When is rheumatoid arthritis (RA) typically worse?
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After prolonged periods of rest.
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When is rheumatoid arthritis (RA) typically worse?
After prolonged periods of rest.
What is another name for the Medial Collateral Ligament?
Ulnar Collateral Ligament.
What is the origin of the anterior head of the deltoid?
Clavicle.
What can help control bursitis, muscle tears, or sprains?
Analgesia.
What vascular reaction occurs in acute tendonitis?
Swelling and tension in the tendon.
What materials are commonly used in shoulder replacements?
Metal and plastic are commonly used in shoulder replacements.
What is a common cause of acute tendonitis in the supraspinatus tendon?
Deposits of calcium hydroxyapatite.
What are common pathologies associated with shoulder injuries?
Rotator cuff tears, shoulder impingement, and frozen shoulder.
What should be considered about post-operative care in social history?
Who will take care of them when they go home post operatively?
What is cubitus valgus?
A deformity resulting from an old displaced or malunited fracture of the lateral condyle.
What is a surgical treatment option for acute tendinitis?
Aspiration to rule out calcified material.
How can a patient's profession impact their shoulder health?
Painters are prone to tendonitis and rotator cuff tears from overuse.
What type of joint is the shoulder joint?
A ball-and-socket joint.
What is synovectomy?
A surgical procedure to remove the synovial membrane from a joint.
What is olecranon bursitis?
Swelling that appears as a soft lump on the back of the elbow.
What are some risk factors for septic bursitis?
Pre-existing infection, diabetes mellitus (DM), alcoholism.
Which institution offers the Musculoskeletal Education IC3 program?
Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI).
What is Tennis Elbow caused by?
Minor trauma or repeated strain of the lateral epicondyle.
What is olecranon bursitis?
A small fluid-filled sac overlying the tip of the olecranon.
What are the two types of deformities to inspect during a physical examination?
Valgus and varus.
What limitations are observed in active and passive movements in Rheumatoid Arthritis?
Active movements are limited, and passive movements are painful and may have crepitus.
What is Rotator Cuff Arthropathy?
A condition resulting from a massive untreated rotator cuff tear.
What are the main causes of arthritis?
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), Osteoarthritis (OA), Avascular Necrosis (ANV), Rotator Cuff Arthropathy, and Traumatic causes.
What is the purpose of the metal ball in a shoulder replacement?
The metal ball replaces the head of the humerus bone.
What does arthroplasty involve?
Surgical reconstruction or replacement of a joint.
What is the focus of the Musculoskeletal Education IC3 program?
Hand and Elbow.
Which institution offers the Musculoskeletal Education IC3?
Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI).
Why is the arm often immobilized in cases of acute tendonitis?
Due to pain and tenderness, making it too sensitive for palpation or movement.
What happens in the degeneration process of Rotator Cuff Disorders?
Scarring and calcification occur in the 'critical zone'.
What is the primary focus of the history taking for elbow joint issues?
To gather information about symptoms, onset, and any previous injuries.
What is elbow bursitis?
Inflammation of the bursa located at the elbow, leading to swelling and pain.
What are some causes of olecranon bursitis?
Pressure/friction, infection, gout, and rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
What happens to the humeral head in Rotator Cuff Arthropathy?
It migrates upwards.
What is the primary function of the Biceps Brachii?
Flexion at the elbow joint and supination at the forearm.
What does Avascular Necrosis (AVN) refer to?
Disruption of blood supply to bone.
What ligaments are important for shoulder stability?
The glenohumeral ligaments and the coracohumeral ligament.
What should be included in the examination of the elbow joint?
Inspection, palpation, and functional testing.
What are the major nerves associated with the shoulder?
Axillary, Radial, and Median nerves.
What actions does the Pectoralis Major perform?
Flexes the arm at the clavicular attachment, medially rotates, and abducts the arm.
What is a common imaging finding in acute tendinitis?
Calcification above the greater tuberosity on X-ray.
What is a common management option for rotator cuff tears?
Physical therapy and, in severe cases, surgical intervention.
What blood test results are indicative of septic bursitis?
Increased white cell count (WCC), positive blood cultures, increased ESR/CRP.
What is tennis elbow?
