1st microbio lecture - Essence, History, Taxonomy 2 - converted

Joseph Lister introduced aseptic techniques that involved disinfection of hands using ___ prior to surgery.

Joseph Lister's techniques also included the use of ___ for sterilization.

Many diseases are caused by the growth of ___ in the body and not by sins, bad character, or poverty, etc.

The two major contributors to the germ theory of disease are ___ and ___.

Louis Pasteur showed that ___ caused fermentation and spoilage.

Louis Pasteur disproved the theory of ___ generation of microorganisms.

Louis Pasteur developed a process known as ___.

Louis Pasteur demonstrated what is now known as the ___ Theory of Disease.

Louis Pasteur developed a vaccine for ___.

Robert Koch established ___'s postulates, a sequence of experimental steps that verified the germ theory.

Robert Koch identified the cause of ___, TB, and cholera.

Robert Koch developed ___ culture methods.

Robert Koch was awarded the Nobel Prize in ___ for his contributions to microbiology.

___ is known for the smallpox vaccination developed in 1796.

About ___ years after Jenner, Pasteur demonstrated how vaccinations work.

Pasteur's work involved the creation of ___ strains of bacteria during extended laboratory cultivation.

In ___, Paul Ehrlich developed a synthetic arsenic drug called salvarsan to treat syphilis.

The synthesis of ___ began in the 1930s.

In ___, Alexander Fleming discovered the first antibiotic, Penicillin.

___, ___, ___, ___, and ___ are the main branches of microbiology.

Microbial genetics and molecular biology have led to ___ technology.

The prokaryotic model system used in recombinant DNA technology is ___ .

In 1901, ___ was awarded the Nobel Prize for the development of Diphtheria antitoxin.

The Nobel Prize in 1902 was awarded to ___ for his work on malaria transmission.

___ discovered the TB bacterium and received the Nobel Prize in 1905.

The Nobel Prize in 1908 was awarded to ___ for his research on phagocytes.

In 1945, the Nobel Prize was awarded to Fleming, Chain, and Florey for their discovery of ___.

___ was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1952 for the discovery of Streptomycin.

The Nobel Prize in 1969 was awarded to Delbrück, Hershey, and Luria for their work on ___.

In 1987, ___ received the Nobel Prize for his research on antibody genetics.

___ was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1997 for his work on prions.

In 2005, Marshall and Warren received the Nobel Prize for their discovery of ___ and its relation to ulcers.

The Nobel Prize in 2008 was awarded to Harald zur Hausen for his research on ___ and cervical cancer.

Françoise Barré-Sinoussi and Luc Montagnier were awarded the Nobel Prize for their discovery of ___.

The formal system of taxonomy was originated by ___ ___ ___.

Taxonomy is concerned with ___, which is the orderly arrangement of organisms into groups.

In taxonomy, ___ refers to assigning names to organisms.

The process of discovering and recording traits of organisms for placement into taxonomic schemes is known as ___.

Living organisms are classified into three domains: ___, ___, and ___.

The Domain Eukarya includes the kingdoms ___, ___, and ___.

All organisms evolved from cells that formed over ___ billion years ago.

The DNA passed on from ancestors is described as ___.

The three domains of life include Bacteria, ___, and Eukarya.

___ are true bacteria characterized by peptidoglycan.

Archaea are known for living in ___ environments.

Eukarya are distinguished by having a ___ and organelles.

Morphological characteristics are used for ___ but not for classification.

Differential staining is used for ___ and ___ in bacteria.

Biochemical testing is used for ___ only.

Serology is used for ___ only.

Phage typing is used for ___ only.

Fatty acid profiles are used for ___ only.

Flow cytometry is used for ___ only.

DNA base composition is used for ___ but not for identification.

DNA fingerprinting is used for both ___ and ___.

PCR is used for both ___ and ___.

Nucleic acid hybridization techniques are used for both ___ and ___.

rRNA sequencing is used for ___ but not for identification.

Morphological characteristics are useful for identifying ___.

The process of ___ staining is used in differential staining.

Biochemical tests determine the presence of ___ enzymes.

In numerical rapid identification, the ID value is determined by adding the numbers from each group of ___.

The organism identified with an ID value of 21006 is ___.

Serology involves reactions of microorganisms with specific antibodies: ___ known anti-serum with unknown bacterium.

Serology is useful in determining the identity of strains and species, as well as ___ among organisms.

