Problems of child growth development and health

Complaints of deficiency, syndromic features, features of intrauterine infection, and metabolic abnormalities.

Physical growth

Hydrocephalus

Development

CHDR contains reference charts for normal growth, normal development, immunization schedule, feeding instructions, and stimulatory activities to improve skills.

Through ultrasound measurements of the fetus's size and growth rate.

At 10 years of age, the upper segment (US) equals the lower segment (LS).

6 months of age

Pain on movement, tenderness, weakness, abnormal gait, arthritis, bony tenderness, neurological features, abnormal appearance, postural abnormalities.

Look for other groups of lymph nodes and evidence of a local cause if it is localized. If generalized, look for evidence of hematological disease, infections, other malignancies, or connective tissue disease.

Oliguria, haematuria, and hypertension.

Malnutrition and hepato renal failure.

Spinal anomalies and incontinence.

Coarse facial features, growth retardation, and developmental delays.

Neurological abnormalities and developmental delay.

Abnormal vital signs, evidence of sepsis, systemic illness, evidence of metabolic derangement, dehydration, malnutrition, signs related to systems, features of organ failure, and signs of abuse.

The most common cause is an autoimmune condition called Hashimoto’s thyroiditis.

Thyroxin.

Some diseases can be prevented by vaccination.

Children are routinely vaccinated against tuberculosis (BCG), diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus (DPT), hepatitis B, Hib, polio (OPV, IPV), measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR).

Jaundice is diagnosed through physical examination and blood tests to measure bilirubin levels.

Signs include difficulty in interacting with others, forming relationships, or managing emotions.

A child's growth is considered normal if it follows the patterns on reference growth curves and falls within the expected range for their age and sex.

Fallot’s, Transposition of the Great Vessels (TGV), complex congenital heart disease (CHD), Eisenmenger's syndrome, and respiratory disease.

A chart that outlines the predicted manner in which children achieve developmental milestones.

Bleeding, bruising, rashes, infection and fever (bone marrow dysfunction), jaundice (haemolytic conditions), pallor, rashes, bleeding tendency, lymphadenopathy, bony tenderness, arthritis, hepatosplenomegaly.

The most common cause of hyperthyroidism in children and adolescents is an autoimmune condition called Grave’s disease.

Shunt, spinal anomalies, neurological abnormalities, developmental delay, evidence of intrauterine infections, features of raised intracranial pressure

They are often smaller and have lower birth weights compared to their gestational age.

Achondroplasia is a genetic disorder that causes short stature with disproportionate limb length.

Children differ from adults in terms of physical size, developmental stages, and physiological functions.

Growth is measured using methods such as height, weight, and head circumference measurements.

Basic examination includes checking vital signs, growth measurements, and a physical assessment of all body systems.

At birth, a baby demonstrates no deliberate fine motor skills; only reflex movements are seen.

All parameters should be increasing with age in parallel to the reference curves.

Growth retardation, overgrowth, developmental delay, manifestations of system abnormalities, fever, and symptoms related to specific systems.

All parameters should be increasing with age in parallel to the reference curves.

Look for systemic features.

Overfeeding, tall for age, generalized fat distribution, no dysmorphic features, normal systems, and normal development.

Cough, difficulty in breathing, rhinorrhoea, dyspnoea, laboured breathing, cyanosis, chest recessions, abnormal respiratory rate, abnormal breath sounds, added sounds

Growth and developmental delay, abnormal sexual maturity, metabolic derangements, obesity

Being underweight, overweight or obese, constipation or changes in bowel habits, being pale or lethargic, tooth decay, poor physical growth.

Signs of hyperthyroidism can include feeling jumpy, fast heartbeat, enlarged thyroid, sweat and sleep problems, big appetite with weight loss, wide-eyed stare, and other problems like fainting and looser stool.

Environmental pollution negatively impacts human growth and development. For example, lead exposure from deteriorated lead-based paint in older housing can harm children by affecting the normal development of the brain and other organs and systems.

diarrhoea, TB, and parasitic diseases, which cause growth retardation.

Respiratory failure and methaemoglobinaemia (rare; unlikely).

Generalized gross oedema.

Parents and caregivers must have good knowledge in preparing clean, tasty, balanced, inexpensive, culturally acceptable, and locally available food.

Decreased energy, appearing swollen or puffy, weight gain without increased appetite, decreased growth rate, muscle soreness, constipation or harder stool less often, brittle hair, and dry skin.

Nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite (LOA), diarrhoea, constipation

To confirm diagnosis, find aetiology, determine extent, identify complications, monitor disease, and monitor treatment.

At birth, the upper segment (US) is greater than the lower segment (LS).

Systemic diseases can manifest dermatologically in children through symptoms like rashes, lesions, and changes in skin color or texture.

Indicators include difficulty in learning, thinking, problem-solving, or understanding concepts.

