1. Intorduction of health promotion_2404_student_r

To collaborate with other healthcare professionals.

Ill health is the experience of disease plus illness.

It focuses on enabling individuals to take control of their health.

Acting as a key player in intersectoral collaboration.

Information and understanding, such as through leaflets and visual displays.

To help clients develop decision-making and problem-solving skills.

Evaluating any health behavioral change after the intervention.

Skills development, using methods like role play and demonstration.

Increase in knowledge.

Nurse capacity contributes to client capacity in health management.

To enable them to promote health and assume self-care.

To reduce morbidity and premature mortality by identifying those at risk from disease.

It has a huge range of meanings.

It focuses on three aspects of learning: cognitive, affective, and behavioral.

To enhance the well-being and health of individuals and communities.

It may contribute to health promotion.

Quality of life and the ability to contribute meaningfully to society.

Bottom-up strategy.

By helping them build capacity to control their own health and make healthy life choices.

As researchers.

As advocators.

Encouraging breastfeeding.

Consumerism.

They promote advocacy.

Recognize and understand their powerlessness.

A positive state experienced by individuals and societies.

For the development of evidence-based practice.

Group discussions and one-to-one counseling.

In diverse settings.

Assessing health needs of individuals.

A 'top to down' approach.

It relies on patient compliance with preventive medical procedures.

Mass media campaigns.

Preventing the onset of illness and disease.

Immunization or reducing exposure to risk factors.

To prevent and control non-communicable diseases (NCD) in Hong Kong.

To provide information and facts, and to develop relevant skills for individuals to make knowledgeable choices about their health.

They must feel strongly enough to want to change their situation.

They need information, support, and life skills.

Promoting health in various settings such as schools, workplaces, hospitals, and communities.

To build health promotion capacity.

They provide knowledge and skills to individuals to make informed health choices.

Relevant knowledge and expertise.

Changes in public and social policies conducive to promoting the health of the population.

Absent of disease or illness.

A state of poor health when there is some disease or impairment, but not usually serious enough to curtail all activities.

Preventing the progression of illness and disease through early diagnosis.

It facilitates better partnerships, resulting in better treatment outcomes.

Disseminate research findings to build a scientific database for evidence-based practice.

As educators.

Treatment of diseases to prevent complications and premature death.

Increasing knowledge in self-care of hypertension management.

For the continuous improvement of future activities.

Critical thinking and critical action.

Tackling alcohol-related harm.

Tobacco control.

A state of complete physical, mental, social, and spiritual well-being.

Skills necessary to access, assess, and use information in making life choices.

Patient-centered care.

Effectiveness and potentially damaging long-term effects.

It is derived from the Old English word 'hael'.

The highest attainable level of health for all people.

Guidelines for good nursing practice in health promotion.

1.8 times higher in the most deprived areas.

People with low health literacy experience worse health outcomes due to poor knowledge of health conditions, affecting disease prevention behavior and personal health management.

Historical and contemporary injustices or socioeconomic disadvantage.

Whole populations or high-risk groups.

By partnering with other interested parties.

Specialised skills and competence through continuous learning.

To educate patients about healthy lifestyle choices.

By raising awareness of changing health determinants and individual responsibilities.

Both are resources for daily life.

By providing information and education.

To encourage individuals to adopt healthier behaviors.

By providing counseling and support for healthy behaviors.

Healthy individuals.

Basic skills in reading and writing that enable individuals to function effectively in everyday situations and make informed health decisions.

Healthy-appearing individuals with subclinical forms of the disease.

It concerns 'the whole person' and their integrity, soundness, or well-being.

Health is a state of complete physical, social, and mental well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

The social, psychological, and medical aspects of health.

An individual’s ability to fulfill societal roles (occupational or familial roles).

It enhances their capacity for making informed choices on health issues and better access to health services and resources.

To inspire individuals to adopt healthy lifestyle behaviors, use preventive health services, and take responsibility for their own health.

Because it views health as an individual asset.

An approach that focuses on increasing knowledge about health-related topics.

