What is the minimum weight requirement for donating a full 450 ml unit of blood?
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At least 110 pounds or 50 kgs.
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What is the minimum weight requirement for donating a full 450 ml unit of blood?
At least 110 pounds or 50 kgs.
What are PPF (Plasma Protein Fraction) and Albumin derived from?
Pooled plasma by Cohn ethanol fractionation.
What is the minimum hemoglobin level required for preoperative collection?
11 g/dL.
What is the time interval for whole blood donation for females according to DOH?
Every 6 months.
What is the deferral period for donors who received the Rubella vaccine (German measles)?
4 weeks.
What is the maximum time frame within which pooled or washed platelets must be administered in an open system?
Within 4 hours.
At what temperature should an ultra low freezer be set for blood storage?
-18 °C or colder
What is the primary use of a thin blood smear?
Species identification.
What is the confirmatory method for HCV?
RIBA (Radioimmunoblot Assay).
What is one key goal of donor selection in blood donation?
To minimize risks to both the donor and the transfusion recipient.
Why is donation between close relatives for hematopoietic progenitor cell transplants contraindicated?
Because of the risk of immunization to HLA and other histocompatibility antigens, which may endanger the graft.
What are the exceptions to a permanent deferral for cancer in blood donation?
Basal or squamous cell cancer, carcinoma in situ of the cervix, and papillary thyroid carcinoma.
How do you calculate the amount of anticoagulant to remove?
63 ml – amount of anticoagulant needed
What was HTLV-3 found to be identical to?
HIV.
What is the definition of massive transfusion?
The replacement of one or more blood volumes within 24 hours, or about 10 units of blood in an adult.
How is blood collected in postoperative blood collection?
Blood is collected from a drainage tube placed at the surgical site and then reinfused back to the patient with or without processing it via a microaggregate filter.
What is the formula to calculate the amount of blood to be drawn?
Donor’s weight (lb) x 450 ml / 110 lb
What disease is associated with HTLV-2?
HTLV-associated Myelopathy (HAM).
Why are recipients of brain covering graft or organ/tissue transplant/graft permanently deferred from blood donation?
Due to the risk of vCJD transmission.
What are the characteristics of blood collected through postoperative blood collection?
The blood is dilute, partially hemolyzed, and defibrinated.
Who is referred to as the donor-patient?
The individual who donates blood for their own use.
What medication given for severe acne requires a 4-week deferral period for blood donation?
Isotretinoin (Accutane®).
What type of heart diseases can lead to a permanent deferral for blood donation?
Cardiovascular, coronary, or rheumatic heart disease.
What is an advantage of preoperative collection regarding transfusion reactions?
There is no risk of transfusion reactions and sensitization immunization from RBCs, WBCs, platelets, and plasma proteins.
Is there a deferral period for first or second trimester abortion or miscarriage?
No, there is no deferral for first or second trimester abortion or miscarriage.
When is FFP used to replace isolated factor deficiency?
When the specific component is not available.
Which medications can cause a 72-hour deferral due to their effect on platelet function?
Aspirin, piroxicam, or its analogues.
What type of blood must be used for transfusion to infants regarding CMV?
Blood for transfusion to infants must be CMV-negative.
What happens to erythrocytes during the staining of a thick blood smear?
Erythrocytes are dehemoglobinized, and only leukocyte nuclei, platelets, and parasites (if present) are visible.
What can be used as an indicator of temperature changes inside the freezer for FFP units?
The bubble form on the upper part of the bag.
What does HTLV-1 cause?
Adult T-cell lymphoma/leukemia and HTLV-associated Myelopathy (HAM).
Why are recipients of human-derived pituitary growth hormone permanently deferred from blood donation?
Due to the risk of vCJD transmission.
Why is the thick film preferred for diagnosis?
Because it contains 16-30 times more blood per microscopic field than the thin film, increasing the chances of detecting light parasitemia and decreasing the time needed for reliable examination.
What is the minimum age requirement for blood donation without parental consent?
17 years old.
According to AABB, how often can both sexes donate whole blood?
Every 8 weeks or 56 days.
What compound does Mirasol® use for pathogen reduction?
Mirasol® uses RIBOFLAVIN.
Who are subject to permanent deferral if they have engaged in sex for money or drugs since 1977?
Men and women who have engaged in sex for money or drugs since 1977.
What are the signs of mild reactions during blood donation?
Signs of shock.
What is the deferral period for taking Dutasteride (Avodart®)?
6 months.
What are donor reactions?
Any adverse reactions of a blood donor as a result of the donation process.
What happens to the pH level during RBC storage?
It decreases.
How should minor donor reactions be managed?
By providing rest, hydration, and observation.
What is the shelf-life of Albumin, Plasma Protein Fraction?
5 years.
Which process divides blood into its individual components, such as red cells, white cells, and plasma?
Fractionation.
At what temperature should Granulocyte Concentrate be stored?
20-24 °C without agitation.
How does directed donation benefit patients with long-term expected transfusion needs?
Directed donation minimizes donor exposure for patients such as those with aplastic anemia and beta thalassemia major.
Under what condition can platelets from donors who have ingested aspirin be used?
They may be used as part of pooled platelet components.
Who must conduct the interview and physical examination for a blood donation?
A physician or nurse.
How can Granulocyte Concentrate be acquired?
Using apheresis.
What is the minimum hematocrit level required for blood donors?
38%
Who said, 'Hope is faith holding out its hand in the dark'?
George Iles
What is the typical room temperature for storing blood components?
22-24 °C
What is a surrogate test for Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)?
Increased ALT/SGPT + Anti-HBc (+).
Are recipients of recombinant growth hormone subjected to permanent deferral in blood donation?
No, recipients of recombinant growth hormone are not subjected to permanent deferral.
Which specific species of Triatoma bug is found in the Philippines?
Triatoma rubrofasciata.
What can donors experience after donating blood?
Donor reactions.
What are some inappropriate uses of RBC transfusion?
Enhancing general well-being, promoting wound healing, preventing infection, expanding blood volume when oxygen-carrying capacity is adequate, or preventing future anemia.
What condition can Factor IX concentrate administration cause in patients with liver disease?
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC).
What is the recommended waiting period after an infrequent apheresis donation?
4 weeks.
What is the typical presentation of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection among immunocompetent individuals?
CMV infection is asymptomatic among immunocompetent individuals.
What is a directed (designated) donation?
A directed donation is when a recipient selects the donors for themselves rather than receiving blood from the community supply.
Which countries' widespread use of non-sterile needles causes sexual partners since 1977 to be subject to permanent deferral?
Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Niger, and Nigeria.
What is an Anti-inhibitor Coagulation Complex (AICC) used for?
To stop bleeding episodes in patients with high levels of Factor VIII inhibitor.
What is a permanent deferral in blood donation?
A permanent deferral means a person is never allowed to donate blood again due to specific conditions or history.
At what temperature should Fresh Frozen Plasma be stored?
-18 °C or cooler.
What is the indication for using leukocyte-reduced RBCs (LR-pRBC)?
To increase RBC mass in patients with severe and/or recurrent febrile transfusion reactions due to leukocyte antibodies, and in patients at risk of HLA alloimmunization or susceptible to CMV.
