HumBio ch3: 3.11-3.12

Newly made (and edited) mRNA.

To attach the correct amino acid to each species of tRNA.

Transcription transfers information from a DNA base sequence to the complementary base sequence of an mRNA molecule.

A gene is a segment of DNA that carries instructions for creating one polypeptide chain.

A protein-coated transport vesicle.

tRNA binds to both an amino acid and an mRNA codon, linking nucleic acids to proteins.

Through complementary base pairing from DNA to mRNA to tRNA.

Centromeres split, and each chromatid becomes a separate chromosome, moving toward opposite poles.

Transcription ends when RNA polymerase reaches a termination signal, releasing the complete mRNA transcript.

The dying cell shrinks into a ball without leaking its contents.

Translation is the process where the information carried by mRNA is decoded to assemble polypeptides.

The A site accepts new tRNA, the P site holds the tRNA with the growing polypeptide chain, and the E site is where tRNA exits the ribosome.

The division of the cytoplasm.

It carries methionine and binds to the start codon AUG on the mRNA.

To the Golgi apparatus.

A sequence of three bases that specifies a particular amino acid.

Death of a cell or group of cells due to injury or disease, leading to swelling and bursting.

The nuclear envelope breaks up.

Energy in the form of ATP and specific protein factors and enzymes.

The cell is briefly binucleate, with two identical nuclei.

miRNAs can interfere with and suppress mRNAs made by certain exons, effectively silencing them.

It snakes through the ER membrane pore into the cistern.

They are three-base sequences on mRNA that correspond to triplets on DNA and specify amino acids.

The entire ribosome shifts its position one codon along the mRNA.

The coding strand has the same sequence as the mRNA (except for U in mRNA instead of T in DNA), while the template strand is used for mRNA synthesis.

RNA polymerase.

A mechanism where each new DNA molecule consists of one old and one new nucleotide strand.

Water is added to the polypeptide chain, hydrolyzing the bond between the polypeptide and the tRNA in the P site.

The spindle breaks down and disappears.

'Eat me' signals.

In the nucleus.

There are 64 possible codons.

The promoter is a special DNA sequence that contains the start point of the gene to be transcribed and specifies the template strand.

Thymine (T) is replaced by uracil (U) in the transcribed mRNA.

Growth of an organ or tissue due to an increase in the size of its cells.

It coils and condenses to form barlike chromosomes.

It holds tRNA and mRNA close together to coordinate the coupling of codons and anticodons.

Messenger RNA (mRNA), Ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and Transfer RNA (tRNA).

Transcription and translation.

The release factor when a stop codon is reached.

siRNAs originate outside the cell and can use an infecting virus’s RNA to interfere with viral replication.

Noncoding DNA gives rise to versatile RNA species that play a role in heredity.

It suggests that cumulative environmental assaults lead to accelerated cell death.

The growing polypeptide bound to the tRNA at the P site is transferred to the amino acid carried by the tRNA in the A site.

It attributes aging to damage caused by free radicals, resulting in diminished energy production.

They recognize and bind specifically to both an mRNA codon and an amino acid.

Identical sets of chromosomes begin to uncoil, a new nuclear envelope forms, and nucleoli reappear.

A rare disease that mimics aging, caused by a defective protein called progerin.

They splice short segments of DNA together, restoring the double helix structure.

It is the start signal for protein synthesis and specifies the amino acid methionine.

The process of 'self-eating' that disposes of unneeded organelles and proteins.

Programmed cell death that eliminates cells with a limited lifespan.

Codon recognition, peptide bond formation, and translocation.

A decrease in size of an organ or body tissue due to loss of normal stimulation or diseases.

Methionine.

It is a key point where a stop signal can halt further growth.

DNA serves as a template for synthesizing mRNA, which is then translated into proteins.

A change in cell size, shape, or arrangement due to chronic irritation or inflammation.

Initiation and elongation.

Initiation, elongation, and termination.

Cytochrome c and other factors leak from the mitochondria into the cytosol.

A complex where multiple ribosomes read the same mRNA simultaneously, producing multiple copies of the same protein.

They slide past each other to force the poles apart.

Pre-mRNA undergoes RNA processing to remove introns.

A pathway that disposes of misfolded, damaged, or unneeded proteins.

It triggers the separation of ribosomal subunits, releasing mRNA and the new polypeptide.

The anticodon of an incoming tRNA binds with the complementary mRNA codon in the A site.

Approximately 20,000.

Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Thymine (T), and Cytosine (C).

A site for incoming aminoacyl-tRNA, P site for the tRNA holding the growing polypeptide, and E site for outgoing tRNA.

Pre-mRNA is the initial mRNA transcript that contains introns and needs further processing before translation.

A phenomenon where normal cells stop proliferating when they begin touching.

Transcription is the process where DNA's information is encoded into mRNA.

Cells are exposed to different chemical signals that influence their development pathways.

To eliminate excess cells produced during development.

It directs the ribosome to attach to the rough ER membrane.

An enzyme clips off the signal sequence.

Gene-activating chemicals called transcription factors must stimulate histones to loosen at the gene transcription site.

It involves two distinct events: mitosis and cytokinesis.

Chromatin.

The division of the cytoplasm, which begins during late anaphase and is completed after mitosis.

The arrival of a stop codon (UGA, UAA, or UAG) in the A site.

It prevents tangling and breaking, ensuring precise distribution to daughter cells.

Microtubules that attach to kinetochores at each chromosome's centromere.

Double-membrane vesicles that contain bits of cytoplasm and unneeded organelles.

They snip out introns and splice together the remaining exon-coded sections to produce functional mRNA.

Cyclins activate or deactivate Cdks, which initiate enzymatic cascades needed for cell division.

Translation.

A contractile ring of actin microfilaments.

The ribosome moves along the mRNA, adding one amino acid at a time to the growing polypeptide.

The imaginary plane midway between the poles where chromosomes align during metaphase.

Two identical threads held together at the centromere.

They unleash a torrent of digestive activity that initiates apoptosis.

They trigger the separation of chromatids from each other.

Mitosis.

It marks proteins for destruction by attaching to them.

It moves to the P site.

Signal recognition particle (SRP).

The SRP is released after the ribosome is attached to the ER.

Accelerated growth of tissue, such as bone marrow producing red blood cells faster during anemia.

Autophagy disposes of unneeded organelles and proteins, while apoptosis disposes of unneeded cells.

Initiation, elongation, and termination.

It helps protect against problems due to transcription and translation errors.

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

A three-base sequence on tRNA that binds to the corresponding mRNA codon.

Exons are coding regions of a gene, while introns are non-coding sequences that separate exons.

A change in DNA base sequence that may lead to abnormal protein function.

To serve as the master blueprint for protein synthesis.

Cytosol.

Telomerase can lengthen telomeres, contributing to the immortality of cancer cells.

It translates the language of nucleic acids (base sequence) into the language of proteins (amino acid sequence).

The combination of a small ribosomal subunit, initiator tRNA, mRNA, and a large ribosomal subunit at the P site.

Cells act as miniature protein factories that synthesize a variety of proteins.

Sugar groups may be added to the protein.

Interphase.

The arrival of a stop codon (UGA, UAA, or UAG) at the A site.

G1, S, and G2.

It controls the attachment of amino acids to their corresponding tRNA.

RNA acts as a decoder and messenger for the information contained in DNA.

It is the small region where 16–18 base pairs of DNA are unwound and the most recently made RNA is still hydrogen bonded to the template DNA.

The mRNA is degraded when its message is no longer needed.

Centrosomes.

The development of specific and distinctive features in cells.