growth hormone permanently deferred from blood donation?
Due to the risk of vCJD transmission.
How do you calculate the amount of anticoagulant to remove?
63 ml – amount of anticoagulant needed
At what temperature should an ultra low freezer be set for blood storage?
-18 °C or colder
What is a surrogate test for Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)?
Increased ALT/SGPT + Anti-HBc (+).
What vector transmits Trypanosoma cruzi?
Triatoma bug/Kissing bug/Assassin bug.
What is the minimum weight requirement for donating a full 450 ml unit of blood?
At least 110 pounds or 50 kgs.
Is there an age limit for preoperative collection?
No, there is no age limit.
What was HTLV-3 found to be identical to?
HIV.
What are the general qualifications for blood donors?
Donors must be in good health, at least 17 years old (or 16 with parental consent), and weigh at least 110 pounds.
Are recipients of recombinant growth hormone subjected to permanent deferral in blood donation?
No, recipients of recombinant growth hormone are not subjected to permanent deferral.
What is the time interval for whole blood donation for males according to DOH?
Every 3 months.
What are PPF (Plasma Protein Fraction) and Albumin derived from?
Pooled plasma by Cohn ethanol fractionation.
When did West Nile Virus (WNV) arrive in the United States?
In 1999.
Why is the thick film preferred for diagnosis?
Because it contains 16-30 times more blood per microscopic field than the thin film, increasing the chances of detecting light parasitemia and decreasing the time needed for reliable examination.
What are the specific tests for HCV?
Anti-HCV Antibody, ELISA, NAT.
For a 70-kg (155-lb) adult, by how much should each unit of whole blood or RBCs increase the hematocrit level?
Each unit should increase the hematocrit level by 3%.
What is the primary use of a thin blood smear?
Species identification.
Which specific species of Triatoma bug is found in the Philippines?
Triatoma rubrofasciata.
What is the maximum volume of blood that can be donated based on body weight?
10.5 ml per kg of body weight.
What is the minimum hemoglobin level required for preoperative collection?
11 g/dL.
What are the indications for plasma expanders?
Hypovolemia and shock.
What is the minimum age requirement for blood donation without parental consent?
17 years old.
What is the definition of massive transfusion?
The replacement of one or more blood volumes within 24 hours, or about 10 units of blood in an adult.
What compound does Intercept® use for pathogen reduction?
Intercept® uses a PSORALEN compound.
What are the symptoms of mild convulsions during a severe reaction?
Short lapse of consciousness, voice fadeout with slight involuntary movement of the arms and legs.
Why are recipients of brain covering graft or organ/tissue transplant/graft permanently deferred from blood donation?
Due to the risk of vCJD transmission.
What process is used to inactivate viruses in PPF and Albumin?
Pasteurization at 60°C for 10 hours.
What is the time interval for whole blood donation for females according to DOH?
Every 6 months.
What is the deferral period for donors who received the Varicella Zoster vaccine (chickenpox)?
4 weeks.
How is blood collected in postoperative blood collection?
Blood is collected from a drainage tube placed at the surgical site and then reinfused back to the patient with or without processing it via a microaggregate filter.
How much more blood does the thick film contain compared to the thin film?
16-30 times more blood per microscopic field.
What method is used for donor screening for West Nile Virus (WNV)?
Nucleic Acid Testing (NAT).
What is the confirmatory method for HCV?
RIBA (Radioimmunoblot Assay).
For a 70-kg (155-lb) adult, by how much should each unit of whole blood or RBCs increase the hemoglobin level?
Each unit should increase the hemoglobin level by 1 g/dL.
How is a thin blood smear prepared?
In the same manner as for hematologic differential evaluation.
In what situations are plasma expanders used to raise blood pressure?
Therapeutic plasma exchange, dialysis, shock, and other hypotensive situations.
What is the protocol for emergency transfusion when the patient's blood type is not yet known?
Group O RBCs are warranted.
What is autologous donation?
Donation of blood for his/her own use.
What is the role of the anti-human antibody conjugate in the detection process?
It binds to antigen-antibody complexes.
What is the volume range for a low volume unit of blood?
300-405 ml.
What is the minimum hematocrit level required for preoperative collection?
33%.
How much should a donor weigh to be eligible for blood donation?
At least 110 pounds.
What can donors experience after donating blood?
Donor reactions.
How does the PSORALEN compound in Intercept® work to prevent replication?
It intercalates between bases of RNA and DNA and forms covalent cross-links when exposed to UV light.
How does pasteurization affect coagulation factors in PPF and Albumin?
It inactivates coagulation factors.
What is the deferral period for donors who received the Rubella vaccine (German measles)?
4 weeks.
What are the characteristics of severe convulsions?
Rigid body and tightly clenched teeth, temporary loss of breathing followed by rasping or stertorous breathing, and slight involuntary movement of the arms and legs.
