What is the appearance of a shoulder replacement?
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Shoulder replacements typically consist of a metal ball and a plastic socket.
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What is the appearance of a shoulder replacement?
Shoulder replacements typically consist of a metal ball and a plastic socket.
What is Golfer's Elbow?
A condition caused by minor trauma or repeated strain of the medial epicondyle.
What materials are commonly used in shoulder replacements?
Metal and plastic are commonly used in shoulder replacements.
What are the primary complaints associated with Golfer's Elbow?
Pain over the inner side of the elbow.
What are the major nerves associated with the shoulder?
Axillary, Radial, and Median nerves.
What is the purpose of the metal ball in a shoulder replacement?
The metal ball replaces the head of the humerus bone.
What signs indicate Golfer's Elbow?
Tenderness over the medial epicondyle, aggravated by passive flexion of the wrist.
What age group is most commonly affected by a rotator cuff tear?
Patients aged 45 to 75.
What are the attachment points of the Pectoralis Major muscle?
From the clavicle and sternum to the bicipital groove of the humerus and greater tuberosity.
What is synovectomy?
A surgical procedure to remove the synovial membrane from a joint.
Which artery is known for supplying the shoulder region?
Circumflex humeral artery.
What can help control bursitis, muscle tears, or sprains?
Analgesia.
What bones form the joint in the anatomy discussed?
Humerus, Ulna, and Radius.
What does the plastic socket do in a shoulder replacement?
The plastic socket replaces the glenoid cavity of the shoulder blade.
What is a common cause of acute tendonitis in the supraspinatus tendon?
Deposits of calcium hydroxyapatite.
What is a common presenting complaint (P/C) of a rotator cuff tear?
Immediate pain with inability to abduct the shoulder.
What actions does the Pectoralis Major perform?
Flexes the arm at the clavicular attachment, medially rotates, and abducts the arm.
What does arthroplasty involve?
Surgical reconstruction or replacement of a joint.
What may exacerbate muscle tears or sprains?
Certain positions.
What is another important artery related to the shoulder?
Subscapular artery.
Which joint connects the humerus with the ulna and radius?
The elbow joint.
What is olecranon bursitis?
Swelling that appears as a soft lump on the back of the elbow.
What percentage of olecranon bursitis cases are septic bursitis?
20 - 30%.
What vascular reaction occurs in acute tendonitis?
Swelling and tension in the tendon.
What percentage of bursitis cases are non-septic?
70-80%.
What should you observe when a patient undresses?
Watch for any difficulty taking off the shirt.
What are common pathologies associated with shoulder injuries?
Rotator cuff tears, shoulder impingement, and frozen shoulder.
What is the focus of the Musculoskeletal Education IC3?
Hand and Elbow.
What is a common imaging finding in acute tendinitis?
Calcification above the greater tuberosity on X-ray.
What is the focus of the Musculoskeletal Education IC3 program?
Hand and Elbow.
Which nerves supply the Pectoralis Major muscle?
Medial and lateral pectoral nerves (C5 - C8, T1).
What is arthrodesis?
A surgical procedure that fuses two bones in a joint.
In which demographic does acute tendonitis commonly occur?
Young adults.
What are some risk factors for septic bursitis?
Pre-existing infection, diabetes mellitus (DM), alcoholism.
What is the primary function of the rotator cuff muscles?
To stabilize the shoulder by holding the humeral head in the glenoid socket.
When is rheumatoid arthritis (RA) typically worse?
After prolonged periods of rest.
What is cubitus varus?
A deformity caused by a malunited supracondylar fracture.
What is the first step in diagnosing non-septic bursitis?
Always rule out infection.
What should be considered about post-operative care in social history?
Who will take care of them when they go home post operatively?
What is the normal range of flexion for the shoulder?
150 degrees.
What is a common management option for rotator cuff tears?
Physical therapy and, in severe cases, surgical intervention.
Which institution offers the Musculoskeletal Education IC3?
Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI).
What are common presenting complaints (P/C) of septic bursitis?
Pain, restricted range of motion (ROM), erythema, cellulitis, pyrexia.
What is the primary complaint associated with acute tendonitis?
Aching following overuse that increases in intensity for a few days.
What are the conservative treatment options for acute tendinitis?
Resting the arm in a sling, NSAIDs, and steroid injection.
Which institution offers the Musculoskeletal Education IC3 program?
Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI).
What are common pathologies of the elbow joint?
Conditions such as tennis elbow, golfer's elbow, and elbow bursitis.
What should you find out if analgesia works for a patient?
What they take and how often.
Where do the rotator cuff muscles lie in relation to the shoulder capsule?
They lie outside the shoulder capsule.
What is the first pathological process in Rotator Cuff Disorders?
Degeneration, which involves micro tears developing with increasing age.