Caregiver.

A method that persuades people to change health behaviors.

Quitting smoking or changing eating habits.

A nurse should advocate for community development and social involvement.

Smoke-free legislation.

Advice or counseling.

On 21 November 1986.

The rise in complementary therapies.

Screening like Papanicolaou (Pap) smear or cancer screening.

Reduction in disease rates and associated mortality.

It examines health inequalities in Hong Kong.

Yes, if they can fulfill their societal roles.

Lower levels of health literacy are much more common among the socially and economically disadvantaged.

Managerialism and reforms enhancing the power of managers to control clinicians' activities.

People from Pakistani and Bangladeshi backgrounds.

Only 17%.

Reducing morbidity and mortality.

The results may appear to be vague.

Policy or environmental level.

It focuses on changing organizational levels and developing policies and laws.

People sometimes want to be told what to do.

The protection of population health.

Reducing obesity.

To assess patients' health needs and risks.

The root causes of ill-health.

To tailor information to meet the diverse needs of patients.

The concept of fairness in relations between individuals in society.

Reducing further disability and suffering in those already ill.

Patient-centered care and shared decision making.

The foundational concepts and principles of health promotion.

Genetics and physiological factors.

Relationships, employment, and income.

Optimal health for all groups.

As the failure to respond to changes to maintain stability (adaptation).

By conducting research on health promotion information and programmes.

Role model.

The physical, social, and fiscal environment.

Strategies for evaluating their effectiveness and health outcomes.

By participating in community health initiatives and programs.

Nutritional standards of school meals.

Advocacy, negotiation, networking, and facilitation.

At different stages of their lives.

The first international conference on health promotion.

Health Inequalities in Hong Kong: A Life Course Approach.

Cognitive ability and personal skills.

An umbrella term incorporating aspects of disease prevention, health education, and cultural, social, and political development.

Persuasion through one-to-one advice or counseling and mass media campaigns.

Disease prevention, health education, cultural, social, and political development.

Factors outside the body, such as viral infections.

Factors inside the body, such as inadequate thyroid function.

As physiological systems with related functions.

To bring about changes in the physical, social, and economic environment to promote healthy eating.

To improve health and prevent disease through education and community engagement.

To upkeep knowledge of health promotion.

By assessing the extent to which specific aims have been met.

To help people identify their own concerns and gain the skills and confidence to take greater control over their health.

Changing societal behavior in physical, social, and economic environments.

Clinical interventions to prevent disease.

Social, economic, and environmental conditions.

They involve the community in identifying health needs and developing solutions.

As a human right.

To adopt various health promotion strategies.

Enhancing mental well-being.

Implementation of healthy public policy, lobbying, and legislation.

Coordinator / Case manager.

Help individuals understand their responsibilities in controlling health determinants.

It aims to influence policies that affect health outcomes at local, national, and global levels.

To seize every opportunity to teach healthy lifestyles.

Desisting from smoking, adopting a healthy diet, and undertaking regular exercise.

By promoting access to health resources and services.

Leader / member of a profession.

Acute and chronic illnesses and injuries.

By using telehealth and digital resources to reach patients.

Advanced skills that allow an individual to obtain, extract, and derive meaning from health information and apply it to changing circumstances.

Screening or individual risk assessment, such as measuring body mass index.

To encourage individuals to take responsibility for their own health and adopt healthier eating habits.

Health promotion strategies within nursing practice.

It may lead to adverse consequences, such as incorrect medication usage and increased risk of medication-related complications.

To help people identify their own concerns and gain skills and confidence for healthy eating.

Advocacy, negotiation, networking, and facilitation.

Medicine acts as surveillance through mass screening programs.

No, it is not intended to motivate people in certain directions, but hopes to lead them to an outcome.

Yes, it is still dominant in many health care settings.

Disease refers to the pathological condition, while illness is the subjective experience of that condition.

Health encompasses physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease.

The individual assumes the sick role and tries alternatives to relieve symptoms.