According to AABB, how often can both sexes donate whole blood?
Every 8 weeks or 56 days.
What are the characteristics of blood collected through postoperative blood collection?
The blood is dilute, partially hemolyzed, and defibrinated.
What are some inappropriate uses of RBC transfusion?
Enhancing general well-being, promoting wound healing, preventing infection, expanding blood volume when oxygen-carrying capacity is adequate, or preventing future anemia.
Which stain provides the best results for thick blood smear examination?
Giemsa stain.
When was Nucleic Acid Testing (NAT) implemented for screening donors for WNV?
July 2003.
Why is the integrity of blood cell membranes important in a thin blood smear?
It is important for determining the intracellular or extracellular nature of the infection.
Who is referred to as the donor-patient?
The individual who donates blood for their own use.
What happens when the substrate for the enzyme is added?
The enzyme catalyzes the production of a colored product.
What is the gold standard laboratory test for malaria?
Thick and thin blood smear.
What is the maximum allowable WBC count for an LR-platelet concentrate?
8.3 x 10^5 per bag.
Which organization is responsible for confirming seropositive blood in patients for HIV?
SACCL (STD-AIDS Cooperative Central Laboratory)
Why should you not use plasma when donating a low volume unit of blood?
Because the volume is lower than the standard full unit.
What is an advantage of preoperative collection regarding blood-borne pathogens?
There is no risk of transmission of blood-borne pathogens.
What health condition should a donor be in to donate blood?
The donor must be in good health.
How are donor reactions generally classified?
Based on severity and type (e.g., mild, moderate, severe).
What compound does Mirasol® use for pathogen reduction?
Mirasol® uses RIBOFLAVIN.
What is the deferral period for pregnancy?
6 weeks.
What medication given for severe acne requires a 4-week deferral period for blood donation?
Isotretinoin (Accutane®).
What is the required centrifugal force and duration for a light spin in blood component preparation?
2000-2300g for 3 minutes.
How long should one wait to donate whole blood after a 2-unit red cell collection according to AABB?
16 weeks.
Within what time frame must blood collected postoperatively be reinfused?
Blood must be reinfused within 6 hours of collection.
Why is Giemsa stain preferred for thick blood smears?
Because it stains host cell and parasite chromatin vividly while making hemoglobin in erythrocytes appear pale red. It also allows visualization of erythrocyte stippling caused by certain malarial parasites.
Who are subject to permanent deferral if they have engaged in sex for money or drugs since 1977?
Men and women who have engaged in sex for money or drugs since 1977.
What are the most common artifacts found on thin blood smear films?
Platelets superimposed on RBCs.
What type of heart diseases can lead to a permanent deferral for blood donation?
Cardiovascular, coronary, or rheumatic heart disease.
What are the primary methods used in blood component preparation?
Centrifugation, sedimentation, filtration, and fractionation.
What are the types of autologous donation?
How is the specific antibody detected in this process?
It is based on the enzyme-substrate colored reaction product, which occurs in a band pattern based on the position of the proteins on the strip.
What causes Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs)?
Proteins called prions.
What does QBC stand for in malaria testing?
Quantitative Buffy Coat Method.
What is an advantage of preoperative collection regarding transfusion reactions?
There is no risk of transfusion reactions and sensitization immunization from RBCs, WBCs, platelets, and plasma proteins.
What is one of the primary indications for using Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP)?
To correct multiple coagulation factor deficiencies.
Which organization handles confirmation of seropositive blood in donors for HIV?
RITM (Research Institute for Tropical Medicine)
What condition can Factor IX concentrate administration cause in patients with liver disease?
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC).
Can a 16-year-old donate blood?
Yes, with parental consent.
How does RIBOFLAVIN in Mirasol® work to reduce pathogens?
It causes strand cleavage of nucleic acids when activated by UV light.
What is a common complication associated with phlebotomy that involves leakage of blood around the entry site?
Hematomas.
What are some common mild reactions donors might experience?
Lightheadedness, slight dizziness, and minor bruising at the venipuncture site.
What medication given for prostate enlargement and baldness requires a 4-week deferral period for blood donation?
Finasteride (Proscar®, Propecia®).
What are the signs of mild reactions during blood donation?
Signs of shock.
What are the storage temperatures for platelet concentrate and other blood components after a light spin?
20-24 °C for platelet concentrate, 1-6 °C for all other blood components.
Is there a deferral period for first or second trimester abortion or miscarriage?
No, there is no deferral for first or second trimester abortion or miscarriage.
What are the characteristics of mild donor reactions?
Most frequently encountered, donor exhibits signs of shock but does not lose consciousness.
What is the recommended waiting period after an infrequent apheresis donation?
4 weeks.
What method uses rapid spinning to separate blood components?
Centrifugation.