What is cubitus valgus?
A deformity resulting from an old displaced or malunited fracture of the lateral condyle.
What is the focus of the Musculoskeletal Education IC3 program?
Hand and Elbow.
What blood test results are indicative of septic bursitis?
Increased white cell count (WCC), positive blood cultures, increased ESR/CRP.
Why is the arm often immobilized in cases of acute tendonitis?
Due to pain and tenderness, making it too sensitive for palpation or movement.
What is the normal range of extension for the shoulder?
0 degrees.
What should you ask about the activity when pain came on?
What were they doing when the pain came on?
What is a potential need for patients after surgery?
They may need to go to a step down facility.
What is Tennis Elbow caused by?
Minor trauma or repeated strain of the lateral epicondyle.
How do the presenting complaints (P/C) of non-septic bursitis compare to septic bursitis?
They are the same but less severe.
What is shoulder impingement?
A condition where shoulder tendons are intermittently trapped and compressed during shoulder movements.
What structures contribute to the stability of the shoulder joint?
Glenoid labrum, ligaments, and rotator cuff muscles.
How does pain affect daily life activities?
It can cause difficulty in tasks like combing hair or lifting groceries.
What is a surgical treatment option for acute tendinitis?
Aspiration to rule out calcified material.
What is the Irish name for the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland?
Coláiste Ríoga na Máinleá in Éirinn.
What is tennis elbow?
A condition characterized by pain on the outer part of the elbow due to overuse of the forearm muscles.
What happens in the degeneration process of Rotator Cuff Disorders?
Scarring and calcification occur in the 'critical zone'.
What is acute tendonitis in the context of rotator cuff disorders?
A sudden inflammation of the rotator cuff tendons.
What bones make up the shoulder joint?
The humerus, scapula, and clavicle.
What is the management for mild septic bursitis?
Simple aspiration and review, oral antibiotics.
What is olecranon bursitis?
A small fluid-filled sac overlying the tip of the olecranon.
Which institution offers the Musculoskeletal Education IC3 program?
Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI).
What are common symptoms of Rheumatoid Arthritis in the shoulder?
Pain in the shoulder with difficulty in tasks such as combing hair.
What injuries might occur if a person fell?
Fractures, rotator cuff tear, hematomas.
What are the treatment options for non-septic bursitis?
NSAIDs, splinting, aspiration, and excision of thickened bursa.
How can a patient's profession impact their shoulder health?
Painters are prone to tendonitis and rotator cuff tears from overuse.
What is the primary treatment for frozen shoulder?
Physical therapy to improve range of motion.
What is the primary complaint (P/C) associated with Tennis Elbow?
Pain over the outer side of the elbow.
Are patients still able to engage in their favorite hobbies despite pain?
This can vary; some may be limited while others may still participate.
What are the four muscles that make up the rotator cuff?
Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres Minor, Subscapularis.
What is golfer's elbow?
A condition causing pain on the inner side of the elbow, often due to repetitive wrist flexion.
What are the two types of deformities to inspect during a physical examination?
Valgus and varus.
How should a patient describe their pain?
By scoring it based on their pain threshold.
What joint is mentioned in the context of the Musculoskeletal Education IC3 program?
The Shoulder.
Which rotator cuff muscle is particularly prone to injury due to trauma?
The supraspinatus.
What is chronic tendonitis also known as?
Impingement syndrome.
What type of joint is the shoulder joint?
A ball-and-socket joint.
What are the two types of rotator cuff tears?
Partial and complete.
What is the management for moderate to severe septic bursitis?
Aspiration with or without incision and drainage, intravenous antibiotics.
What is the primary focus of the history taking for elbow joint issues?
To gather information about symptoms, onset, and any previous injuries.
What is the primary treatment approach for Adhesive Capsulitis?
Conservative treatment.
What does RCSI stand for?
Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland.
What are the two types of olecranon bursitis?
Septic and Non-Septic.
What limitations are observed in active and passive movements in Rheumatoid Arthritis?
Active movements are limited, and passive movements are painful and may have crepitus.
What injuries are associated with playing sports?
Muscle sprain, labral tear, rotator cuff tear, dislocation.
What activities can aggravate the pain of Tennis Elbow?
Pouring tea, turning a stiff door handle, shaking hands, etc.
What role does corticosteroid injection play in managing shoulder pathologies?
It helps reduce inflammation and pain.
Why might athletes seek surgical correction sooner?
They may want surgical correction of dislocations sooner.
Where do the rotator cuff muscles attach?
Three attach to the Greater Tuberosity and Subscapularis attaches to the Lesser Tuberosity.
What might a partner notice regarding a patient's pain?
They may notice that pain is limiting the patient's activities.
What are the signs of chronic tendinitis?