What are the main steps involved in intraoperative collection?
Collecting and reinfusing the patient's lost blood, washing it with saline, and concentrating the residual red cells before reinfusing.
What is the role of Citrate in anticoagulant and preservative composition?
Citrate prevents clotting by chelating Ca++.
What is one contraindication for intraoperative collection related to bacterial contamination?
The risk for bacterial contamination.
What is the primary objective of donor selection?
To ensure that the donation will not harm the donor and the donated blood will not harm the recipient.
What is a disadvantage of preoperative collection?
Risk of bacterial contamination when sterility is compromised.
When must a donor-patient be deferred from preoperative collection?
When there is a risk of bacteremia.
Why is the donation of plasma-containing products from mother to baby contraindicated?
Due to potential immunological risks.
What is the minimum time before scheduled surgery that preoperative blood must be collected?
No sooner than 72 hours or 3 days before the scheduled surgery.
What is the minimum hemoglobin level for women according to DOH?
12.5 g/dL
Can preoperative collected blood be crossed-over into homologous inventory?
No, it cannot be crossed-over into homologous inventory.
What is the minimum hemoglobin level for men according to DOH?
13.5 g/dL
What is the minimum hemoglobin level for both sexes according to AABB?
12.5 g/dL
What methods can be used to measure hemoglobin levels?
Copper sulfate or spectrophotometric method
What is the storage temperature range for a Blood Bank refrigerator?
1-6 °C
What does the quote 'Hope is faith holding out its hand in the dark' imply about the relationship between hope and faith?
It implies that hope is an extension of faith, providing guidance and support in uncertain or difficult times.
What is the formula to determine the allowable amount of anticoagulant needed?
Allowable Amount x 14 / 100
What is the causative agent of Chagas’ disease?
Trypanosoma cruzi.
What vector transmits Trypanosoma cruzi?
Triatoma bug/Kissing bug/Assassin bug.
Is there an age limit for preoperative collection?
No, there is no age limit.
What are the general qualifications for blood donors?
Donors must be in good health, at least 17 years old (or 16 with parental consent), and weigh at least 110 pounds.
What is the time interval for whole blood donation for males according to DOH?
Every 3 months.
When did West Nile Virus (WNV) arrive in the United States?
In 1999.
What is the role of the anti-human antibody conjugate in the detection process?
It binds to antigen-antibody complexes.
What are the characteristics of severe convulsions?
Rigid body and tightly clenched teeth, temporary loss of breathing followed by rasping or stertorous breathing, and slight involuntary movement of the arms and legs.
How are donor reactions generally classified?
Based on severity and type (e.g., mild, moderate, severe).
What does QBC stand for in malaria testing?
Quantitative Buffy Coat Method.
What does Acute Normovolemic Hemodilution (ANH) involve?
Removal of whole blood from a patient with infusions of synthetic volume expanders before surgical blood loss.
What can cause a hematoma during blood collection?
A hematoma can occur if the needle is not seated properly, leading to leakage of blood around the entry site, or if the needle punctures through the vein and punctures the back wall.
What is the standard confirmatory test for HIV?
Western Blot.
Who developed the Cohn Ethanol Fractionation method and in which year?
Edwin Cohn in 1940.
Is a pulse rate below 50 bpm acceptable for blood donors, and if so, for whom?
Yes, it is acceptable for athletes.
What is one advantage of directed donations?
Blood group compatibility for rare blood groups is resolved.
How are fractions harvested in Cohn Ethanol Fractionation?
By centrifugation or filtration.
What are the indications for using cryoprecipitate?
For treatment of fibrinogen deficiency, hemophilia A, von Willebrand's disease, and Factor XIII deficiency.
What is the centrifugation speed and time for PRP preparation?
1,500 g for 10 minutes.
What components remain visible in a thick blood smear after staining?
Leukocyte nuclei, platelets, and parasites (if present).
What should be the diastolic blood pressure range for a blood donor?
60-100 mmHg.
What are the symptoms of severe convulsions in blood donors?
Shock, rigidity and clenching of teeth, and stiffness of the arms and legs.
Which platelet antigen is responsible for 80% of NAIT cases?
Platelet antigen HPA-1a.
What does Rh typing identify in blood donor processing?
Whether the donor's blood is Rh-positive or Rh-negative.
What does Immune Serum Globulin (ISG) contain?
Immunoglobulins, IgA, IgM, and other plasma proteins.
Why is it important to reduce leukocytes in blood transfusions?
Leukocytes may cause febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reactions (FNHTR) and transfusion related acute lung injury (TRALI), and may transmit infectious agents like CMV, EBV, and HTLV-1.
What co-receptor does GP 120 on HIV use to penetrate macrophages?
CCR-5.
How much should a donor weigh to be eligible for blood donation?
At least 110 pounds.
What is the gold standard laboratory test for malaria?
Thick and thin blood smear.
How long should one wait to donate whole blood after a 2-unit red cell collection according to AABB?
16 weeks.
Which organization handles confirmation of seropositive blood in donors for HIV?
RITM (Research Institute for Tropical Medicine)
Since when are males who have had sex with another male, even once, subject to permanent deferral?
Since 1977.
What are common symptoms of moderate donor reactions?
Nausea, vomiting, and fainting (syncope).
What are the types of synthetic volume expanders used in Acute Normovolemic Hemodilution?
Crystalloids (Ringer’s lactate and NSS) and Colloids (Dextran and HES).
What is the required centrifugal force and duration for a heavy spin to prepare cryoprecipitate and cell-free plasma products?
5000g for 7 minutes.
What method involves passing blood through a filter to separate components?
Filtration.
How should Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP) units be placed in a freezer when in liquid form?
Horizontally, with the labeled part facing down.
What history of illness results in a permanent deferral after the 11th birthday?
History of viral hepatitis.
What are the storage conditions and duration for FFP labeled as 'thawed plasma'?
Stored at 1-6°C for up to 5 days.
Name one method used for HBsAg detection in the second generation.
Counterelectrophoresis, Rheophoresis, or Complement fixation.
What psychological influences can result in vasovagal reactions?
Sight of blood, excitement, fear, and apprehension.
What antiviral effects are associated with Cohn Ethanol Fractionation?
Physical partitioning and anti-viral activity of ethanol.
What is the deferral period after a blood transfusion or surgery where blood transfusion is required?
12 months.
What is a contraindication for intraoperative collection when a procoagulant is being used?
Risk for disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC).
How long can RBCs be stored when additive solutions are used?
Up to 42 days.
What is the main indication for using FEIBA?
To stop bleeding episodes in patients with high levels of Factor VIII inhibitor.
What is the centrifugation speed and time for PPP preparation?
2,000 to 2,300 g for 10 minutes.
What are the specific tests for HCV?
Anti-HCV Antibody, ELISA, NAT.
How much more blood does the thick film contain compared to the thin film?
16-30 times more blood per microscopic field.
In what situations are plasma expanders used to raise blood pressure?
Therapeutic plasma exchange, dialysis, shock, and other hypotensive situations.
How does the PSORALEN compound in Intercept® work to prevent replication?
It intercalates between bases of RNA and DNA and forms covalent cross-links when exposed to UV light.