Empowering individuals and communities to take control of their health.

Health promotion encompasses broader strategies to improve health at the community level, while health education focuses on individual knowledge and skills.

Wellbeing, community empowerment, and participation.

Clients or their families are obliged to seek competent help.

There may be task reassignments and increased demands on time.

They include personal behaviors, knowledge, awareness, and skills that can enable change.

Avoidable and unfair differences in health status between groups of people based on socio-economic status or gender.

Issues include obesity, mental health, substance abuse, and access to healthcare.

From individual to community.

Employment influences income, self-esteem, and overall health.

Financial problems due to increased demands and changes in roles.

Providing information and skills to individuals to make informed health choices.

1. Poor communication between health worker and client 2. Clients' lack of compliance with prescribed treatment regimen.

Conditions such as pollution levels, standards of living, and the labor market.

A positive sense of purpose and an underlying belief in one’s own worth.

Egger, Spark, & Donovan.

Poor quality of communication.

Yes, it can vary based on cultural contexts.

Physical, social, and mental well-being.

CUHK Institute of Health Equity.

Health is defined as the absence of disease and illness.

To become a facilitator.

Increasing knowledge will lead to a change in attitudes, which may result in a change in behavior.

Continuous readjustment to life’s stressful demands.

It eases the burden on the healthcare system and allows for better allocation of resources.

Expert authority model derived from medicine and education.

To inform and empower individuals to make healthier choices.

Clients become empowered.

It emphasizes the absence of disease and the biological aspects of health.

The key concepts of health include physical, mental, and social well-being.

Medical care contact occurs when symptoms persist despite home remedies, motivating the individual to seek professional health services.

Deservingness for surgery may be linked to lifestyle factors.

By improving access to health services.

Preventing and treating diseases through medical interventions.

Increased stress and feelings of loneliness due to separation.

Social factors significantly influence health outcomes, including living conditions, sanitation, and nutrition.

Because people's explanations for their health and illness are complex.

Health education.

They are considered structural determinants that negatively affect health.

To stay healthy, I need to get enough sleep and manage stress effectively.

The ability to feel, recognize, and express feelings, as well as to develop and sustain relationships.

My health improves when I engage in regular physical activity and eat nutritious foods.

The ability to maintain harmonious relationships with other members of society.

A strategy focused on reducing disease rates and associated mortality.

It helps individuals make informed life choices.

Symptomatic patients.

People with low health literacy do not benefit as much due to difficulty in reading health information and instructions.

Rehabilitation, patient education, or palliative care.

People may be unaware of the launch of cancer screening programs due to insufficient media coverage or unclear health messages from healthcare workers.

Antibiotics and immunization programs (e.g., smallpox).

Predicting illness.

A state of well-being.

It steered health promotion away from individual behavior change models towards a socio-ecological approach.

They may invite new forms of control in the name of health.

The ability to obtain, process, and understand basic health information and services needed to make informed health decisions.

To act as a facilitator and enabler rather than an expert.

It may induce a higher rate of hospitalization and emergency care.

Health as mental and physical fitness.

Housing, water, sanitation, air and food pollution, waste disposal, and pest control.

The individual to the surrounding community.

As a dynamic, growing process.

To work towards informed choices.

Doctors and health workers contribute to ill health and create harm (iatrogenesis).

It can lead to increased awareness and understanding of one's health.

It is often criticized for neglecting the psychological, social, and environmental factors that influence health.

They provide support and influence within communities that can sustain or damage health.

The whole being of the individual.

It includes assessing needs, setting goals, developing strategies, and evaluating outcomes.

By promoting better health of self, family members, and the wider community.

I am healthy because I prioritize my physical and mental well-being.

Life expectancy and quality of life.

Health mirrors the distribution of material resources within society.

The distribution of wealth, income, housing, and employment.

Increasing insurance premiums for smokers.

To achieve Health for All by the year 2000 and beyond.

Health promotion: planning & strategies.

It emphasizes medicine's role in determining health.