Phage typing is used for the identification of bacterial species and strains by determining their susceptibility to various ___.

DNA fingerprinting uses the number and sizes of DNA fragments produced by ___ digests to determine genetic similarities.

___ sequencing is a method used in ribotyping.

The ___ can be used to amplify a small amount of microbial DNA in a sample.

The presence or identification of an organism is indicated by ___ DNA.

The process of forming a double-stranded molecule from single strands of DNA or RNA is called ___ hybridization.

In nucleic acid hybridization, the first step involves ___ to separate the strands.

After combining single strands of DNA, the next step is to ___ to allow renaturation.

Complete hybridization indicates that the organisms are ___.

Partial hybridization suggests that the organisms are ___.

No hybridization indicates that the organisms are ___.

A DNA chip can contain hundreds of thousands of synthetic single-stranded DNA sequences unique to different ___ species.

Eucaryotes can be ___ or ___ organisms and have nuclei and membrane-bound organelles.

Viruses are acellular, parasitic particles composed of ___ and ___.

Viruses do not have a ___ membrane.

Bacteria usually have a rigid ___ as their external cell wall.

Fungi have a rigid ___ as their external cell wall.

Antibiotic sensitivity is present in ___ but not in viruses or worms.

Protozoa can reproduce ___ and outside host cells.

Viruses can be classified based on their ___ and arrangement of nucleic acid.

The family of the virus that has a double strand of nucleic acid and an icosahedral symmetry is ___ and the species is ___.

The virus with a double strand of nucleic acid, no envelope, and complex symmetry belongs to the family ___ and the species is ___.

The family of the virus that has a single strand of nucleic acid and no envelope is ___ and the species is ___.

The structure of the virus particle can be classified as ___ or ___ based on the presence of an envelope.

Procaryotes are measured in ___ meters.

Viruses are measured in ___ meters.

Helminths are measured in ___ meters.

___ and ___ each demonstrated the presence of heat resistant forms of some microbes.

Cohn determined these heat resistant forms to be ___.

Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes noted that mothers of home births had ___ infections than those in hospitals.

Procaryotes are microscopic, unicellular organisms that lack ___ and ___ organelles.

Microbiology studies ___ which are too small to be seen with the naked eye.

To view microorganisms, a ___ is needed.

Microorganisms include bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, ___, and algae.

Microorganisms contribute to nutrient production and energy flow by producing ___, ___, ___, ___, ___, and ___.

Microbes play a crucial role in the ___ of organic waste.

In biotechnology and genetic engineering, microbes are used to produce ___, ___, ___, and ___.

Microorganisms can harm us by causing ___ disease.

Approximately ___ different microbes are known to cause diseases.

There are about ___ billion new infections worldwide each year.

The number of deaths from infections worldwide each year is approximately ___ million.

___% of deaths are caused by respiratory infections, making it the largest contributor to infectious disease mortality.

___% of deaths are attributed to AIDS, highlighting its significant impact on global health.

The historical development of microbiology spans over ___ years of contributions by many researchers.

Prominent discoveries in microbiology include microscopy, the scientific method, and the development of ___ microbiology.

One of the key discoveries in the historical development of microbiology is the advancement of ___ techniques.

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek was a Dutch ___ merchant.

He was the first to observe ___ microbes.

Leeuwenhoek's single-lens microscope could magnify objects up to ___X.

___ requires the elimination of all life forms including endospores and viruses.

The process of inserting unknown DNA into a chip allows it to ___ with the DNA on the chip.

The unknown DNA from a patient is separated into single strands, enzymatically cut, and labeled with a ___ dye.

The tagged DNA will bind only to the ___ DNA on the chip.

In the DNA microarray, red indicates a gene expressed in ___ cells, while green indicates a mutated gene expressed in ___ cells.

In Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (FISH), a ___ or ___ probe is added that is attached to a fluorescent dye.

FISH can be used to identify ___ species, such as S. aureus.

In binomial nomenclature, each microbe has two names: the ___ which is always capitalized, and the ___ which is lowercase.

Both the genus and species names in bacterial nomenclature are ___ or ___ .

An example of a bacterium is ___ ___ (S. aureus), where the first part is the genus and the second part is the species.

The species name in the binomial nomenclature is always written in ___ case.

Microorganisms can be classified into ___ and ___.

Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis linked infections in maternity wards to physicians coming directly from the ___ room.