A condition characterized by pain on the outer part of the elbow due to overuse of the forearm muscles.
What is the primary complaint (P/C) associated with Tennis Elbow?
Pain over the outer side of the elbow.
What is the management for moderate to severe septic bursitis?
Aspiration with or without incision and drainage, intravenous antibiotics.
What are the signs of chronic tendinitis?
Tenderness below the anterior edge of the acromion and a painful arc between 60 - 120 degrees.
What are some conservative treatments for Adhesive Capsulitis?
Analgesia, NSAIDs, local heat, physiotherapy.
What is the primary focus of understanding the anatomy of the shoulder?
To comprehend the structure and function of the shoulder joint.
What is a common issue in the late stages of rheumatoid arthritis (RA)?
Instability.
What is the difference between gradual and sudden pain onset?
Gradual pain may indicate RA or OA, while sudden pain often indicates trauma.
What does OA stand for in the context of arthritis?
Osteoarthritis.
What are the three heads of the deltoid muscle?
Anterior, lateral, and posterior.
What is a primary complaint of Glenohumeral osteoarthritis?
Progressive restriction of shoulder movement.
What type of injury can occur during sports that affects the shoulder?
Sports injury.
What are the attachment points of the Pectoralis Major muscle?
From the clavicle and sternum to the bicipital groove of the humerus and greater tuberosity.
Which joint connects the humerus with the ulna and radius?
The elbow joint.
In which demographic does acute tendonitis commonly occur?
Young adults.
What are the conservative treatment options for acute tendinitis?
Resting the arm in a sling, NSAIDs, and steroid injection.
What is a potential need for patients after surgery?
They may need to go to a step down facility.
What is the management for mild septic bursitis?
Simple aspiration and review, oral antibiotics.
What is golfer's elbow?
A condition causing pain on the inner side of the elbow, often due to repetitive wrist flexion.
What are the two types of olecranon bursitis?
Septic and Non-Septic.
How does osteoarthritis (OA) typically progress throughout the day?
It worsens as the day goes on.
What is the Irish translation of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland?
Coláiste RÃoga na Máinleá in Éirinn.
What should be assessed in a patient's past medical history regarding shoulder issues?
Previous injuries or problems with the shoulder.
What is the treatment for olecranon bursitis?
Treat the underlying disorder; infections must be drained; occasionally, chronic enlarged bursa can be excised.
Which structures can wear down due to Rotator Cuff Arthropathy?
Acromion, AC joint, and coracoid.
What initiates the vascular response in chronic tendinitis?
Over-use or minor tears of the rotator cuff.
What are the functions of the Brachioradialis?
Flexion at the elbow and aiding in pronation and supination.
What age group is most commonly affected by a rotator cuff tear?
Patients aged 45 to 75.
What is another important artery related to the shoulder?
Subscapular artery.
What is arthrodesis?
A surgical procedure that fuses two bones in a joint.
What is the primary complaint associated with acute tendonitis?
Aching following overuse that increases in intensity for a few days.
What should you ask about the activity when pain came on?
What were they doing when the pain came on?
What bones make up the shoulder joint?
The humerus, scapula, and clavicle.
What are the four muscles that make up the rotator cuff?
Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres Minor, Subscapularis.
What does RCSI stand for?
Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland.
What should be noted regarding scars during inspection?
Previous surgery or incision and drainage (I+D) of the joint.
What bones make up the elbow joint?
The humerus, radius, and ulna.
What are the characteristics of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) pain?
Presents with morning stiffness and lasts more than 30 minutes; may be intermittent initially.
What type of injection can be used as a treatment for Adhesive Capsulitis?
Steroid injection.
Which condition is associated with palpation of the medial epicondyle?
Golfer's elbow and ulnar nerve issues.
What causes anterior instability of the shoulder?
Recurrent shoulder dislocation.
Which artery is primarily responsible for blood supply to the arm?
Brachial artery.
What are some causes of Avascular Necrosis?
Trauma, steroids, alcohol misuse, radiation, and sickle cell disease.
How can a motor vehicle accident affect the shoulder?
It can cause moderate to high-energy traumatic impacts.
What are the main ligaments associated with the elbow joint?
The ulnar collateral ligament and radial collateral ligament.
