Chapter 2 pages 1-10

Performance decrements are observed.

Measures of personality.

The Stroop Color Word Test.

It means there is a separate central nervous system unit for processing each visual feature (e.g., shape, color, motion).

By taking advantage of the statistical structure of natural scenes and selecting the most probable interpretation a priori.

Ivan Pavlov.

Bottom-up attentional influences.

The idea that our experience of a color can remain the same despite changes in illumination and viewing conditions.

As the taking possession by the mind, in clear and vivid form, of one out of several simultaneously possible objects or trains of thought.

A stimulus that is not instinctively responded to but is paired with the US.

The theory of multiple intelligences, including musical, bodily-kinesthetic, and interpersonal abilities.

Maintained abilities do not decline with age (e.g., Gc), while vulnerable abilities do decline (e.g., Gf).

Signal Detection Theory.

Optimal estimation theory or statistical decision theory.

By setting the criterion for detection either low (liberal) or high (conservative).

Successive elaboration of a perceived stimulus, such as edge and orientation processing.

The facilitating effects of selective attention.

FB is the cognitive process by which a unified internal representation of a stimulus is formed from the activity of multiple mental modules.

The odor of smoke indicating fire and one's name spoken across a crowded room.

Above 0.9, with a range of 0.84 to 0.99.

Conditioning little Albert to fear white rats.

A process occurring during alert states by which a stimulus can either be attended to or ignored.

In the lateral parietal and frontal lobes.

They focus too much on analytical and sequential thought processes, ignoring creative and practical abilities.

They are strongly associated with emotional distress and reflect frontal lobe dysfunction.

Thorndike in the United States and Pavlov in Russia.

Chronologically in order of publication.

Similar tasks compete for limited attentional resources.

Something to which an organism instinctively responds.

It provides reliable, valid estimates of intellectual ability through abbreviated testing.

Adult reactions may stem from childhood experiences that were forgotten.

One focuses on environmental events influencing behaviors, and the other on changes within the learner.

The development of methods for working with human subjects and the introduction of the computer.

Bottom-up processing and top-down processing.

Primacy and recency effects, as well as cognitive speed (Gs), fluid intelligence (Gf), and short-term memory (Gsm).

Identification of developmental disorders, giftedness, individualized instructional programming, and occupational performance potential.

About 1.0 standard deviation, which diminishes to 0.5 when accounting for socioeconomic status.

Ranges from 0.79 to 0.96.

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-IV, Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales-5, Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children-2, among others.

General factor (g) and specific factor (s).

The body's antagonistic response to a drug when administered in a familiar environment.

Differences in discriminability or response bias.

The mathematical function of separation (signal strength) and spread (background noise).

Attentional blindness.

The simultaneous analysis of a signal in different ways by the multiple parallel pathways of a neural network.

g co-varies 0.70 to 0.80 with academic achievement measures.

To promote the use of cognitive strategies that improve performance in mathematics, especially for children with low CAS planning standard scores.

The aggregate or global capacity of the individual to act purposefully, think rationally, and deal effectively with the environment.

Behaviorism, based on observable qualities in the environment or behavior.

In increasing complexity.

EF is closely associated with the neuroanatomic construct of the prefrontal cortex.

Stereotype threat, quality and extent of education, and acculturation.

The relationship between facilitative and inhibitory mechanisms in attention.

Top-down attention mechanisms.

As a quality of behavior that is adaptive to the environment.

Classical conditioning.

Louis Thurstone.

Working memory is a critical component of executive functions.

'Cold' EFs involve cognitive functions, while 'hot' EFs involve emotional and social aspects.

Fluid reasoning (Gf), short-term memory (Gsm), and cognitive speed (Gs).

The extraction of meaningful information from the environment.

Facilitation and inhibition of resources.

Attention to objects can take precedence over attention to attributes.

Phineas Gage, who had a frontal lobe lesion.

Competing stimuli that automatically vie for attentional resources.

The ability to engage in independent, purposive, self-directed behavior.

The principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences are more likely to be repeated.

Cognitive neuroscience/neuropsychology with cognitive psychology models of intelligence.

Syllogisms, reasoning with analogies, concept formation, and series comprehension.

To explain how humans perform in sensory and perceptual tasks.

Cognitive functions, learning and memory, emotion and motivation, and interaction of cognition, emotion, and motivation.

To provide a sense of the direction of the field.

Bottom-up (stimulus-driven) and top-down (strategic).

A phenomenon where one can focus on a single conversation in a noisy environment while ignoring other stimuli.

The CR is similar to the UR but occurs in response to the CS after conditioning.

Gc tends to increase with age and is correlated with socioeconomic status and education quality.

Detection of stimulation and the structure of sensory mechanisms.

Both deal with the transduction of physical energy into neural energy/signals.

William James.

The value of an assessment in selecting and implementing interventions that will benefit the examinee.

It refers to the observation that all tests of mental ability are positively correlated.

These measures significantly contribute to predicting first-year undergraduate GPA beyond SAT scores.

Structural research and developmental research.

That general fluid ability (Gf) is applied to the development of other abilities like acquired knowledge (Gc).

A hierarchical model that includes general intelligence (g) at the top, followed by broad abilities like Gf and Gc.

It enters short-term memory (STM) for further conscious processing.

Using the appropriate ethnic group measurement norm.

They are an important functional domain for diagnosis and treatment.

The acceptance of affect or feelings as research topics.

To provide time to extract critical information features for further processing.