What two ways of government did Truman describe in his speech?
Click to see answer
American-style democracy and a minority-imposed government based on terror and oppression.
Click to see question
What two ways of government did Truman describe in his speech?
American-style democracy and a minority-imposed government based on terror and oppression.
What significant event occurred in 1949?
Establishment of the People’s Republic of China.
What does Truman believe is essential for economic stability?
Economic and financial aid.
What was announced in 1947 that signified U.S. foreign policy?
The Truman Doctrine.
What was formed in 1955?
The Warsaw Pact.
What was the primary purpose of the Marshall Plan?
To provide economic aid to Europe to combat communism.
Who outlined the details of the Marshall Plan?
US Secretary of State George Marshall.
What significant conference took place in 1943?
Tehran Conference.
What was established in 1945?
The United Nations.
What were Truman and Stalin concerned about in 1946?
The break-up of the wartime alliance and increased tensions that might lead to conflict.
What was the main concern of President Truman regarding the Soviet Union?
He feared that the Soviet Union intended to spread communism throughout Europe.
How was the aid from the Marshall Plan distributed among European nations?
According to population and how industrialized they were before the war.
What event prompted Truman to announce the Truman Doctrine?
The British government announced in 1947 that it could no longer provide military support to Greece.
What do Checkpoints help students to do?
Check and reflect on their learning.
What was the significance of the Long Telegram in February 1946?
It outlined the Soviet threat and the need for a strong response from the West.
What is the main focus of the book?
It covers the Edexcel International GCSE History specification, specifically the unit 'A World Divided: Superpower Relations, 1943–72'.
How did the arms race affect the likelihood of war between the USA and the Soviet Union?
It made war less likely as both sides developed nuclear weapons as deterrents.
What was the outcome of the Warsaw Uprising in 1944?
The Red Army waited until the uprising was crushed before invading Poland to establish a pro-communist government.
What did Winston Churchill's Iron Curtain speech signify?
It indicated that the Soviet Union was a threat to freedom and world peace, reflecting American beliefs.
What criticism does Truman make about communism?
It relies on terror, oppression, and suppression of personal freedoms.
What significant action did Stalin take in 1948 to test the USA's determination?
He placed a blockade around Berlin.
What major uprising took place in 1956?
The Hungarian Uprising.
What is the purpose of exam-style questions in this book?
To allow practice and development of exam writing technique tailored to the Pearson Edexcel specification.
What is the function of the 'Recap' section at the end of each chapter?
To help consolidate and reflect on the chapter as a whole.
How did the Warsaw Uprising affect Soviet actions in Poland?
The Soviets waited for the uprising to be crushed before invading to establish a pro-communist government.
What was the role of Comecon established in January 1949?
It was created to promote economic cooperation among communist countries and strengthen Soviet influence.
What was the outcome of the elections in Bulgaria, Romania, and eastern Germany?
Communist governments were elected in all three areas.
What two superpowers became increasingly suspicious of each other after World War II?
The Soviet Union and the USA.
What was Churchill's significant speech in 1946 about?
The 'Iron Curtain'.
What significant event happened in 1963?
President Kennedy was assassinated.
What is a 'satellite state'?
A nation that was once independent but is now under the control of another, particularly referring to countries under Soviet control during the Cold War.
What was the significance of the Long Telegram in February 1946?
It outlined the American perception of the Soviet threat and contributed to the policy of containment.
Which countries did the Soviet Red Army take control of in 1944 and 1945?
Bulgaria, Romania, and the eastern parts of Germany.
How did the USA's situation after World War II differ from that of European countries?
The USA had not suffered damage to its infrastructure and industry.
Who became president of communist Czechoslovakia after the coalition government was overthrown?
Klement Gottwald.
What are the three crises discussed in the fourth chapter?
Berlin, Cuba, and Czechoslovakia.
What policies did the USA introduce to prevent the spread of communism?
The Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan.
What was the total amount of aid given by the USA under the Marshall Plan between 1948 and 1952?
$13.7 billion.
What was the US policy of containment?
A strategy to prevent the spread of communism and influence in other countries.
How did the division of Germany become accepted?
Through the actions and policies of both the USA and the Soviet Union.
What did Truman emphasize in his speech to Congress on March 12, 1947?
The differences between democracy and communism, and the USA's commitment to support those resisting communism.
What was the impact of the election of Eisenhower and the death of Stalin on Cold War tensions?
It seemed to reduce tensions in the Cold War.
What was Nikolai Novikov's view of the USA after Roosevelt's death?
He believed the USA wanted to use its military power to dominate the world and no longer wished to cooperate with the Soviet Union.
What is the focus of the fifth chapter?
The thaw and moves towards détente, 1963–72.
What was the main concern expressed in Kennan's Long Telegram?
Stalin wanted to see the destruction of capitalism and viewed the outside world as hostile.
Which country received the most aid under the Marshall Plan?
Britain, receiving more than a quarter of the total aid package.
What major event happened in 1961?
The Berlin Wall was built.
What skills can be gained from relevant exam questions?
Key skills that are highly valued in further study and the workplace.
What was the total amount of aid given by the USA before the Marshall Plan?
$13 billion.
What is the significance of the Recall quiz?