Which organization is responsible for confirming seropositive blood in patients for HIV?
SACCL (STD-AIDS Cooperative Central Laboratory)
How is the specific antibody detected in this process?
It is based on the enzyme-substrate colored reaction product, which occurs in a band pattern based on the position of the proteins on the strip.
How does RIBOFLAVIN in Mirasol® work to reduce pathogens?
It causes strand cleavage of nucleic acids when activated by UV light.
What method uses rapid spinning to separate blood components?
Centrifugation.
What should be the maximum oral temperature for a blood donor?
It should not exceed 37.5˚C (99.5˚F).
What is the required centrifugal force and duration for a heavy spin to prepare packed RBC and platelet concentrate?
5000g for 5 minutes.
What are the characteristics of severe donor reactions?
Characterized by shock, loss of consciousness, and presence of convulsions or seizures.
Why is sex with anyone since 1977 who was born in specific African countries a cause for permanent deferral?
Due to the widespread use of non-sterile needles in those countries.
What is the deferral period for individuals taking Acitretin (Soriatane® or Neotigason®) for severe psoriasis?
3 years.
What does FEIBA stand for?
Factor VIII Inhibitor Bypass Activity.
Is there any deferral for donors who received toxoids or killed or synthetic viral, bacterial, or rickettsial vaccines if they are symptom-free and afebrile?
No, there is no deferral.
What is the primary goal in managing donor reactions?
Ensuring donor safety and minimizing discomfort.
At what temperature range should whole blood be transported?
1-10° C (33.8-50° F)
What can hyperventilation tetany progress to if symptoms become more pronounced?
Hyperventilation tetany can progress to more pronounced convulsions.
What is the shelf-life of Factor IX concentrate?
2 years.
For a 70-kg (155-lb) adult, by how much should each unit of whole blood or RBCs increase the hematocrit level?
Each unit should increase the hematocrit level by 3%.
What compound does Intercept® use for pathogen reduction?
Intercept® uses a PSORALEN compound.
What method is used for donor screening for West Nile Virus (WNV)?
Nucleic Acid Testing (NAT).
How does pasteurization affect coagulation factors in PPF and Albumin?
It inactivates coagulation factors.
When was Nucleic Acid Testing (NAT) implemented for screening donors for WNV?
July 2003.
Why should you not use plasma when donating a low volume unit of blood?
Because the volume is lower than the standard full unit.
What are the types of autologous donation?
What is Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD)?
A human TSE that emerged from an epidemic of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and may be transmitted via blood transfusions.
What is the duration of a temporary deferral after ingesting medications that irreversibly inhibit platelet function?
72 hours (3 days).
Which blood component preparation technique relies on gravity to separate components?
Sedimentation.
What should be the pulse rate range for a blood donor?
50–100 beats per minute (bpm) without pathologic irregularities, counted for at least 15 seconds.
Why do recipients choose directed donations?
Recipients choose directed donations due to the perception that the blood is safer.
Which live attenuated vaccines are included in the 2-week deferral period?
Typhoid, Measles, Oral Poliomyelitis, Mumps, Yellow fever, Smallpox
What happens to the ATP level during RBC storage?
It decreases.
What is the transport temperature range for leukocyte-reduced RBCs?
1-10° C ( 33.8-50 ° F).
For which patients is Factor IX concentrate the component of choice?
For patients with Factor VIII inhibitors.
How many oil immersion fields should an experienced microscopist examine on a thick blood film?
At least 100 fields.
List one method used for HBsAg detection in the third generation.
Radioimmunoassay, Reverse passive hemagglutination, ELISA, or Reverse passive latex agglutination.
What is the centrifugation speed and time for Winthrobe’s Macrohct?
10,000 to 15,000 g for 30 minutes.
What are the symptoms of mild convulsions during a severe reaction?
Short lapse of consciousness, voice fadeout with slight involuntary movement of the arms and legs.
For a 70-kg (155-lb) adult, by how much should each unit of whole blood or RBCs increase the hemoglobin level?
Each unit should increase the hemoglobin level by 1 g/dL.
What is an advantage of preoperative collection regarding blood-borne pathogens?
There is no risk of transmission of blood-borne pathogens.
Why is Giemsa stain preferred for thick blood smears?
Because it stains host cell and parasite chromatin vividly while making hemoglobin in erythrocytes appear pale red. It also allows visualization of erythrocyte stippling caused by certain malarial parasites.
What is a common complication associated with phlebotomy that involves leakage of blood around the entry site?
Hematomas.
Name two serologic tests used for malaria detection.
ELISA and IFA.
What pulmonary conditions can result in a permanent deferral for blood donation?
Active pulmonary tuberculosis or other pulmonary diseases.
How does FFP help in relation to Warfarin (Coumadin) anticoagulant drug?
It reverses the effects of Warfarin.
What is the earliest stage of convulsions caused by hyperventilation?
Hyperventilation tetany.
Are repeat donors more or less likely to have reactions compared to first-time donors?
Repeat donors are less likely to have reactions than first-time donors.
Can platelet concentrates from donors who have ingested aspirin be used as the sole source of platelets for recipients?
No, they cannot be used as the sole source of platelets for recipients.
What type of behavior is suggestive of high risk for HIV infection and leads to deferral?
Behavior suggestive of high risk for HIV infection.
What is the purpose of ABO grouping in blood donor processing?
To determine the ABO blood type of the donor.
What is the purpose of adding PIGPA to rejuvenating solutions?
To regenerate ATP and 2,3-DPG.
What is the purpose of a thick blood smear?
It is utilized for screening purposes.
What happens to the sodium level during RBC storage?
It decreases.
At what temperature should Factor VIII concentrate be stored?
1-6°C.
Can women who are menstruating be deferred from donating blood?
Yes, menstruation is a reason for deferral.
What is the maximum volume of blood that can be donated based on body weight?
10.5 ml per kg of body weight.
What process is used to inactivate viruses in PPF and Albumin?
Pasteurization at 60°C for 10 hours.
What is autologous donation?
Donation of blood for his/her own use.
Why is the integrity of blood cell membranes important in a thin blood smear?
It is important for determining the intracellular or extracellular nature of the infection.
What health condition should a donor be in to donate blood?
The donor must be in good health.
What causes Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs)?
Proteins called prions.
What are some common mild reactions donors might experience?
Lightheadedness, slight dizziness, and minor bruising at the venipuncture site.
Has Familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) been observed to be transmitted via blood transfusions?
No, it has not been observed up to date.
What can constitute a severe donor reaction?
Seizures, significant cardiovascular complications, or severe allergic reactions.
What condition is Dutasteride (Avodart®) commonly prescribed for?
Prostate enlargement.
What is used to lyse the infectious agent in the Western Blot procedure?
Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS).
How soon should thawed FFP be administered?
Within 24 hours.
How is Babesia spp. transmitted to humans?
By ticks of the genus Ixodes.
What are examples of colloid volume expanders used in ANH?
Dextran and HES.
What steps should be taken in case of a severe donor reaction?
Immediate medical intervention, including advanced life support if necessary.
What happens to the 2,3-DPG level during RBC storage?
It decreases.