What are the primary complaints associated with Bicipital Tendonitis due to Impingement?
Pain and tenderness localized to the bicipital groove.
What does the acronym SITS stand for in the context of the rotator cuff?
Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres Minor, Subscapularis.
What is the role of the synovial membrane in the elbow joint?
To produce synovial fluid for lubrication.
What are the primary complaints associated with Golfer's Elbow?
Pain over the inner side of the elbow.
What is a common presenting complaint (P/C) of a rotator cuff tear?
Immediate pain with inability to abduct the shoulder.
What is the focus of the Musculoskeletal Education IC3?
Hand and Elbow.
What is the normal range of flexion for the shoulder?
150 degrees.
What is the focus of the Musculoskeletal Education IC3 program?
Hand and Elbow.
What is the Irish name for the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland?
Coláiste RÃoga na Máinleá in Éirinn.
What is the primary treatment for frozen shoulder?
Physical therapy to improve range of motion.
What are the two types of rotator cuff tears?
Partial and complete.
What might a partner notice regarding a patient's pain?
They may notice that pain is limiting the patient's activities.
What is an important aspect of the clinical examination of the elbow joint?
Assessing range of motion and stability.
What are the time frames to consider when assessing the onset of pain?
Hours, days, weeks, or years.
What is chronic tendinitis commonly referred to as?
Impingement syndrome.
What type of joint is the shoulder joint?
Ball and socket joint.
What typically causes complete rotator cuff tears?
Sudden strain or as a complication of tendonitis.
Which muscle is the strongest elbow flexor when the palm is pronated?
Brachialis.
What are the common causes of medial elbow pain?
Ulnohumeral joint pathology, golfer’s elbow, fracture, ulnar nerve entrapment.
How does bursitis pain present?
It may be intermittent.
What is the risk associated with previous shoulder dislocations?
Increased chance of dislocating again.
What type of cartilage is the glenoid labrum made of?
Fibrocartilaginous.
What is the treatment for Bicipital Tendonitis caused by Impingement?
Rest, heat, and steroid injection.
What are the conservative treatment options for Glenohumeral osteoarthritis?
Analgesia, NSAIDs, and physiotherapy.
What history should be taken for a dislocation?
How it happened, if anyone tried to relocate it, and if it has happened before.
What conditions are associated with deep shoulder pain?
Frozen shoulder and glenohumeral arthritis.
What does the Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis assist with?
Extension of the elbow and extension at the wrist.
What signs indicate Golfer's Elbow?
Tenderness over the medial epicondyle, aggravated by passive flexion of the wrist.
What may exacerbate muscle tears or sprains?
Certain positions.
Which nerves supply the Pectoralis Major muscle?
Medial and lateral pectoral nerves (C5 - C8, T1).
What are common presenting complaints (P/C) of septic bursitis?
Pain, restricted range of motion (ROM), erythema, cellulitis, pyrexia.
What is the normal range of extension for the shoulder?
0 degrees.
What is acute tendonitis in the context of rotator cuff disorders?
A sudden inflammation of the rotator cuff tendons.
Are patients still able to engage in their favorite hobbies despite pain?
This can vary; some may be limited while others may still participate.
What is the primary treatment approach for Adhesive Capsulitis?
Conservative treatment.
What is the treatment for severe septic bursitis?
Incision and drainage, intravenous antibiotics.
What are the key X-ray findings in Rheumatoid Arthritis?
Loss of articular space, articular surface erosions, and soft tissue swelling.
What does muscle wasting indicate during a physical examination?
Loss of innervation.
Why is it important to understand the history of elbow joint issues?
It helps in diagnosing the condition and planning treatment.
Does pain affect sleep?
Yes, pain can wake patients up from sleep.
What are biceps tendon lesions?
Injuries or damage to the biceps tendon associated with the shoulder.
What conditions may become aggravated due to past medical history?
Previous bursitis or tendonitis.
Which nerve is responsible for wrist extension?
Radial nerve.
How can trauma lead to Avascular Necrosis?
By disrupting the blood supply to the affected bone.
What does the acronym LOSS stand for in X-ray findings for osteoarthritis?
Loss of articular space, Osteophytes, Subchondral cysts, Subchondral sclerosis.