Under what condition might a donor with a history of cardiovascular, coronary, or rheumatic heart disease be accepted for blood donation?
In the absence of disability or restrictions by the physician, on a case-by-case basis.
What does Acute Normovolemic Hemodilution (ANH) involve?
Removal of whole blood from a patient with infusions of synthetic volume expanders before surgical blood loss.
What conditions are needed to correctly dilute Giemsa stock for staining?
Giemsa stock must be diluted with phosphate-buffered water maintained at a pH of 6.8-7.2.
What is the typical presentation of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection among immunocompetent individuals?
CMV infection is asymptomatic among immunocompetent individuals.
Since when are males who have had sex with another male, even once, subject to permanent deferral?
Since 1977.
What is Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD)?
A human TSE that emerged from an epidemic of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and may be transmitted via blood transfusions.
What should be the maximum oral temperature for a blood donor?
It should not exceed 37.5˚C (99.5˚F).
Name two serologic tests used for malaria detection.
ELISA and IFA.
What is the deferral period for individuals diagnosed with malaria and become asymptomatic?
3 years.
Why might patients with liver disease be at risk when receiving Factor IX concentrate?
They may not be producing adequate amounts of antithrombins.
What can cause a hematoma during blood collection?
A hematoma can occur if the needle is not seated properly, leading to leakage of blood around the entry site, or if the needle punctures through the vein and punctures the back wall.
When is FFP used to replace isolated factor deficiency?
When the specific component is not available.
What are common symptoms of moderate donor reactions?
Nausea, vomiting, and fainting (syncope).
What is a directed (designated) donation?
A directed donation is when a recipient selects the donors for themselves rather than receiving blood from the community supply.
What additional symptoms are present in moderate reactions compared to mild reactions?
Signs of shock plus syncope.
What is the duration of a temporary deferral after ingesting medications that irreversibly inhibit platelet function?
72 hours (3 days).
What is the required centrifugal force and duration for a heavy spin to prepare packed RBC and platelet concentrate?
5000g for 5 minutes.
What differentiates moderate reactions from mild reactions in blood donation?
In moderate reactions, the donor has lost consciousness.
What is the deferral period for taking Dutasteride (Avodart®)?
6 months.
How long should one wait to donate after participating in apheresis donation (plasma, platelet, or granulocytes)?
At least 48 hours.
What are the indications for using Albumin, Plasma Protein Fraction?
To replace loss of colloids in hypovolemic shock, severe burns, or for pressure support during hypotensive episodes.
Which blood component preparation technique relies on gravity to separate components?
Sedimentation.
What is intraoperative collection in blood donation?
Intraoperative collection involves collecting and reinfusing blood lost by a patient during surgery, washing it with saline, concentrating the residual red cells, and then reinfusing it back to the patient.
What are donor reactions?
Any adverse reactions of a blood donor as a result of the donation process.
What is the standard confirmatory test for HIV?
Western Blot.
What is the deferral period for recipients of live attenuated vaccines before blood donation?
2 weeks
What are the types of synthetic volume expanders used in Acute Normovolemic Hemodilution?
Crystalloids (Ringer’s lactate and NSS) and Colloids (Dextran and HES).
Which countries' widespread use of non-sterile needles causes sexual partners since 1977 to be subject to permanent deferral?
Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Niger, and Nigeria.
What complications can CMV cause in patients with cellular immunodeficiency?
CMV can cause pneumonitis, hepatitis, retinitis, and multisystem organ failure in patients with cellular immunodeficiency.
What pulmonary conditions can result in a permanent deferral for blood donation?
Active pulmonary tuberculosis or other pulmonary diseases.
Has Familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) been observed to be transmitted via blood transfusions?
No, it has not been observed up to date.
What should be the pulse rate range for a blood donor?
50–100 beats per minute (bpm) without pathologic irregularities, counted for at least 15 seconds.
Who developed the Cohn Ethanol Fractionation method and in which year?
Edwin Cohn in 1940.
How long is the deferral period for someone who lived in a malaria-endemic area for 5 consecutive years?
3 years.
What does the presence of a hematoma indicate about the phlebotomy technique?
An indication of poor phlebotomy.
How does FFP help in relation to Warfarin (Coumadin) anticoagulant drug?
It reverses the effects of Warfarin.
What can constitute a severe donor reaction?
Seizures, significant cardiovascular complications, or severe allergic reactions.
Why do recipients choose directed donations?
Recipients choose directed donations due to the perception that the blood is safer.
What are the characteristics of severe reactions during blood donation?
Signs of shock with or without syncope and seizures.
Which medications can cause a 72-hour deferral due to their effect on platelet function?
Aspirin, piroxicam, or its analogues.
At what temperature must Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP) be thawed before transfusion?
37°C.