What is the indication for the use of Factor VIII concentrate?
To prevent or control bleeding in hemophilia A patients; it is also the component of choice for von Willebrand disease.
What is the shelf-life of Granulocyte Concentrate?
24 hours.
What is the shelf-life of blood preserved with Heparin?
2 days
How many granulocytes must be contained in a bag of Granulocyte Concentrate?
1.0 x 10^10 granulocytes/bag.
Can Babesia spp. survive in refrigerated red cells?
Yes, the parasite is capable of survival in refrigerated red cells.
What are the indications for plasma expanders?
Hypovolemia and shock.
What is the deferral period for donors who received the Varicella Zoster vaccine (chickenpox)?
4 weeks.
How is a thin blood smear prepared?
In the same manner as for hematologic differential evaluation.
What is the volume range for a low volume unit of blood?
300-405 ml.
What is the deferral period for pregnancy?
6 weeks.
What are the most common artifacts found on thin blood smear films?
Platelets superimposed on RBCs.
What are the storage temperatures for platelet concentrate and other blood components after a light spin?
20-24 °C for platelet concentrate, 1-6 °C for all other blood components.
What conditions are needed to correctly dilute Giemsa stock for staining?
Giemsa stock must be diluted with phosphate-buffered water maintained at a pH of 6.8-7.2.
Why might patients with liver disease be at risk when receiving Factor IX concentrate?
They may not be producing adequate amounts of antithrombins.
How long should one wait to donate after participating in apheresis donation (plasma, platelet, or granulocytes)?
At least 48 hours.
What are the characteristics of severe reactions during blood donation?
Signs of shock with or without syncope and seizures.
What pathogen causes Babesiosis?
Babesia microti.
What are examples of crystalloid volume expanders used in ANH?
Ringer’s lactate and NSS.
What are the symptoms of mild convulsions in blood donors?
Shock, lapsing syncope, and stiffness of the arms and legs.
Do donors lose consciousness during hyperventilation tetany?
No, donors do not lose consciousness during hyperventilation tetany.
What are the reservoirs for Babesia spp.?
White-tailed deer or white-footed mouse.
When may the 'shed' blood be reinfused during Acute Normovolemic Hemodilution?
During or immediately following the surgery, but within 8 hours of collection.
What happens to the bubble in the FFP bag when it has been thawed?
The bubble will rise to the upper part of the bag.
What physical symptoms might be observed in the fingers and thumb during hyperventilation tetany?
The fingers and thumb may spasm and assume an unnatural position.
Can a rubber band be used as an indicator for FFP temperature changes?
Yes, a rubber band may also be used as an indicator.
What happens to the hemoglobin level during RBC storage?
It increases.
What is the protocol for emergency transfusion when the patient's blood type is not yet known?
Group O RBCs are warranted.
Which stain provides the best results for thick blood smear examination?
Giemsa stain.
What is the maximum allowable WBC count for an LR-platelet concentrate?
8.3 x 10^5 per bag.
Within what time frame must blood collected postoperatively be reinfused?
Blood must be reinfused within 6 hours of collection.
Can a 16-year-old donate blood?
Yes, with parental consent.
What additional symptoms are present in moderate reactions compared to mild reactions?
Signs of shock plus syncope.
What complications can CMV cause in patients with cellular immunodeficiency?
CMV can cause pneumonitis, hepatitis, retinitis, and multisystem organ failure in patients with cellular immunodeficiency.
What does the presence of a hematoma indicate about the phlebotomy technique?
An indication of poor phlebotomy.
When does intraoperative collection take place?
During surgery.
What is the Cohn Ethanol Fractionation method used for?
Sequential precipitation of specific proteins by ethanol and pH.
What symptoms are associated with hyperventilation tetany in blood donors?
Shock and tingling of the fingers.
What type of reaction do donors usually experience?
Usually vasovagal.
What infection can be transmitted through transfusions, potentially causing chronic anemia after bone marrow transplantation and in thalassemia?
Parvovirus B19 infection.
How is the lyophilized product for AICC prepared?
From pooled plasma using fractionation.
At what temperature should leukocyte-reduced RBCs be stored?
1-6° C (33.8-42.8 ° F).
What is the primary indication for using Factor IX concentrate?
To prevent or control bleeding in patients with hemophilia B or with specific factor deficiencies.
What does Fresh Frozen Plasma contain?
Plasma, all coagulation factors, and complements.
Why might a potential donor be deferred due to alcohol intoxication?
Alcohol intoxication or obvious stigmata of alcohol habituation.
Why is the use of anticoagulant discouraged when obtaining blood via venipuncture for a thick smear?
Anticoagulants interfere with staining and cause distortion of the parasite.
What components are commonly found in rejuvenating solutions?
Pyruvate, Inosine, Glucose, Phosphate, and Adenine.
What is the shelf-life of cryoprecipitate?
1 year.
How long is the deferral period for someone who has gotten a tattoo, ear or skin piercing, or acupuncture?
12 months.
How should the blood dry in a thick blood smear?
The blood should dry flat at room temperature, usually overnight.
What is the minimum hematocrit level required for preoperative collection?
33%.
What happens when the substrate for the enzyme is added?
The enzyme catalyzes the production of a colored product.
What is the required centrifugal force and duration for a light spin in blood component preparation?
2000-2300g for 3 minutes.
What are the primary methods used in blood component preparation?
Centrifugation, sedimentation, filtration, and fractionation.
What is one of the primary indications for using Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP)?
To correct multiple coagulation factor deficiencies.
What are the characteristics of mild donor reactions?
Most frequently encountered, donor exhibits signs of shock but does not lose consciousness.
What are the indications for using Albumin, Plasma Protein Fraction?
To replace loss of colloids in hypovolemic shock, severe burns, or for pressure support during hypotensive episodes.
What is the deferral period for recipients of live attenuated vaccines before blood donation?
2 weeks
How long is the deferral period for someone who lived in a malaria-endemic area for 5 consecutive years?
3 years.
At what temperature must Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP) be thawed before transfusion?
37°C.
What are the indications for Granulocyte Concentrate?
Fever, neutrophil counts less than 500/μL, septicemia or bacterial infection unresponsive to antibiotics, reversible bone marrow hypoplasia.
What causes Neonatal Alloimmune Thrombocytopenia (NAIT)?
NAIT is caused by antibodies specific for platelet antigens inherited from the father but which are absent in the mother.
What should be the systolic blood pressure range for a blood donor?
90-160 mmHg.
What is the shelf life of Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP)?
1 year.
Who is the best source of compatible antigen-negative platelets for treating NAIT?
The mother.
What are the conditions for a permanent deferral for blood donation?
Transfusion of blood positive for Hepatitis, HIV, or HTLV.
At what temperature should whole blood be stored?
1-6° C (33.8-42.8° F)
At what temperature should cryoprecipitate be stored?
-18°C or cooler.
What diseases in a donor's history lead to permanent deferral?
Babesiosis or Chagas’ disease.
What clinical laboratory evidence leads to a permanent deferral related to HCV, HTLV, or HIV?
Present or past clinical laboratory evidence of infection with HCV, HTLV, or HIV.
What complication will an affected patient experience if transfused with antigen-positive platelets?