What are the conservative treatment options for osteoarthritis?
Medications.
What is a key component of history taking for shoulder and elbow issues?
Understanding the patient's symptoms and their onset.
What is the treatment for recurrent shoulder dislocation?
Surgery.
What is an important aspect of clinical examination for shoulder and elbow conditions?
Assessing range of motion and strength.
What are common symptoms of chronic tendinitis?
Pain in the shoulder over the deltoid, worse at night, aggravated by certain movements like putting on a coat.
What is the primary action of the Infraspinatus muscle?
External rotation of the arm.
Which artery is known for supplying the shoulder region?
Circumflex humeral artery.
What percentage of olecranon bursitis cases are septic bursitis?
20 - 30%.
What is the primary function of the rotator cuff muscles?
To stabilize the shoulder by holding the humeral head in the glenoid socket.
What are common pathologies of the elbow joint?
Conditions such as tennis elbow, golfer's elbow, and elbow bursitis.
How do the presenting complaints (P/C) of non-septic bursitis compare to septic bursitis?
They are the same but less severe.
Which institution offers the Musculoskeletal Education IC3 program?
Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI).
How should a patient describe their pain?
By scoring it based on their pain threshold.
What injuries are associated with playing sports?
Muscle sprain, labral tear, rotator cuff tear, dislocation.
What causes trauma to the supraspinatus?
When it contracts against firm resistance.
What are the signs of Tennis Elbow?
Tenderness over the lateral epicondyle and pain on resistance to wrist extension.
What allows for vascular ingrowth and repair in partial rotator cuff tears?
Intact tendon fibers provide continuity.
What type of joint is the elbow?
A hinge joint.
What is the primary focus of understanding the anatomy of the elbow?
To comprehend the structure and function of the elbow joint.
What are the conservative treatment options for chronic tendinitis?
NSAIDs and steroid injection (Hydrocortisone).
What does anterior shoulder pain indicate?
Bicipital Tendonitis.
What is the function of the glenoid labrum?
It deepens the articular surface of the shoulder joint.
What is ANV in relation to arthritis?
Avascular Necrosis.
What does X-ray show in cases of rotator cuff tear?
No abnormality detected (NAD).
What is the second articulation of the shoulder joint?
Acromioclavicular joint.
What are the potential causes of lateral shoulder pain?
Impingement syndrome and rotator cuff tear.
What is important in the patient's medical history regarding ulnar nerve issues?
Previous tendonitis, fractures, and rheumatoid arthritis.
Which nerve innervates the Supraspinatus muscle?
Suprascapular nerve.
What does posterior shoulder pain suggest?
Cervical root lesions.
At what degree does the deltoid begin to abduct the shoulder joint effectively?
Once past 15 degrees.
What is the appearance of a shoulder replacement?
Shoulder replacements typically consist of a metal ball and a plastic socket.
What is Golfer's Elbow?
A condition caused by minor trauma or repeated strain of the medial epicondyle.
What bones form the joint in the anatomy discussed?
Humerus, Ulna, and Radius.
What does the plastic socket do in a shoulder replacement?
The plastic socket replaces the glenoid cavity of the shoulder blade.
What percentage of bursitis cases are non-septic?
70-80%.
What should you observe when a patient undresses?
Watch for any difficulty taking off the shirt.
What is cubitus varus?
A deformity caused by a malunited supracondylar fracture.
What is the first step in diagnosing non-septic bursitis?
Always rule out infection.
Where do the rotator cuff muscles lie in relation to the shoulder capsule?
They lie outside the shoulder capsule.
What is the first pathological process in Rotator Cuff Disorders?
Degeneration, which involves micro tears developing with increasing age.
What structures contribute to the stability of the shoulder joint?
Glenoid labrum, ligaments, and rotator cuff muscles.
How does pain affect daily life activities?
It can cause difficulty in tasks like combing hair or lifting groceries.
What injuries might occur if a person fell?
Fractures, rotator cuff tear, hematomas.
What are the treatment options for non-septic bursitis?
NSAIDs, splinting, aspiration, and excision of thickened bursa.
Which rotator cuff muscle is particularly prone to injury due to trauma?
The supraspinatus.
What is chronic tendonitis also known as?
Impingement syndrome.