What is the required centrifugal force and duration for a heavy spin to prepare cryoprecipitate and cell-free plasma products?
5000g for 7 minutes.
What is an Anti-inhibitor Coagulation Complex (AICC) used for?
To stop bleeding episodes in patients with high levels of Factor VIII inhibitor.
What is the earliest stage of convulsions caused by hyperventilation?
Hyperventilation tetany.
What condition is Dutasteride (Avodart®) commonly prescribed for?
Prostate enlargement.
What are the characteristics of severe donor reactions?
Characterized by shock, loss of consciousness, and presence of convulsions or seizures.
At what temperature should Albumin, Plasma Protein Fraction be stored?
2-10°C.
What pathogen causes Babesiosis?
Babesia microti.
What happens to the pH level during RBC storage?
It decreases.
What method involves passing blood through a filter to separate components?
Filtration.
When does intraoperative collection take place?
During surgery.
Are repeat donors more or less likely to have reactions compared to first-time donors?
Repeat donors are less likely to have reactions than first-time donors.
Why is sex with anyone since 1977 who was born in specific African countries a cause for permanent deferral?
Due to the widespread use of non-sterile needles in those countries.
What is used to lyse the infectious agent in the Western Blot procedure?
Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS).
Which live attenuated vaccines are included in the 2-week deferral period?
Typhoid, Measles, Oral Poliomyelitis, Mumps, Yellow fever, Smallpox
Name some diseases of the blood that can lead to a permanent deferral for blood donation.
Hemophilia, von Willebrand's disease, sickle cell anemia, thalassemia, Kaposi's sarcoma, polycythemia, or a history of receiving clotting factor concentrates.
What are examples of crystalloid volume expanders used in ANH?
Ringer’s lactate and NSS.
What type of blood must be used for transfusion to infants regarding CMV?
Blood for transfusion to infants must be CMV-negative.
What are the indications for Granulocyte Concentrate?
Fever, neutrophil counts less than 500/μL, septicemia or bacterial infection unresponsive to antibiotics, reversible bone marrow hypoplasia.
Is a pulse rate below 50 bpm acceptable for blood donors, and if so, for whom?
Yes, it is acceptable for athletes.
How should Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP) units be placed in a freezer when in liquid form?
Horizontally, with the labeled part facing down.
What is a permanent deferral in blood donation?
A permanent deferral means a person is never allowed to donate blood again due to specific conditions or history.
What is the Cohn Ethanol Fractionation method used for?
Sequential precipitation of specific proteins by ethanol and pH.
What is the deferral period for individuals taking Acitretin (Soriatane® or Neotigason®) for severe psoriasis?
3 years.
How should minor donor reactions be managed?
By providing rest, hydration, and observation.
What causes Neonatal Alloimmune Thrombocytopenia (NAIT)?
NAIT is caused by antibodies specific for platelet antigens inherited from the father but which are absent in the mother.
What is one advantage of directed donations?
Blood group compatibility for rare blood groups is resolved.
At what temperature should Fresh Frozen Plasma be stored?
-18 °C or cooler.
What symptoms are associated with hyperventilation tetany in blood donors?
Shock and tingling of the fingers.
Can platelet concentrates from donors who have ingested aspirin be used as the sole source of platelets for recipients?
No, they cannot be used as the sole source of platelets for recipients.
How soon should thawed FFP be administered?
Within 24 hours.
What does FEIBA stand for?
Factor VIII Inhibitor Bypass Activity.
What are the initial symptoms of hyperventilation tetany in donors?
Stiffness or tingling in the fingers.
What is the shelf-life of Albumin, Plasma Protein Fraction?
5 years.
What is the indication for using leukocyte-reduced RBCs (LR-pRBC)?
To increase RBC mass in patients with severe and/or recurrent febrile transfusion reactions due to leukocyte antibodies, and in patients at risk of HLA alloimmunization or susceptible to CMV.
How is Babesia spp. transmitted to humans?
By ticks of the genus Ixodes.
What happens to the ATP level during RBC storage?
It decreases.
What method was used for HBsAg detection in the first generation?
Ouchterlony Double Diffusion.
Which process divides blood into its individual components, such as red cells, white cells, and plasma?
Fractionation.
What happens to erythrocytes during the staining of a thick blood smear?
Erythrocytes are dehemoglobinized, and only leukocyte nuclei, platelets, and parasites (if present) are visible.
What are the main steps involved in intraoperative collection?
Collecting and reinfusing the patient's lost blood, washing it with saline, and concentrating the residual red cells before reinfusing.
What type of reaction do donors usually experience?
Usually vasovagal.
What are examples of colloid volume expanders used in ANH?
Dextran and HES.
Is there any deferral for donors who received toxoids or killed or synthetic viral, bacterial, or rickettsial vaccines if they are symptom-free and afebrile?
No, there is no deferral.