An objective state of ill health characterized by the existence of some pathology or abnormality of the body.

A political and philosophical theory.

A creative process focused on resilience and adaptability.

Provision of information, exploration of attitudes, and development of skills.

This is a question posed by the Role Performance Model, suggesting that fulfillment of roles is key to health.

The ability to read and understand basic health information.

The ability to engage in discussions and communicate effectively about health.

To identify the 'abnormal' few with 'invisible' diseases.

Symptom experience, where an individual recognizes physical discomfort or a limitation in functioning.

It exacerbated existing inequalities, particularly affecting deprived areas and certain ethnic minority groups.

It provides a comprehensive view of health as the realization of human potential.

1. Health as not-ill 2. Health as physical fitness, vitality 3. Health as social relationships 4. Health as function 5. Health as psychosocial well-being.

They help identify the client's needs.

Skills and confidence to make health-related changes.

They are crucial for understanding how individuals can change their behaviors to improve health outcomes.

It aims to enhance well-being and prevent diseases through education and lifestyle changes.

Information related to health and lifestyle changes.

Health as personal strength.

To empower individuals to make health-related decisions.

It focuses on the overall well-being and fulfillment of an individual, beyond just the absence of disease.

An umbrella term incorporating aspects of disease prevention, education, cultural, social, and political development.

Health education aims to inform and empower individuals to make healthier choices.

Through safety and security, human rights, participation, and economic development.

It may subvert human autonomy.

It affects access to healthcare, nutrition, and living conditions.

Enabling individuals and communities to take control of their health.

Developing personal skills.

It often overlooks the role of social factors in determining health.

Health promotion encompasses a broader range of activities, including disease prevention and social development, while health education focuses specifically on teaching about health.

It helps individuals accurately interpret health information and make informed decisions about their health.

As a means of social control.

The freedom of clinicians to make decisions based on their professional judgment and specialist knowledge.

A life course approach.

Cultural and political involvement.

Planned opportunities for people to learn about health and make changes in their behavior.

Development of organizational policy and implementation of healthy public policy.

Agent, Host, Environment.

It primarily focuses on the biological and physiological aspects of health and disease.

It typically emphasizes diagnosis and treatment of specific diseases using medical interventions.

As a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being.

They decide the nature of the intervention and try to ensure compliance.

Education level, socioeconomic status, and access to information.

Family network, hazardous social environment, and ethnic minorities.

Illness is not purely a biological state but has a social dimension.

The link between health and the way a society is structured, including infrastructure like shelter, peace, food, income, and social integration.

They influence health outcomes and include factors like genetics, behavior, environment, and healthcare access.

To facilitate people to make their own choices about health behavior.

The importance of good-quality housing, transport, sanitation, pure water facilities, and sustainability of the planet.

Health is often defined as the absence of disease or illness.

The medicalization of life that creates unrealistic health demands, leading to a loss of coping and the right to self-care.

No, illness is not a kind of diagnosis.

Adapting to main structural integrity and harmony with social and physical environments.

Engaging patients actively in their own health education.

How individual beliefs and attitudes influence health behaviors.

To facilitate healthier choices and lifestyles.

Healthy behavior developed in a voluntary fashion.

The highest level of skills to critically analyze and use information to exert greater control over life events and situations.

Equal access to wealth, opportunities, and social privileges.

Increase in the percentage of the target population being screened or immunized.

To increase knowledge and develop skills about healthy eating.

Valuing all individuals and populations equally.

Health is defined as the absence of disease or injury.

1. Basic / Functional health literacy 2. Interactive / Communicative health literacy 3. Critical health literacy

Personality, self-esteem, and coping.

By helping them identify what they need to recognize and act on in their body and environment.

To control and regulate expenditure.

Identify their concerns and work together to plan a programme of action.

Clients are not held responsible for their condition and are excused from certain social roles and tasks.

3 to 5%.

The health educator or doctor.

To identify the presence of a disease based on clinical and laboratory findings.

The second level of intervention aimed at early detection and treatment of disease.