Tenderness below the anterior edge of the acromion and a painful arc between 60 - 120 degrees.
What is elbow bursitis?
Inflammation of the bursa located at the elbow, leading to swelling and pain.
What is the treatment for severe septic bursitis?
Incision and drainage, intravenous antibiotics.
What should be noted regarding scars during inspection?
Previous surgery or incision and drainage (I+D) of the joint.
How does osteoarthritis (OA) typically progress throughout the day?
It worsens as the day goes on.
What is Rotator Cuff Arthropathy?
A condition resulting from a massive untreated rotator cuff tear.
What causes trauma to the supraspinatus?
When it contracts against firm resistance.
What frequently causes partial rotator cuff tears?
Supraspinatus tendonitis.
What is the role of the rotator cuff in the shoulder joint?
To stabilize and support the shoulder joint.
What does a tear in the rotator cuff refer to?
A rupture or damage to one or more of the rotator cuff tendons.
What is an important aspect of the clinical examination of the elbow joint?
Assessing range of motion and stability.
What are some conservative treatments for Adhesive Capsulitis?
Analgesia, NSAIDs, local heat, physiotherapy.
What are some causes of olecranon bursitis?
Pressure/friction, infection, gout, and rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
What are the key X-ray findings in Rheumatoid Arthritis?
Loss of articular space, articular surface erosions, and soft tissue swelling.
What bones make up the elbow joint?
The humerus, radius, and ulna.
What is the Irish translation of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland?
Coláiste Ríoga na Máinleá in Éirinn.
What are the main causes of arthritis?
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), Osteoarthritis (OA), Avascular Necrosis (ANV), Rotator Cuff Arthropathy, and Traumatic causes.
What are the signs of Tennis Elbow?
Tenderness over the lateral epicondyle and pain on resistance to wrist extension.
What is the risk associated with smoking for post-operative patients?
Higher risk of infection and wound breakdown.
What makes the painful arc in chronic tendinitis easier?
External rotation of the arm.
Are patients taking regular analgesia for their pain?
This is an important aspect to assess during history taking.
What injury can result from prolonged exercise?
Rotator cuff tear.
What are the time frames to consider when assessing the onset of pain?
Hours, days, weeks, or years.
What is the primary focus of understanding the anatomy of the shoulder?
To comprehend the structure and function of the shoulder joint.
What happens to the humeral head in Rotator Cuff Arthropathy?
It migrates upwards.
What does muscle wasting indicate during a physical examination?
Loss of innervation.
What are the characteristics of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) pain?
Presents with morning stiffness and lasts more than 30 minutes; may be intermittent initially.
What should be assessed in a patient's past medical history regarding shoulder issues?
Previous injuries or problems with the shoulder.
What type of energy impacts can cause shoulder injuries?
Moderate or high-energy traumatic impacts.
What allows for vascular ingrowth and repair in partial rotator cuff tears?
Intact tendon fibers provide continuity.
What occurs in the vascular pathological process of Rotator Cuff Disorders?
New blood vessels form in an attempt to repair micro tears, leading to congestion and pain.
What is the significance of the glenoid cavity?
It is the socket that holds the head of the humerus in the shoulder joint.
What is adhesive capsulitis commonly referred to?
Frozen shoulder.
What is a common cause of osteoarthritis in uncommon sites?
Usually secondary to trauma.
What is chronic tendinitis commonly referred to as?
Impingement syndrome.
What is a common issue in the late stages of rheumatoid arthritis (RA)?
Instability.
What is the primary function of the Biceps Brachii?
Flexion at the elbow joint and supination at the forearm.
Why is it important to understand the history of elbow joint issues?
It helps in diagnosing the condition and planning treatment.
What type of injection can be used as a treatment for Adhesive Capsulitis?
Steroid injection.
What is the treatment for olecranon bursitis?
Treat the underlying disorder; infections must be drained; occasionally, chronic enlarged bursa can be excised.
What type of joint is the elbow?
A hinge joint.
What are the treatment options for Rheumatoid Arthritis?
Conservative and surgical treatments.
What are the three main nerves supplying the arm?
Radial, Ulnar, and Median.
What does RA stand for in the context of arthritis?
Rheumatoid Arthritis.
What areas of the body are covered in the Musculoskeletal Education IC3 program?
The Shoulder and Elbow.
What does an X-ray show in cases of chronic tendinitis?
Calcification above the greater tuberosity.
What type of joint is the shoulder joint?
Ball and socket joint.
What is the difference between gradual and sudden pain onset?
Gradual pain may indicate RA or OA, while sudden pain often indicates trauma.
What does Avascular Necrosis (AVN) refer to?
Disruption of blood supply to bone.
Does pain affect sleep?
Yes, pain can wake patients up from sleep.