Platelet refractoriness.
Why is antibody screening generally not done in the Philippines' blood donor processing?
The document specifies that antibody screening is not commonly practiced in the Philippines without giving a specific reason.
How is Immune Serum Globulin (ISG) prepared?
By fractionation.
How long is bleeding done in the Philippines during blood collection?
Within 15 minutes.
What medication given for prostate enlargement and baldness requires a 4-week deferral period for blood donation?
Finasteride (Proscar®, Propecia®).
Under what condition might a donor with a history of cardiovascular, coronary, or rheumatic heart disease be accepted for blood donation?
In the absence of disability or restrictions by the physician, on a case-by-case basis.
What is the deferral period for individuals diagnosed with malaria and become asymptomatic?
3 years.
What differentiates moderate reactions from mild reactions in blood donation?
In moderate reactions, the donor has lost consciousness.
What is intraoperative collection in blood donation?
Intraoperative collection involves collecting and reinfusing blood lost by a patient during surgery, washing it with saline, concentrating the residual red cells, and then reinfusing it back to the patient.
At what temperature should Albumin, Plasma Protein Fraction be stored?
2-10°C.
Name some diseases of the blood that can lead to a permanent deferral for blood donation.
Hemophilia, von Willebrand's disease, sickle cell anemia, thalassemia, Kaposi's sarcoma, polycythemia, or a history of receiving clotting factor concentrates.
What are the initial symptoms of hyperventilation tetany in donors?
Stiffness or tingling in the fingers.
What method was used for HBsAg detection in the first generation?
Ouchterlony Double Diffusion.
Where is the lysate placed during the Western Blot procedure?
Into a trough of polyacrylamide slab gel.
What is the main indication for using whole blood?
Provides blood volume expansion and RBC mass in acute blood loss.
Does Albumin, Plasma Protein Fraction contain gamma globulins?
No, it does not contain gamma globulins.
How are proteins separated in the Western Blot procedure?
By electrophoresis based on molecular size and charge.
Which positive test confirms a permanent deferral for hepatitis B?
Confirmed positive test for HBsAg and repeatedly reactive test for anti-HBc on more than one occasion.
What factors are contained in the Anti-inhibitor Coagulation Complex?
Vitamin K-dependent factors (II, VII, IX, X), their precursors, and kinin-generating proteins.
Which generation of HBsAg detection methods is considered the most sensitive?
Third generation.
How does Adenine contribute to blood preservation?
Adenine improves the viability of cells.
According to AABB, how long should bleeding take during blood collection?
Within 7-10 minutes.
What is REJUVESOL and its significance?
REJUVESOL is the only FDA-approved rejuvenating solution in the US, containing PIPA only.
What common childhood disease is caused by Parvovirus B19?
"Fifth disease".
How long does it take to rejuvenate red cells using REJUVESOL?
1-4 hours at 37°C.
What does GP 120 on HIV require to infect a host cell?
The CD4 receptor on the surface of the host cell and an additional co-receptor.
What function does Dextrose serve in anticoagulant and preservative solutions?
Dextrose provides energy to cells.
What is the centrifugation speed and time for buffy coat preparation?
2,000 g for 15 minutes.
What type of anemia can be caused by Parvovirus B19 affecting erythrocyte precursors?
Aplastic anemia.
What is ISG used for in cases of agammaglobulinemia?
Replacement of gammaglobulins.
What happens to the nitrocellulose sheet after proteins are transferred onto it?
It is cut into strips and washed to remove nonspecific antibodies.
At what temperature should Factor IX concentrate be stored if lyophilized?
1-6°C.
How long does it take to examine 100 oil immersion fields on a thick blood film?
About 5 minutes.
What are the antigen/antibody markers for Syphilis?
The markers for Syphilis include the non-treponemal tests (VDRL, RPR) and treponemal tests (FTA-ABS, TP-PA).
Do PPF and Albumin contain gamma globulins?
No, neither contains gamma globulins.
How long is the deferral period for individuals who cohabit with someone with viral hepatitis?
12 months.
Do the co-receptors required by HIV vary based on cell type?
Yes, they differ depending on the cell type.
What is the deferral period for females who have had sex with a male who has had sex with another male since 1977?
12 months.
What are the advantages of the QBC method compared to traditional thick smear examination?
It is fast, easy, and claimed to be more sensitive.
Can persons below 18/17 years old donate blood?
Yes, if they present a written permission from their parent or guardian.
What are the main blood components prepared from donated blood?
Red blood cells, platelets, and plasma.
Why are blood components irradiated with gamma radiation?
To prevent transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease (TA-GVHD).
How much cryoprecipitate is typically left after separating cryopoor plasma?
15 mL.
What process is applied to blood to produce irradiated RBCs?
Blood is exposed to ionizing radiation.
What could cause a temporary deferral for a blood donor?
Conditions such as recent travel to malaria-endemic areas, recent vaccinations, or recent tattoos and piercings.
What could lead to a permanent deferral for a blood donor?
Chronic infectious diseases like HIV or Hepatitis B and C, and certain medical conditions like cancer.
Within how many hours should pooled cryoprecipitate be administered?
Within 4 hours.
What cells does Parvovirus B19 affect in the bone marrow?
Erythrocyte precursors.
Are ABO grouping and compatibility testing required for Albumin, Plasma Protein Fraction?
No, ABO grouping and compatibility testing are not required.
Who must be present during the blood collection process?
A phlebotomist and the head of BB (Blood Bank).
To what are proteins transferred after electrophoresis in the Western Blot procedure?
To a sheet of nitrocellulose.
What skin condition at the venipuncture site could indicate IV drug usage and result in deferral?
Lesions on the skin at the venipuncture site.
Which anticoagulant may be used if the use of anticoagulant is inevitable for a thick blood smear?
EDTA may be used.
What components are contained in cryoprecipitate?
Fibrinogen (150-250mg), vWF (40-70%), Factor VIII (80 units), Factor XIII (20-30%), and Fibronectin.
What happens to the potassium level during RBC storage?
It increases.
What can be administered prior to donation to increase the number of circulating granulocytes?
Corticosteroids.
What is the centrifugation speed and time for Adam’s Microhct?
10,000 to 15,000 g for 5 minutes.
What is the main indication for using irradiated RBCs?
For the prevention of Graft-Versus-Host Disease (GVHD).
How much time is required to examine 200 fields on a thin blood film?
At least 15 minutes.
How many platelets must a bag of Platelet Concentrate (RDP) contain?
5.5 x 10^10 platelets/bag (50-75 mL in volume).
What is used in the deglycerolization process after a hypertonic solution?
An isotonic solution.
What laboratory tests are used to diagnose Hepatitis D?
Tests for Hepatitis D include anti-HDV (Hepatitis D antibody) and HDV RNA (Hepatitis D viral load).
What is the albumin content in Albumin?
96% albumin.
What percentage of glycerol is used in the low glycerol RBC freezing method?
20%.
What defines a permanent deferral in blood donation?
A permanent deferral means the prospective donor will never be able to donate blood.
What is a QBC tube?
A high-precision glass hematocrit tube, pre-coated internally with acridine orange stain and potassium oxalate.