Nearly 9 out of 10 Americans.

No, it goes beyond the health sector to include well-being.

Evidence-based practice is central, relying on scientific research and clinical trials to guide treatment decisions.

They struggle with understanding health-related information.

It includes choices related to nutrition, stress management, physical fitness, preventive health care, and emotional health.

A condition that prevents self-actualization.

Ill health caused by ineffective and unsafe medical interventions, such as side effects of prescribed medicine or cross-infection in hospitals.

Health promotion focuses on enhancing well-being, while disease prevention aims to reduce the risk of illness.

Women have a greater willingness to consult a GP, while men are less likely to participate in national bowel cancer screening programs.

Through active listening, surveys, and community engagement.

Community mobilization, development and empowerment, networking, coalition building, lobbying, policy development, and formulating legislation.

Access to GP services can vary significantly between different groups.

They are resilient and hardy.

Ecologic Model.

An expert-led, 'top-down' approach.

Participation in health screening is lower in people with low literacy.

Primary prevention, secondary prevention, and tertiary prevention.

Individuals tend to participate in unhealthy lifestyles or delay treatment.

Principles include understanding the learner's needs, creating a supportive environment, and using appropriate teaching methods.

The first level of intervention aimed at preventing disease before it occurs.

When the three elements are in balance.

Random drug testing.

It can lead to changes in belief and body image.

Better health is strongly associated with higher income; poverty affects dietary intake, hazard exposure, access to healthcare services, self-care, and habits.

Health as a commodity.

Factors that influence the health status of individuals or populations.

Cold and damp housing has been shown to contribute to illness.

To assess their effectiveness and improve future health initiatives.

Health literacy is the ability to obtain, process, and understand basic health information.

Recovery or rehabilitation, where the individual resumes normal activities and responsibilities.

As a state of feeling ill or a period of sickness that affects an individual's body or mind.

I feel healthy when I maintain a balanced diet and exercise regularly.

Improvements in sanitation and nutrition lead to a reduction in mortality.

Strengthening community action.

It integrates biological, psychological, and social factors in understanding health.

They can impact exposure to pollutants, access to clean water, and safe housing.

Genetic predispositions can influence susceptibility to certain diseases.

Because they are influenced by systemic factors and socio-economic conditions.

An event affected my health by motivating me to participate in a wellness program.

It involves legislative, organizational, or regulatory changes that promote health.

Vaccine hesitancy.

Self-responsibility.

Examples include quitting smoking.

Age, gender, and genes.

By motivating and persuading people to make changes in their lifestyle.

To achieve a state of well-being.

Fulfillment and complete development (actualization).

Management of health.

Community involvement is crucial for identifying health needs and implementing effective health promotion strategies.

As a condition of actualization and realization of people's potential.

Taking known risks, such as binge drinking.

It emphasizes that health promotion goes beyond healthy lifestyles to encompass well-being.

Partnering with healthcare providers can empower health literacy.

Decisions related to termination of pregnancy, assisted reproduction, neonatal care, and euthanasia.

It can lead to suffering, distress, and a decrease in quality of life.

It helps patients understand their conditions and adhere to treatment plans.

Goal-directed behaviors, competent self-care, and satisfying relationships with others.

To enhance the health and well-being of individuals and communities.

Normal illness (e.g., childhood infections), real illness (e.g., cancer), and health problems (e.g., ageing, allergies).

It may create unrealistic health demands and lead to a loss of coping and self-care rights.

They may result in a loss of autonomous coping skills in dealing with pain, suffering, and death.

Ageing or allergies.

Legislation on food advertising and labeling.

Non-directive, client-centered approaches.

Relief of signs and symptoms of disease and elimination of malfunction and pain.

A range of activities and interventions that enable people to take greater control over their health.

Raising awareness of health issues and factors contributing to ill health.

Health as an ideal state.

A ban on tobacco sponsorship.

Structural determinants of health.

Through assessments, surveys, and analysis of health data.

Factors that influence health status based on genetics and biological makeup.