What role does corticosteroid injection play in managing shoulder pathologies?
It helps reduce inflammation and pain.
Why might athletes seek surgical correction sooner?
They may want surgical correction of dislocations sooner.
What frequently causes partial rotator cuff tears?
Supraspinatus tendonitis.
What does a tear in the rotator cuff refer to?
A rupture or damage to one or more of the rotator cuff tendons.
What is the risk associated with smoking for post-operative patients?
Higher risk of infection and wound breakdown.
Are patients taking regular analgesia for their pain?
This is an important aspect to assess during history taking.
What occurs in the vascular pathological process of Rotator Cuff Disorders?
New blood vessels form in an attempt to repair micro tears, leading to congestion and pain.
What is adhesive capsulitis commonly referred to?
Frozen shoulder.
What are the three main nerves supplying the arm?
Radial, Ulnar, and Median.
What areas of the body are covered in the Musculoskeletal Education IC3 program?
The Shoulder and Elbow.
How can previous fractures affect shoulder health?
They may lead to osteoarthritis (OA).
What is Glenohumeral osteoarthritis usually secondary to?
Prior trauma.
What is the primary function of the elbow joint?
To allow flexion and extension of the forearm.
What are the symptoms of ulnar nerve entrapment?
Tingling, numbness, and weakness of the hand.
Which three bones make up the shoulder joint?
Clavicle, Humerus, Scapula.
What condition is associated with palpation of the lateral epicondyle?
Tennis elbow.
What imaging technique shows a rotator cuff tear?
Ultrasound (US) or MRI.
What is a characteristic finding on an X-ray for anterior instability?
Depression in the posteriosuperior part of the humeral head (Hill-Sach lesion).
What should you find out if analgesia works for a patient?
What they take and how often.
What is shoulder impingement?
A condition where shoulder tendons are intermittently trapped and compressed during shoulder movements.
What are common symptoms of Rheumatoid Arthritis in the shoulder?
Pain in the shoulder with difficulty in tasks such as combing hair.
What joint is mentioned in the context of the Musculoskeletal Education IC3 program?
The Shoulder.
What activities can aggravate the pain of Tennis Elbow?
Pouring tea, turning a stiff door handle, shaking hands, etc.
What is the role of the rotator cuff in the shoulder joint?
To stabilize and support the shoulder joint.
What makes the painful arc in chronic tendinitis easier?
External rotation of the arm.
What is the significance of the glenoid cavity?
It is the socket that holds the head of the humerus in the shoulder joint.
What does RA stand for in the context of arthritis?
Rheumatoid Arthritis.
What type of pain is associated with muscle strain or tear?
A constant dull ache.
What does MUA stand for in the surgical treatment of Adhesive Capsulitis?
Manipulation Under Anesthesia.
What happens to proximal fibers in a complete rotator cuff tear?
They may retract and become stuck down.
What do X-rays typically show in cases of osteoarthritis?
Typical signs of osteoarthritis.
What is the first articulation of the shoulder joint?
Sternoclavicular joint.
What are common pathologies affecting the elbow joint?
Tennis elbow, golfer's elbow, and elbow bursitis.
What actions does the Pronator Teres perform?
Flexion of the elbow and pronation of the forearm.
What is the origin of the lateral head of the deltoid?
Acromium.
What age group is most commonly affected by chronic tendinitis?
40 to 60 years old.
What type of history do patients with Adhesive Capsulitis often report?
A trivial history of trauma.
What is medial epicondylitis commonly known as?
Golfer's elbow.
What questions should be asked during the assessment of a patient with ulnar nerve entrapment?
What do they work as? Are they a smoker?
What are the three types of glenohumeral ligaments?
Superior, Middle, and Inferior.
What is the primary action of the Subscapularis muscle?
Internal rotation of the arm.
Which nerve innervates the Subscapularis muscle?
Suprascapular nerve.
Where do the rotator cuff muscles attach?
Three attach to the Greater Tuberosity and Subscapularis attaches to the Lesser Tuberosity.
What injury can result from prolonged exercise?
Rotator cuff tear.
What is a common cause of osteoarthritis in uncommon sites?
Usually secondary to trauma.
What does an X-ray show in cases of chronic tendinitis?