Which condition is associated with palpation of the medial epicondyle?
Golfer's elbow and ulnar nerve issues.
Which structures can wear down due to Rotator Cuff Arthropathy?
Acromion, AC joint, and coracoid.
What is the primary focus of understanding the anatomy of the elbow?
To comprehend the structure and function of the elbow joint.
What should be assessed regarding the nature of pain?
Whether it radiates.
How can previous fractures affect shoulder health?
They may lead to osteoarthritis (OA).
What type of pain is associated with muscle strain or tear?
A constant dull ache.
What is Glenohumeral osteoarthritis usually secondary to?
Prior trauma.
What is one common mechanism of injury to the shoulder?
Fall from height.
What typically causes complete rotator cuff tears?
Sudden strain or as a complication of tendonitis.
What ligaments are important for shoulder stability?
The glenohumeral ligaments and the coracohumeral ligament.
What are biceps tendon lesions?
Injuries or damage to the biceps tendon associated with the shoulder.
What causes anterior instability of the shoulder?
Recurrent shoulder dislocation.
What initiates the vascular response in chronic tendinitis?
Over-use or minor tears of the rotator cuff.
What is an anterior dislocation?
An acute injury where the arm is forced into abduction, external rotation, and extension.
What are the symptoms of ulnar nerve entrapment?
Tingling, numbness, and weakness of the hand.
What does MUA stand for in the surgical treatment of Adhesive Capsulitis?
Manipulation Under Anesthesia.
What is the primary function of the elbow joint?
To allow flexion and extension of the forearm.
What are the primary complaints associated with osteoarthritis?
Pain, stiffness, and possibly ulnar palsy.
Which muscle is the strongest elbow flexor when the palm is pronated?
Brachialis.
What does OA stand for in the context of arthritis?
Osteoarthritis.
What should be included in the examination of the elbow joint?
Inspection, palpation, and functional testing.
Which artery is primarily responsible for blood supply to the arm?
Brachial artery.
What are the conservative treatment options for chronic tendinitis?
NSAIDs and steroid injection (Hydrocortisone).
What is another name for Adhesive Capsulitis?
Frozen shoulder.
What are the common causes of medial elbow pain?
Ulnohumeral joint pathology, golfer’s elbow, fracture, ulnar nerve entrapment.
What are the two conditions associated with Bicipital Tendonitis?
Impingement and Tear.
Which three bones make up the shoulder joint?
Clavicle, Humerus, Scapula.
What are the three heads of the deltoid muscle?
Anterior, lateral, and posterior.
What are some causes of Avascular Necrosis?
Trauma, steroids, alcohol misuse, radiation, and sickle cell disease.
Why is the escape of synovial fluid important in Rotator Cuff Arthropathy?
It is essential for the nutrition of cartilage.
What does anterior shoulder pain indicate?
Bicipital Tendonitis.
What does sharp pain typically indicate?
Muscle strain/tear, fracture, or tendonitis.
What conditions may become aggravated due to past medical history?
Previous bursitis or tendonitis.
What condition is associated with palpation of the lateral epicondyle?
Tennis elbow.
What are common pathologies affecting the shoulder joint?
Rotator cuff tears, shoulder impingement, and arthritis.
How does bursitis pain present?
It may be intermittent.
What happens to proximal fibers in a complete rotator cuff tear?
They may retract and become stuck down.
What is a primary complaint of Glenohumeral osteoarthritis?
Progressive restriction of shoulder movement.
How can a motor vehicle accident affect the shoulder?
It can cause moderate to high-energy traumatic impacts.
What is the function of the glenoid labrum?
It deepens the articular surface of the shoulder joint.
What imaging technique shows a rotator cuff tear?
Ultrasound (US) or MRI.
What causes the impingement of the rotator cuff?
Impingement against the coraco-acromial arch during abduction.
What is a characteristic finding on an X-ray for anterior instability?
Depression in the posteriosuperior part of the humeral head (Hill-Sach lesion).
What do X-rays typically show in cases of osteoarthritis?
Typical signs of osteoarthritis.
What is a surgical option for Adhesive Capsulitis involving the supraspinatus and infraspinatus?
Arthroscopic division of the interval between supraspinatus and infraspinatus.
What are the main ligaments associated with the elbow joint?
The ulnar collateral ligament and radial collateral ligament.
What are the functions of the Brachioradialis?
Flexion at the elbow and aiding in pronation and supination.
Which muscles are affected by ulnar nerve entrapment?
Hypothenar eminence and small muscles of the hand.
What typically causes a posterior dislocation?
Usually due to a violent jerk in an unusual position, such as during an epileptic fit or severe electric shock.
Which nerve is responsible for wrist extension?
Radial nerve.
What is ANV in relation to arthritis?
Avascular Necrosis.