What is blood preservation?
Blood preservation refers to the methods used to maintain the viability and function of blood and its components outside the body for extended periods.
What is the primary purpose of additive solutions in blood donation?
To enhance RBC survival and function.
Which part of the smear is examined using 100X oil immersion objective?
The feathered edge.
What is the vector for Babesiosis?
Ixodes ticks.
What co-receptor does GP 120 on HIV use to penetrate T cells?
CXCR-4.
How is blood concentrated in a thick blood smear?
Blood is concentrated in a small area the size of a dime (1.5 cm) that is many cell layers deep.
What is the shelf-life of leukocyte-reduced RBCs in a closed system using ACD, CPD, or CP2D anticoagulants?
21 days.
How long can blood preserved with ACD (Acid-citrate-dextrose) be stored?
21 days
What factors affect the shelf-life of whole blood?
The anticoagulant/preservative used.
What type of freezer can freeze an FFP unit within 5-15 minutes?
A rapid/blast freezer.
Why does the use of Etretinate (Tegison®) lead to a permanent deferral?
Because it is teratogenic and used for the treatment of severe psoriasis.
What is deglycerolization in the context of blood units?
The removal of glycerol from the blood unit.
Which infectious agents can leukocytes potentially transmit during a blood transfusion?
CMV, EBV, HTLV-1.
What is the shelf-life of blood preserved with CPDA-1 (Citrate-phosphate-dextrose-adenine)?
35 days
What is the deferral period for persons who have had sex with anyone who is a past or present IV drug user?
12 months.
What happens during the donor processing phase in blood donations?
Blood is tested for various infectious diseases to ensure it is safe for transfusion.
What is the shelf-life of washed RBCs?
24 hours
What is the consequence of not properly screening blood donations for infectious diseases?
It could lead to the transmission of infections to recipients.
What are the indications for using frozen RBCs?
Storage of rare blood and autologous units.
What are the FDA and AABB requirements for radiation doses in the central and any part of the blood unit?
25 Gy on the central portion of the blood unit and 15 Gy on any part of the unit.
What is a deferral in the context of blood donation?
A deferral is the temporary or permanent rejection of a potential blood donor based on certain criteria.
How do parasites appear under the UV light after using the QBC method?
As bright specks of light among the non-fluorescing red cells.
What is the second condition required for TA-GVHD to occur?
Histocompatibility differences between graft and recipient (major or minor HLA or other histocompatibility antigens).
What evidence related to drug use leads to a permanent deferral?
Evidence of or obvious stigmata of parenteral drug use.
Within how many hours after phlebotomy must additive solutions be combined with RBCs?
Within 72 hours.
What is the shelf-life of Factor VIII concentrate?
2 years.
What is cryoprecipitate-reduced plasma (cryopoor plasma)?
It is the supernatant remaining from the production of cryoprecipitate.
How many oil immersion fields should be examined on a thin blood film before issuing a negative report?
200 fields.
What is the first basic qualification for blood donation?
In good health condition.
What is the role of ELISA in HBsAg detection?
It is a third-generation method used for detecting HBsAg with high sensitivity.
What is no longer considered the product of choice for factor VIII deficiency or von Willebrand’s disease?
Cryoprecipitate.
What happens to platelet microtubules when exposed to low temperatures?
They disassemble, causing the platelets to become spherical and nonfunctional.
What happens to the lactate or lactic acid level during RBC storage?
It increases.
Under what condition can a donor with an indefinite deferral donate blood?
The donor would not be able to donate until the current requirements change.
From where is Factor VIII concentrate prepared?
It is prepared from plasma obtained from paid donors by plasmapheresis or from volunteer whole blood donors.
At what temperature should irradiated RBCs be transported?
1-10° C (33.8-50 °F).
At what temperature range should washed RBCs be transported?
1-10°C (33.8-50°F)
What is the main indication for using packed red blood cells (pRBC)?
To increase RBC mass in symptomatic, normovolemic patients.
Why must platelet units be placed in an agitator with the labeled part facing down?
To allow better flow of gases, as decreased O2 and increased CO2 will cause pH to decrease.
What is another name for AS-5?
Optisol.
Why is Solvent/Detergent Exposure (S/D) ineffective against certain viruses?
It is ineffective against nonlipid-enveloped viruses.
At what temperature should Platelet Pheresis be stored?
20-24 °C with agitation.
By how much should a single SDP raise the platelet count?
20,000-60,000/uL.
What are the indications for using Platelet Concentrate (Random Donor Platelet/RDP)?
For bleeding due to thrombocytopenia or thrombocytopathy.
How long can leukocyte-reduced RBCs be stored in a closed system using CPDA1?
35 days.
Which test is used to screen for syphilis in blood donors?
The test for syphilis.
How long can whole blood be stored when using ACD, CPD, or CP2D?
21 days.
What is the purpose of the test for HbsAg in blood donor processing?
To detect the presence of hepatitis B surface antigen.
What additional factors are contained in Factor IX concentrate?
Factors II, VII, IX, and X.
Is ABO grouping and compatibility testing required for PPF or Albumin?
No, neither requires ABO grouping and compatibility testing.
How long can leukocyte-reduced RBCs be stored in a closed system using Heparin?
2 days.
What is the role of Mannitol in additive solutions?
It acts as an RBC membrane stabilizing agent.
How long is the deferral period for someone who has traveled to a malaria-endemic area?
12 months.
What must a donor do after donating blood before leaving the donation center?
The donor is required to rest.
How are lymphocytes prepared?
From mononuclear cells.
What is the first step in the preparation of cryoprecipitate from FFP?
Thaw at 4°C.
What solutions are used for low glycerol deglycerolization in sequential order?
45% NaCl, 15% mannitol, and 0.9% NaCl.
What is the role of other tests for infectious diseases in blood donor processing?
To screen for additional infectious diseases that may be present in the donor's blood.
What is the content of alpha globulins in Albumin?
4% alpha globulins.
Which organs are mainly affected by TA-GVHD?
Skin, liver, and gut.
What role do anticoagulants play in blood preservation?
Anticoagulants prevent blood from clotting, which allows it to be stored and used for transfusions.
How long can refrigerated blood typically be stored?
Refrigerated blood can typically be stored for up to 42 days.
What is the primary focus of the third generation HBsAg detection methods?
High sensitivity in detecting HBsAg.
What is a temporary deferral in blood donation?
A temporary deferral means the prospective donor is unable to donate for a limited period of time.
In what forms is Immune Serum Globulin (ISG) available?
Intramuscular (IM) and intravenous (IV) forms.
What is the main focus of donor processing and screening for blood donations?
Infectious diseases.
What might happen if a thick blood smear is too thick?
The film may peel from the slide.
What temperature and duration is used for heating blood derivatives in pathogen reduction?
60°C for over 24 hours.
What is the minimum age for blood donation according to general guidelines?
18 years old and above.
What can excess heat do to erythrocytes in a thick blood smear?
Excess heat may fix erythrocytes and may prevent dehemoglobinization.
What is the shelf-life of leukocyte-reduced RBCs in an open system?
24 hours.
How long can blood preserved with CPDA-2 (Citrate-phosphate-dextrose-double) be stored?
