Lecture (5)_PDF

B.F. Skinner.

The main focus was to demonstrate classical conditioning by conditioning a child to fear a white rat.

The consequences of a behavior determine whether it will be repeated.

Bandura concluded that children learn social behavior through observation and imitation, demonstrating the principles of social learning theory.

Children actively construct knowledge as they explore the world.

A neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus, eliciting a conditioned response.

Cannot accurately consider hypothetical concepts.

Learning determines our behavior.

Behaviorism and Social Learning Theory

Hypothetical concepts

A learning process that occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus.

Ivan Pavlov.

The understanding of the world only from one's own perspective

Albert Bandura.

The Sensorimotor Stage occurs from birth to 2 years, where individuals understand the world through sensory experiences and motor actions, and develop object permanence.

Behaviorism focuses on observable behaviors and the ways they're learned through interaction with the environment.

Modeling, or Observational Learning, or Imitation.

Formal Operational Thought

Abstract thinking

The main focus is on the idea that people learn from one another through observation, imitation, and modeling.

The key components include attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation.

Bandura's theory emphasizes the role of cognitive processes in learning, while traditional behaviorism focuses solely on observable behaviors.

Social learning theory emphasizes the importance of observing and modeling the behaviors, attitudes, and emotional reactions of others, while behaviorism focuses solely on observable behaviors.

B.F. Skinner is known for his work on operant conditioning.

Ivan Pavlov.

It exemplifies behaviorism, particularly classical conditioning.

1896 - 1980

Object permanence is the understanding that an object still exists even if it cannot be seen.

A reinforcement increases the chance that a behavior will be repeated.

Aggressive behavior was primarily observed, as children imitated the aggressive actions displayed by adults towards the Bobo doll.

Two equal quantities remain equal even if the appearance of one has changed.

Each stage represents a qualitatively different way of understanding the world.

A learning process that occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus.

Jean Piaget

1904 - 1990

2 to 7 years

The ability to use symbols

Operant conditioning is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior.

The 'Three mountain experiment'

Experience is sufficient to explain the course of development.

John B. Watson.

Operant conditioning.

B. F. Skinner

The experiment focused on observing whether children would imitate aggressive behavior after witnessing adults acting aggressively towards a Bobo doll.

7 years to early adolescence

A punishment decreases the chance that a behavior will be repeated.

Four stages.

Ivan Pavlov is most famously associated with classical conditioning.

Classical conditioning is a learning process that occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus.

Can use logic and reasoning, and can do conservation.

Modeling is significant because it allows individuals to learn behaviors by observing others, which can lead to the acquisition of new skills and behaviors without direct experience.

Discontinuity in cognitive development.

Pavlov's dogs salivating at the sound of a bell that was previously paired with food.

Classical conditioning.

Both theories propose that development occurs in stages and recognize the role of the unconscious.

Freud's theory is driven by biological forces, while Erikson's theory is driven by social forces.

Freud believes early experiences outweigh later experiences, while Erikson considers both early and late life experiences to be important.