Calcification above the greater tuberosity.
What is one common mechanism of injury to the shoulder?
Fall from height.
What are the primary complaints associated with osteoarthritis?
Pain, stiffness, and possibly ulnar palsy.
What are the two conditions associated with Bicipital Tendonitis?
Impingement and Tear.
What are common pathologies affecting the shoulder joint?
Rotator cuff tears, shoulder impingement, and arthritis.
What causes the impingement of the rotator cuff?
Impingement against the coraco-acromial arch during abduction.
What should be assessed at the olecranon during palpation?
Bursitis and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) nodules.
What exacerbates the impingement in chronic tendinitis?
Osteophytes on the undersurface of the AC joint due to osteoarthritis.
What is a common condition causing posterior elbow pain?
Olecranon bursitis.
What is lateral epicondylitis commonly known as?
Tennis elbow.
Is a direct injury to the clavicle a common cause of shoulder injury?
Rarely.
What does limited supination in the elbow affect?
The ability to hold something in the palm or carry a heavy object.
Who is most affected by epicondylitis?
Sportsmen and women due to repetitive use of forearm muscles.
What is the function of the coracoacromial ligament?
It provides stability to the shoulder joint.
What type of energy impacts can cause shoulder injuries?
Moderate or high-energy traumatic impacts.
What are the treatment options for Rheumatoid Arthritis?
Conservative and surgical treatments.
What should be assessed regarding the nature of pain?
Whether it radiates.
What is an anterior dislocation?
An acute injury where the arm is forced into abduction, external rotation, and extension.
What is another name for Adhesive Capsulitis?
Frozen shoulder.
What does sharp pain typically indicate?
Muscle strain/tear, fracture, or tendonitis.
Which muscles are affected by ulnar nerve entrapment?
Hypothenar eminence and small muscles of the hand.
What are the main characteristics of Adhesive Capsulitis?
Progressive pain and stiffness, usually resolving spontaneously after 18 months.
What type of arthritis is associated with rotator cuff issues?
Rotator Cuff Arthropathy.
What does achy pain suggest?
Osteoarthritis (OA), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), avascular necrosis (AVN), or rotator cuff injury.
What type of arthritis can be caused by injury?
Traumatic arthritis.
Who is most likely to experience a tear in the biceps tendon?
Middle-aged to elderly individuals due to degeneration.
Where does the long head of the biceps tendon attach?
At the site of the glenoid labrum.
What is a common sign of a biceps tendon tear?
The belly of the muscle contracts into a ball when flexing the bicep.
What is the primary action of the Teres Minor muscle?
External rotation of the arm.
Which nerve innervates the Teres Minor muscle?
Axillary nerve.
Why is the escape of synovial fluid important in Rotator Cuff Arthropathy?
It is essential for the nutrition of cartilage.
What typically causes a posterior dislocation?
Usually due to a violent jerk in an unusual position, such as during an epileptic fit or severe electric shock.
What activities may be impacted by loss of function due to ulnar nerve entrapment?
Grooming activities, carrying, and hand work.
What role do steroids play in Avascular Necrosis?
They can disrupt blood supply and contribute to bone damage.
What is the main function of the Triceps Brachii?
Main extensor of the elbow.
What is the attachment point of the posterior portion of the Medial Collateral Ligament?
The back of the Olecranon process.
What is the purpose of a Bankart repair?
To re-attach the glenoid labrum.
What is the impact of radiation on bone health related to AVN?
Radiation can damage blood vessels, leading to Avascular Necrosis.
Which nerve innervates the Infraspinatus muscle?
Suprascapular nerve.
What does arthrography reveal in cases of Adhesive Capsulitis?
A contracted joint.
What is a surgical option for Adhesive Capsulitis involving the supraspinatus and infraspinatus?
Arthroscopic division of the interval between supraspinatus and infraspinatus.
What conditions are associated with posterolateral elbow pain?
Tennis elbow and fracture.
What conditions can cause top shoulder pain?
ACJ dysfunction and cervical spine disorder.
What is Luxatio Erecta?
It refers to an inferior dislocation.
What should be evaluated regarding a patient's fitness for surgery?
If they need to be reviewed by respiratory, cardiology, etc.