42 days
What is cryoprecipitate mainly used as a source of?
Fibrinogen.
What is the content of alpha and beta globulins in PPF?
17% alpha and beta globulins.
Is there an upper age limit for blood donation?
No, there is no upper age limit.
What combination of solutions is used for agglomeration in the deglycerolization process?
50% glucose and 5% fructose followed by 0.9% NaCl.
What is the storage temperature range for frozen RBCs?
-65 to -120°C
At what temperatures are RBCs frozen and stored using the agglomeration method?
Frozen at -80 °C and stored at -65 °C in a mechanical freezer.
Why is Solvent/Detergent Exposure (S/D) not applicable to cellular blood components?
Because it destroys cell membranes.
What is the shelf-life of Platelet Pheresis?
5 days.
What is the difference between CPD and CPDA-1?
CPDA-1 includes adenine, which helps maintain ATP levels in red blood cells, extending the storage period up to 35 days compared to 21 days for CPD.
What is the purpose of Sodium biphosphate in blood storage solutions?
Sodium biphosphate serves as a buffer during storage.
What is the deferral period for needle sticks and mucous membrane contact with blood?
12 months.
At what temperature should Platelet Concentrate (RDP) be stored?
20-24 °C with agitation.
What must a donor's platelet count be to be eligible for platelet donation?
At least 150,000/uL.
What happens to the inorganic phosphate (iPO4) level during RBC storage?
It increases.
For which condition may cryoprecipitate-reduced plasma be used in treatment?
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura.
Why are blood donors screened for infectious diseases?
To ensure the safety of the blood supply and prevent the transmission of infections to recipients.
What does the Quantitative Buffy Coat (QBC) method involve?
Staining of the centrifuged and compressed red cell layer with Acridine Orange and examining it under UV light source.
Can a donor with an indefinite deferral still donate autologously?
Yes, a donor with an indefinite deferral is still eligible for autologous donation.
What is the deferral period for persons who have had sex with any person with hemophilia or related blood disorder who have received factor concentrates?
12 months.
What does TA-GVHD stand for?
Transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease.
What is another name for AS-3?
Nutricel.
What solvents and detergents are used in Solvent/Detergent Exposure (S/D) for pathogen reduction?
Solvent: tri(n-butyl) phosphate; Detergent: sodium cholate, Tween 80, or Triton X-100.
What is the primary function of red blood cells?
To carry oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body.
What is the shelf-life of pRBC in a closed system with ACD, CPD, or CP2D?
21 days.
What is one advantage of Platelet Pheresis for thrombocytopenic patients?
It limits donor exposure in thrombocytopenic patients who require long-term platelet transfusions.
What is the shelf life of PPF at 1-6°C?
5 years.
For how long can platelets be stored?
Platelets can be stored for up to 5 days at room temperature with constant agitation.
What is the shelf life of Albumin at 1-6°C?
5 years.
How should FFP units be stored for long term once they are already frozen?
They may be re-arranged vertically.
Why is an additional co-receptor needed for HIV infection?
To penetrate the host cell.
Which enzyme does cryoprecipitate-reduced plasma retain normal levels of?
vWF-cleaving metalloprotease ADAMTS 13.
What does SAGM in additive solutions stand for?
Saline, Adenine, Glucose, Mannitol.
What are the possible forms for the preparation of Immune Serum Globulin (ISG)?
Solution or lyophilized preparation.
What are the key markers for Hepatitis C diagnosis?
Markers for Hepatitis C include anti-HCV (HCV antibody) and HCV RNA (HCV viral load).
What does the anti-HCV test detect in blood donors?
The presence of antibodies against hepatitis C virus.
How much should Platelet Concentrate (RDP) raise the platelet count?
By 5,000-10,000/uL.
How is the monoclonal factor VIII isolated during pasteurization?
By monoclonal factor VIII antibody affinity column and then eluted.
Which disease is targeted by the malaria test in blood donor processing?
To detect the presence of malaria parasites.
What is the deferral period for persons who have had sex with any person who was found to be HBsAg positive or HIV positive?
12 months.
How long is the deferral period for someone who has been incarcerated in a correctional institution for longer than 72 consecutive hours?
12 months.
What additional substances, besides glycerol, are used in the agglomeration method of RBC freezing?
Glucose, fructose, and EDTA.
What is the typical volume range for both PPF and Albumin?
250-500 ml in volume.
Within how many hours should cryoprecipitate be administered after storage at 1-6°C?
Within 6 hours.
How many units does pooled cryoprecipitate typically consist of?
Around 5 units.
What is cryopreservation in the context of blood preservation?
Cryopreservation involves freezing blood components at very low temperatures to extend their shelf life, sometimes for years.
How is plasma stored for long-term use?
Plasma can be frozen and stored for up to one year.
For which immunodeficiency condition is ISG used as a replacement therapy for gammaglobulins?
Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID).
Does the use of needles to administer nonprescription drugs lead to deferral?
Yes, it leads to a permanent deferral.
What is the receptor for Parvovirus B19?
P antigen.
What syndrome is treated with ISG for the replacement of gammaglobulins?
Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome.
What is the shelf-life of Platelet Concentrate (RDP)?
5 days.
How long can whole blood be stored when using CPDA1?
35 days.
What is a potential consequence if blood collection takes more than 15 minutes?
Cryoprecipitate may not be used.
What may Factor IX concentrate contain aside from its primary components?
Activated coagulation factors.
What is the albumin content in PPF?
83% albumin.
What is pasteurization in the context of pathogen reduction?
Pressurized steam at 60°C for 10 hours.
What is the normal shape of platelets?
Discoidal.
What is the maximum allowable leukocyte content in a bag of leukocyte-reduced RBCs?
Less than 5.0 x 10^6 WBC per bag of pRBC.
What is the final step after blood collection in the blood donation process?
Donor unit testing and screening.
What is the use of lymphocytes in medical treatment?
Induction of graft-versus-tumor effect (donor lymphocyte infusion).
At what speed and for how long is the QBC tube centrifuged?
At 12,000 rpm for 5 minutes.
What type of viruses does Solvent/Detergent Exposure (S/D) inactivate?
Viruses with lipid envelopes.
What is Platelet Pheresis (Single Donor Platelet/SDP) indicated for?
For thrombocytopenic patients alloimmunized to HLA or platelet antigen.
What are the main components of plasma?
Plasma is composed of water, electrolytes, proteins (such as albumin, clotting factors, and immunoglobulins), and nutrients.
What is the shelf-life of pRBC in an open system?
24 hours.
For how long must a donor be aspirin-free before donating Platelet Pheresis?
For 3 days.
What potential reactions can leukocytes cause during blood transfusion?
Febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reactions (FNHTR) and transfusion related acute lung injury (TRALI).
What final hematocrit percentage is yielded when using additive solutions with RBCs?
60%.
What must be done to lyophilized Factor VIII concentrate before administration?
It must be reconstituted with 25 mL diluent.
Which laboratory tests are used for diagnosing Hepatitis B?
Laboratory tests for Hepatitis B include HBsAg (Hepatitis B surface antigen), anti-HBs (Hepatitis B surface antibody), HBeAg (Hepatitis B e antigen), and anti-HBc (Hepatitis B core antibody).