It is ideal for checking knowledge or for revision.
What was a major effect of the arms race between the USA and the Soviet Union?
It increased competition and tension between the two superpowers.
What was the significance of West Germany joining NATO?
It prompted the Soviets to establish the Warsaw Pact.
What impact did Novikov's telegram have on Soviet policy?
It encouraged Stalin to develop protection in Eastern Europe and take control of neighboring countries.
What was the main message of George Kennan's Long Telegram?
It described the Soviet Union as a political force committed to destroying the traditional way of life in the West, advocating for a policy of containment.
Who was George Kennan?
The USA’s ambassador in Moscow who sent the Long Telegram.
What military alliance was formed in 1949?
NATO.
What significant summit occurred in 1959?
The Geneva Summit and Camp David Summit.
What crisis occurred in 1962?
The Cuban Missile Crisis.
What was the outcome of the Greek Civil War?
The communists were defeated in 1949 and fled to Albania.
What did Truman believe about the choice between democracy and communism?
He viewed it as a choice between good and evil.
What happened in Hungary during the elections of 1945 and 1947?
Communists were elected but did not gain enough power; in the next election, they manipulated the results to secure control.
What was the nature of the elections held in Bulgaria, Romania, and eastern Germany?
They were 'free' elections, but voters were frightened into voting for Communist Party candidates.
What form did the reports from embassies take in 1946?
Telegram messages.
What significant event occurred in 1953?
Stalin died.
What was the state of relations between East and West by the end of the 1940s?
Relations remained poor.
What event marked the beginning of Soviet satellite states in Eastern Europe?
The Soviet Red Army's liberation of countries from Nazi control in 1944 and 1945.
What does the cartoon 'The Big Fourth' symbolize?
The potential dangers of future wars unless agreement on world policy is reached.
What event marked the communist takeover of Czechoslovakia?
The overthrow of President Eduard Benes in February 1948.
What was the purpose of the Truman Doctrine announced in March 1947?
To provide support to countries resisting communism, marking a significant shift in U.S. foreign policy.
Which countries were under Soviet influence in Eastern Europe?
Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania, Albania, and Yugoslavia.
What term did Churchill use to describe the division between East and West in Europe?
Iron Curtain.
What was Stalin's strategy to protect the Soviet Union?
Establishing communist governments in countries on his western border.
What does the British cartoon from 1947 suggest about the USA's role in Western Europe?
It suggests that the USA needs to 'prop up' Western Europe.
How did the USA respond to the Berlin blockade?
They broke the blockade.
What economic organization was established in 1949?
Comecon.
What was the main goal of the USA's policy of containment?
To prevent the spread of communism.
What is a satellite state?
A nation that was once independent but is now under the control of another, particularly during the Cold War, referring to countries under Soviet control.
What significant event occurred at Woolwich Docks in London in 1949?
Caribbean sugar sent under the Marshall Plan was being unloaded.
What policy did the American government adopt in response to Kennan's Long Telegram?
A determined policy of containment to stop the spread of communism.
What major event occurred in 1948 that affected Berlin?
Berlin Blockade.
How did the Marshall Plan support the Truman Doctrine?
It provided economic aid to help rebuild European economies, making communism less attractive.
What are the five areas of content covered in the book?
Reasons for the Cold War, Early developments in the Cold War (1945–49), The Cold War in the 1950s, Three crises (Berlin, Cuba, Czechoslovakia), The Thaw and moves towards Détente (1963–72).
What were the reasons for the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968?
To maintain control over its satellite states and prevent the spread of reforms that could threaten Soviet authority.
How did Churchill's speech and Novikov's telegram affect US-Soviet relations?
Both increased tensions and led the Soviet Union to strengthen its forces and anti-Western propaganda.
What did Kennan believe about the Soviet Union's response to strong resistance?
He believed it would soften its position if faced with strong resistance.
What was the purpose of the Marshall Plan?
To provide economic aid to war-torn countries to prevent communism from taking over in Western Europe.
What treaty was signed in 1967?
The Outer Space Treaty.
What was the USA's foreign policy before WWII?
Isolationism, which was abandoned after the war.
What was the outcome of the communist takeover in Czechoslovakia in February 1948?
The overthrow of President Eduard Benes and the establishment of a communist government under Klement Gottwald.
Why did Stalin want to maintain control over Eastern European countries after WWII?
To create a buffer zone between the Soviet Union and Germany.
What was the impact of the Berlin Blockade set up in June 1948?
It heightened tensions between the East and West and led to the establishment of NATO.
What military alliance did the USA form a year after the Berlin blockade?
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization).
What economic conditions in Europe made communism appealing?
Many countries were in ruins after WWII, leading poorer members of society to favor wealth redistribution.
Which countries were helped by the Marshall Plan?
Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, and West Germany.
Why did Stalin want to maintain control over Eastern European countries after World War II?
To create a buffer zone between the Soviet Union and Germany.
What major event occurred in 1969?
The first man landed on the Moon.
What significant event took place in 1972?
Nixon visited Beijing and Moscow; SALT 1 was signed.
What was the impact of the Truman Doctrine announced in March 1947?
It signaled a commitment by the USA to contain the spread of communism, worsening relations with the Soviet Union.