It focuses on an individual's ability to perform social roles and fulfill responsibilities.

The third level of intervention aimed at reducing the impact of an ongoing illness or injury.

Ecological sustainability, holism, and interdependency.

To decide if the intervention is effective.

Peace, shelter, education, food, income, a stable ecosystem, sustainable resources, social justice, and equity.

Social, economic, environmental, and genetic factors.

Social expectations dictate that the sick should seek help and attempt to recover.

Building healthy public policy.

They affect access to facilities and services that are essential for health.

Education, employment, income, housing, and geographic location.

Common approaches include community engagement, policy advocacy, and individual behavior change.

Profound inequalities in income and wealth are associated with persistent inequalities in health.

Childhood infections.

Age, sex, race, sexual orientation, and disability.

Acceptance and ability to achieve a satisfactory expression of one’s sexuality.

By disseminating health information and shaping public perceptions.

Client-centered counselling.

8%.

Regulations governing food labeling.

By providing individuals with knowledge and skills to make informed health choices.

Personal choice, regardless of whether the choices are agreeable to the healthcare promoter.

Clients are obliged to try to get well as quickly as possible.

It empowers individuals to make informed health choices, leading to better health outcomes.

Medical, Behavioural, Educational, Empowerment, and Social change.

It enhances the effectiveness of health initiatives and ensures they meet local needs.

Determinants of health include genetics, behavior, environmental factors, and healthcare access.

Doctors hold a powerful position as they make diagnoses and influence critical life decisions.

Health is seen as the ability to adapt to changes and challenges in the environment.

Through education, clear communication from healthcare providers, and accessible health resources.

Poverty and social status.

As 'coping' mechanisms or forms of escape.

They influence access to resources, healthcare, and overall well-being.

Health literacy, self-efficacy, self-esteem, and coping skills.

The body.

They argue that medicine operates beyond its legitimate area of authority.

Nurses are responsible for educating patients, advocating for health policies, and promoting healthy behaviors.

I become unhealthy when I neglect my diet and skip exercise.

About 10%.

To assess the effectiveness and impact of the interventions.

Increasing people's control over their own lives.

They encompass the understanding of health as a state of well-being, the process of educating individuals about health, and the strategies to enhance health in communities.

The ability to critically analyze information and make informed health decisions.

Individuals, families, communities, or whole populations.

There is a relationship between mortality and morbidity and social class.

Personal, social, political, and institutional resources, as well as physical capacities.

By adding capacity for decision-making.

Medicine is seen as a powerful means of social control through categories like disease, illness, madness, and deviancy.

It is a subjective experience that can be positive or negative.

Assuming a dependent role, where the individual follows the prescribed treatment plan and adjusts to their daily schedule.

The subjective experience of loss of health, often described in terms of symptoms like pains or aches.

Workshops, seminars, printed materials, and digital resources.

Changing individual behaviors to improve health outcomes.

They are systemic, avoidable, unfair, unjust, and sustained over time and generations.

To assess effectiveness, improve future initiatives, and ensure resources are used efficiently.

Ecologic Model.

The loss of autonomous coping skills in dealing with pain, suffering, and death, often due to unrealistic expectations generated by medicine.

Five priority action areas.

Creating supportive environments and policies that promote health.

To identify the health needs of a population to inform health promotion strategies.

Between 16% and 65%.

Adapting strategies to fit the specific context and audience.

Preparing health information brochures, pamphlets, videos, and delivering lectures.

Cancer.

A person affected my health by encouraging me to adopt healthier habits.

School-based awareness programs and exercise classes.

Identifying concerns of groups and planning a program of action.

One-to-one, group of people, organization level, and community level.

Setting clear, measurable objectives.

Community projects.

Recognition and practice of moral or religious principles and having a sense of purpose in life.

Adjusting health services to focus more on prevention and health promotion.

I am responsible for my health by making informed choices.

A situation affected my health by creating stress that led to unhealthy eating.

It addresses health needs at different life stages to improve overall health outcomes.