Which severe immunodeficiency condition requires ISG for gammaglobulin replacement?
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency.
What are the two options for red cells after rejuvenation?
They may be washed and transfused within 24 hours or may be frozen by glycerolization.
What is the storage temperature range for washed RBCs?
1-6°C (33.8-42.8°F)
At what temperatures are RBCs frozen and stored using the high glycerol method?
Frozen at -80 °C and stored at -65 °C in a mechanical freezer.
What is another name for AS-1?
Adsol.
What are the key diagnostic markers for HIV?
Markers for HIV include HIV-1/2 antigen/antibody combination immunoassay, and HIV RNA (viral load).
What is the therapeutic dose of Platelet Concentrate (RDP)?
4-6 units.
At what temperature range should packed red blood cells (pRBC) be stored?
1-6° C (33.8-42.8° F).
What is the required pH range for platelet concentrates?
6.2-6.4.
How are platelets used in medical treatments?
Platelets help with blood clotting and are used to treat patients with clotting disorders or undergoing chemotherapy.
What is the shelf-life of deglycerolized blood at 1-6°C?
24 hours or 14 days.
At what temperature should cryoprecipitate be thawed before transfusion?
37°C.
What is the shelf life of red blood cells when stored properly?
Red blood cells can be stored for up to 42 days under refrigeration.
What is the shelf-life of pRBC in a closed system with Heparin?
2 days.
How many platelets must a bag of Platelet Pheresis contain?
3.0 x 10^11 platelets/bag (300 mL in volume).
What is the shelf-life of blood preserved with CPD (Citrate-phosphate-dextrose)?
21 days
What is the deferral period for persons who have engaged in sex with individuals who exchanged sex for money or drugs since 1977?
12 months.
To which blood derivatives is pathogen reduction applicable?
Albumin, coagulation factor concentrates, and immunoglobulins.
Why must the unit be labeled and agitated during blood collection?
To ensure proper mixing and prevent clotting.
What does an indefinite deferral in blood donation entail?
An indefinite deferral means the prospective donor is unable to donate blood for an unspecified period of time due to current regulatory requirements.
For what condition is Factor VIII concentrate used?
For isolated factor deficiency.
What method of RBC freezing uses 40% glycerol?
High Glycerol (slow freezing) method.
Which type of insulin use can result in a permanent deferral?
Use of bovine insulin manufactured in the United Kingdom.
What are Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells (HPCs) prepared from?
Mononuclear cells harvested during apheresis.
How long can whole blood be stored when using Heparin?
2 days.
What is the shelf-life of irradiated RBCs after irradiation?
28 days after irradiation or the original outdate, whichever comes first.
Which sources of radiation are used for irradiating RBCs?
Cesium (137 Cs) and Cobalt (60 Co).
What is the deferral period for persons who have had sex with any person at risk for HIV or HBsAg?
12 months.
At what temperature range should packed red blood cells (pRBC) be transported?
1-10° C (33.8-50° F).
Where do red cells containing Plasmodia concentrate after centrifugation in the QBC method?
Just below the leukocytes, at the top of the erythrocyte column.
What is the first condition required for TA-GVHD to occur?
Transfusion/transplantation of immunocompetent T cells.
What is the shelf life of Albumin at 20-24°C?
3 years.
Why might a person with a recent tattoo or piercing be temporarily deferred from donating blood?
To allow time to ensure they have not contracted any infections that could be transmitted through blood.
What happens to granulocytes in stored blood?
In stored blood, granulocytes fragment and release cytokines.
When can rejuvenation of red cells be performed?
3 days after RBC expiration or to fresh RBC.
What are the indications for using washed RBCs?
To increase RBC mass in symptomatic anemic patients with a history of allergic, febrile, and anaphylactic transfusion reactions.
At what temperature should irradiated RBCs be stored?
1-6° C (33.8-42.8 °F).
How long can whole blood be stored when using CPDA2?
42 days.
What is the half-life of ISG in the blood stream?
18-32 days.
What infections are tested using the HIV1 and HIV2 tests in blood donor processing?
The presence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus types 1 and 2.
What is the required deferral period after a history of syphilis, gonorrhea, or other STDs after completion of therapy?
12 months.
Name one key reason for screening blood donations.
To detect and eliminate infectious diseases before transfusion.
Is a donor with a permanent deferral eligible for autologous donation?
Yes, a donor with a permanent deferral is still eligible for autologous donation.
What are the two main types of deferrals for blood donors?
Temporary deferrals and permanent deferrals.
What is the shelf life of PPF at 20-24°C?
3 years.
How does recent travel affect blood donation eligibility?
Travel to certain regions with high risk of infectious diseases, such as malaria, can lead to a temporary deferral.
What is a characteristic of a proper thick film in a blood smear?
It should be thin enough that newspaper print may be read through it.
What is the shelf-life of leukocyte-reduced RBCs in a closed system using CPDA2?
42 days.
How long can blood preserved with CP2D (Citrate-phosphate-double dextrose) be stored?
21 days
What is the role of Hydroxyethyl starch (HES) in the preparation of Granulocyte Concentrate?
It enhances the separation of WBCs and RBCs.
What is the deferral period after receiving Rabies, Hepatitis B Immunoglobulin, or unlicensed vaccines?
12 months.
What is now the first choice for treating factor VIII deficiency?
Factor VIII concentrate.
Can 17-year-olds donate blood?
Yes, according to the guidelines of Henry's and Harmening.
What solutions are used for high glycerol deglycerolization in sequential order?
12% NaCl, 1.6% NaCl, and 0.9% NaCl.
At what temperatures are RBCs frozen and stored using the low glycerol method?
Frozen at -196 °C and stored at -120 °C using liquid nitrogen.
At what temperature should FFP be centrifuged to prepare cryoprecipitate?
4°C using a hard spin.
Does PPF contain bradykinin?
Yes, PPF contains bradykinin.
What are some common methods of blood preservation?
Common methods include refrigeration, freezing, and using anticoagulants and preservatives like CPD (citrate-phosphate-dextrose) and CPDA-1 (citrate-phosphate-dextrose-adenine).
What is the shelf-life of pRBC in a closed system with CPDA1?
35 days.
What is the shelf-life of pRBC in a closed system with CPDA2?
42 days.
Why are deferral guidelines important in blood donation?
They ensure the safety of both the blood donor and the recipient by preventing the transmission of infectious diseases and other health risks.
How does 1 SDP compare to RDP units?
1 SDP equals 6-10 RDP units.
Why is blood preservation important?
It ensures a safe and adequate supply of blood for transfusions, which is critical for surgeries, trauma care, and treating various medical conditions.
What is the shelf-life of frozen RBCs?
10 years
Why is plasma important in medical treatments?
Plasma is used in treatments for clotting disorders, burns, and shock, among other conditions.
What is the purpose of using CPD (citrate-phosphate-dextrose) in blood preservation?
CPD acts as an anticoagulant and also provides nutrients to red blood cells, helping to maintain their viability during storage.
What is the third condition usually required for TA-GVHD to occur?
An immunocompromised recipient.