What does loss of flexion in the elbow affect?
The ability to reach the mouth with the hand.
What is the treatment for acute phase rotator cuff tears?
Heat and physiotherapy.
What action does the deltoid muscle perform at the shoulder joint?
Abducts the shoulder joint.
What might an X-ray show in a patient with Adhesive Capsulitis?
Decreased bone density.
What is the recommended treatment for complete rotator cuff tears in older people?
Physiotherapy.
What is the role of the coracohumeral ligament?
It helps stabilize the shoulder joint.
What surgical option is considered if conservative treatment fails for epicondylitis?
Detaching the tendon from its origin at the humeral epicondyle.
What are the medical risks associated with NSAIDs?
They can have various medical risks, including gastrointestinal issues and cardiovascular problems.
What conditions are associated with dull pain?
Osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
What imaging technique shows a detached glenoid labrum in cases of anterior instability?
MR Arthrogram.
Where does the anterior portion of the Medial Collateral Ligament attach?
To the Coronoid process.
What shape is the glenoid labrum?
Wedge-shaped.
What is the third articulation of the shoulder joint?
Glenohumeral joint.
What is a surgical treatment option for Glenohumeral osteoarthritis?
Arthroplasty.
What should always be checked on examination for a dislocation?
Nerve function.
What could generalized shoulder pain indicate?
Fracture, thoracic outlet syndrome, or shoulder dislocation.
What is the treatment for partial rotator cuff tears?
Physiotherapy unless there is persistent pain, then consider surgery.
What is epicondylitis?
Inflammation around tendinous insertions into bone.
Which nerve is primarily involved in finger flexion?
Median nerve.
What can cause a blow to the shoulder?
A direct impact to the point of the shoulder.
What are some surgical treatment options for osteoarthritis?
Removal of loose bodies, removal of osteophytes, and transposition of the ulnar nerve.
How does alcohol misuse contribute to Avascular Necrosis?
It can impair blood flow and lead to bone tissue death.
What is another name for the Lateral Collateral Ligament?
Radial Collateral Ligament.
What is the structure of the Lateral Collateral Ligament?
A short, narrow band.
What percentage of individuals with epicondylitis seek medical advice?
Only 50%.
What are the surgical treatment options for chronic tendinitis?
Decompression (SAD) and possibly removing osteophytes.
What is the primary action of the Supraspinatus muscle?
Abduction of the arm.
Which nerve is responsible for the sensation in the little finger?
Ulnar nerve.
What factors may increase the risk of infection in patients?
Conditions like diabetes mellitus (DM) and peripheral vascular disease (PVD).
What are common presenting complaints (P/C) of Adhesive Capsulitis?
Gradual increase in pain, waking from sleep, and stiffness.
How does sickle cell disease relate to Avascular Necrosis?
It can cause blockages in blood vessels, disrupting blood supply.
Which nerve innervates the deltoid muscle?
Axillary nerve.
What is the function of the Annular Ligament?
It circles the head of the Radius, maintaining contact between the Radius and Humerus.
What does the acromioclavicular ligament connect?
The acromion and the clavicle.
What age group is most commonly affected by Adhesive Capsulitis?
Patients aged 40 to 60 years.
What is the role of arthroscopy in rotator cuff tears?
Diagnosis and repair.
What is the origin of the posterior head of the deltoid?
Scapula.
What is the fourth articulation of the shoulder joint?
Scapulothoracic articulation.
What is the recommended treatment for complete rotator cuff tears in young people?
Operative repair.
What is the significance of the Regimental Patch?
It indicates the function of the axillary nerve.
What percentage of the population is affected by epicondylitis?
1 - 3%.
What is the treatment required for a biceps tendon tear?
None required as function is usually intact.
What sensation might someone feel during a biceps tendon tear?
They might feel something 'snap' while lifting a heavy object.
What does the Putti-Platt procedure involve?
Reinforcement of the purely anterior capsule.
What is a common treatment for both lateral and medial epicondylitis?
Rest, avoiding precipitating activity, and steroid injection.
What is the Bristow procedure designed to do?
Reinforce the anterior inferior capsule.
Where does the Lateral Collateral Ligament pass from and to?
From the base of the Lateral Epicondyle to the Annular Ligament.