Factors include genetics, nutrition, environment, and health conditions.

CHDR stands for Child Health Development Record.

Pentavalent 2 (DPT, Hep B, Hib), OPV 2, and IPV (fractional) 2nd dose.

Malnutrition and dehydration, syndromic features, evidence of chronic illnesses, evidence of neglect/abuse.

Intrauterine factors include maternal diseases, infections, toxins (alcohol, tobacco smoke), pregnancy-related issues such as gestational diabetes, pregnancy-induced hypertension, and maternal psychological effects.

Pentavalent 3 (DPT, Hep B, Hib), OPV 3, and IPV (fractional) 3rd dose.

At 3 years, a child can draw circles.

Common treatments for jaundice in infants include phototherapy and, in severe cases, exchange transfusion.

At 12 months, a baby shows a mature pincer grasp.

At 3 years, a child can draw circles.

At 6 months, a baby reaches out for objects.

At 5 years.

After 10 years of age, the lower segment (LS) is greater than the upper segment (US).

Untreated jaundice can lead to serious complications such as kernicterus, which can cause brain damage.

Early intervention can provide support and resources to help children catch up in their development.

At 10 months, a baby shows an immature pincer grasp.

At 18 months, a baby can hold a cup and drink.

It causes the body to produce antibodies that attack and destroy the thyroid gland, leading to reduced production of thyroid hormone.

Atopic dermatitis is a chronic skin condition characterized by itchy, inflamed skin, often presenting in children as red, swollen, and cracked skin.

Excessive fearfulness, extreme behavior (such as aggression or passivity), delayed emotional development, and lack of attachment to the parent or caregiver.

They can manifest as difficulty in speaking, understanding language, or using words to communicate.

At 18 months, a baby can hold a cup and drink.

Oedema, dyspnoea on exertion, cyanosis, pallor, associated congenital anomalies or syndromic features.

Abnormal pulse, BP, heart sounds, murmurs, basal crepitations, liver enlargement.

Sudden changes in behavior, withdrawal from friends or usual activities, anxiety, depression, and unexplained injuries.

At 7 months, a baby will transfer a toy from hand to hand.

At 2 years, a child can scribble with a pen.

At 3 months, a baby can keep/hold an object given to their hand.

At 2 years, a child can scribble with a pen.

Poor hygiene, untreated medical issues, consistent hunger, and inappropriate clothing for weather conditions.

Prevention of diseases is important to ensure normal growth and development in children.

By observing the child's abilities and comparing them to standardized developmental checklists.

Reference growth curves are standardized charts used to compare a child's growth to a population norm.

CHDR provides information on a child's growth measurements, developmental milestones, immunizations, and health screenings.

Determine if the child is ill or well, describe the lesions, assess the extent of distribution, check if the rash is itchy or non-itchy, identify if it has acute or chronic features, and note if it involves the scalp, mucocutaneous membranes, conjunctiva, palms, and soles. Also, look for systemic features such as fever, pallor, jaundice, and joint involvement.

Effective management involves treating existing health issues and implementing strategies to prevent future problems.

Jaundice in newborns is often caused by the immaturity of the liver, which is not yet efficient at processing bilirubin.

Physical growth refers to the increase in size and mass of the body and its organs.

Potential causes include genetic factors, complications during pregnancy or birth, and environmental factors.

At 7 months, a baby will transfer a toy from hand to hand.

DPT and OPV 4th dose.

At 11 years.

GH deficiency can be caused by genetic mutations, damage to the pituitary gland, or unknown factors.

Psoriasis in children typically presents as red, scaly patches on the skin, often on the scalp, elbows, and knees.

Normal developmental milestones include specific physical, cognitive, and social skills that most children achieve by certain ages.

Pentavalent 1 (DPT, Hep B, Hib), OPV 1, and IPV (fractional) 1st dose.

At 12 months, a baby shows a mature pincer grasp.

Measles & Rubella (MR) or MMR 2nd dose.

At birth, with a second dose after 6 months up to 5 years if no scar is present.

At 12 months.

Headache, neurological signs, developmental delay, syndromic features, macrocephaly or microcephaly, sensory and motor deficits, abnormal reflexes, and abnormalities in higher functions.

GH deficiency is a condition where the pituitary gland does not produce enough growth hormone, leading to stunted growth and other health issues.

Common dermatological diseases in children include eczema, psoriasis, impetigo, and atopic dermatitis.

Genetic factors include congenital anomalies of systems.

At 10 months, a baby shows an immature pincer grasp.

A normal healthy child typically shows consistent growth, meets developmental milestones, and has no significant health issues.

At 9 months.

Look for rashes elsewhere, joint swellings, evidence of haemolytic anaemia, cardiac and pulmonary features, hepatosplenomegaly, and renal involvement.

SLE