p.2
Cognitive Psychology of Discourse
How do context models ensure appropriateness in discourse?
They adapt discourses to the current communicative situation.
p.10
Ideological Polarization in Discourse
How does the Telegraph editorial express its attitude towards immigration?
By agreeing with the aim of a significant reduction of immigration.
p.5
Cognitive Psychology of Discourse
What is the general epistemic strategy of discourse?
Knowledge that is supposed to be known by recipients tends to remain implicit or presupposed.
p.6
Cognitive Psychology of Discourse
Who has priority in telling a story based on personal experiences?
Speakers with personal experiences of an event.
p.2
Cognitive Psychology of Discourse
What influences the appropriateness of discourse?
Relevant context categories such as time, place, and identities of speakers.
p.8
Cognitive Psychology of Discourse
What can readers derive from an editorial even when it is not explicit?
An implication in their mental model.
p.2
Cognitive Psychology of Discourse
What are context models in socio-cognitive discourse studies?
Mental models that represent the communicative situation in which language users participate.
p.2
Cognitive Psychology of Discourse
What are semantic models?
Mental models representing what discourse refers to.
p.5
Cognitive Psychology of Discourse
What is a Knowledge Device in context models?
It calculates what knowledge recipients probably have based on shared sociocultural knowledge and previous encounters.
p.5
Cognitive Psychology of Discourse
How does the epistemic device influence discourse production?
It controls phonological stress, word order, topic and comment, definite articles, implications, and presuppositions.
p.5
Social Cognition and Discourse
How does discourse differ among familiar versus unfamiliar participants?
Discourse among familiar participants tends to be more implicit than among strangers.
p.9
Ideological Polarization in Discourse
What ideologies does Teun A. van Dijk apply in his analysis?
Populist ideologies, featuring public confidence and metaphors like 'reviving'.
p.8
Mental Models in Language Processing
What does the term 'greatest inflow' metaphorically represent?
The arrival of many immigrants, depicted as a vast and menacing flood.
p.9
Ideological Polarization in Discourse
What does the term 'clamping down' imply in the context of government action?
It implies a positive value, suggesting an energetic response to negative actions like abuses.
p.10
Ideological Polarization in Discourse
What is the main problem attributed to in the editorial from the Telegraph?
EU rules, rather than Labour.
p.6
Media Discourse and Editorial Analysis
What do newspapers often do with the vast amounts of information they receive?
They only publish a fragment of such information.
p.6
Cognitive Psychology of Discourse
What does Epistemic Discourse Studies examine?
How knowledge is made explicit, implied, or manipulated in discourse.
p.10
Cognitive Psychology of Discourse
What does the socio-cognitive analysis reveal about the coherence of the editorial?
It is controlled by underlying mental models and sociocultural knowledge.
p.3
Cognitive Psychology of Discourse
What is the relationship between generic knowledge and mental models?
Understanding discourse and forming mental models can lead to the acquisition or modification of generic knowledge of the world.
p.6
Social Cognition and Discourse
What influences the control of text and talk in discourse?
Social rules, norms, and values.
p.5
Mental Models in Language Processing
What do mental models control in discourse?
Topic and comment, local coherence, and the contents of stories.
p.3
Cognitive Psychology of Discourse
Why is world knowledge important in cognitive processes?
It is crucial for perception, understanding, action, interaction, language use, communication, and discourse.
p.5
Mental Models in Language Processing
How are everyday experiences stored in our cognition?
As subjective, multi-modal mental models.
p.6
Knowledge, Attitudes, and Ideologies
What is the role of the Official Secrets Act in knowledge management?
It limits what secret knowledge may be divulged.
p.2
Cognitive Psychology of Discourse
What components do context models consist of?
Schematic structures like Setting, Participants, and Action, specified for communicative actions.
p.6
Context Models and Pragmatics
What is the role of context models in media discourse?
They guide journalists in writing about current affairs.
p.8
Ideological Polarization in Discourse
How does the editorial describe the last Labour government?
In a very negative manner, without explicitly mentioning Labour.
p.11
Media Discourse and Editorial Analysis
What does a sociopolitical analysis of media involve?
It involves examining the processes of news gathering, internal organization, and power structures of newspapers.
p.5
Knowledge, Attitudes, and Ideologies
What is the role of generic knowledge in discourse?
It may be directly acquired by didactic discourse or through generalization from personal experience.
p.3
Discourse Control Systems
What role do presuppositions and implications play in discourse?
They express, convey, and correct knowledge in discourse structures.
p.10
Knowledge, Attitudes, and Ideologies
What does the editorial's lexical appraisal system reflect?
Opinions in the mental model based on conservative attitudes and ideologies.
p.3
Mental Models in Language Processing
What types of information are involved in generic knowledge?
Generic knowledge is multi-modal, involving vision, sound, smell, sensorimotor, and emotional information.
p.9
Ideological Polarization in Discourse
How does the paragraph reflect ideological polarization between political parties?
It emphasizes the positive policies of the Conservative government compared to earlier Labour immigration policies.
p.11
Ideological Polarization in Discourse
What is the relationship between the Telegraph and the Conservative government?
The Telegraph aligns itself with the Conservative government through expressed attitudes and ideologies in its discourse.
p.11
Cognitive Psychology of Discourse
What is necessary for a complete critical analysis of discourse?
A detailed socio-cognitive analysis of mental models, attitudes, and ideologies.
p.7
Knowledge, Attitudes, and Ideologies
What underlying ideology influences the journalist's mental model?
A conservative ideology, featuring a positive attitude towards the current government and a negative attitude towards immigration.
p.7
Cognitive Psychology of Discourse
What does the metaphor of the iceberg represent in discourse analysis?
Much implied information is present in the underlying mental models but not in the surface discourse.
p.5
Cognitive Psychology of Discourse
What is the core of the socio-cognitive account of discourse?
The personal and socially shared knowledge of language users as social actors and members of epistemic communities.
p.10
Ideological Polarization in Discourse
What is the ideological polarization highlighted between Conservative and Labour in the editorial?
Positive attitude towards the current government and negative attitude towards Labour.
p.10
Cognitive Psychology of Discourse
What underlying models influence the discourse in the Telegraph editorial?
Models representing policies of the current government about immigration.
p.6
Ideological Polarization in Discourse
What underlying attitudes influence the editorial's perspective on immigration?
Conservative attitudes against foreigners and Labour.
p.10
Cognitive Psychology of Discourse
What metaphor is used in the editorial regarding immigration?
A threatening flood that we may all drown in.
p.3
Ideological Polarization in Discourse
What is the significance of the Us vs. Them polarization?
It reflects the relations between ingroups and outgroups, influencing social attitudes and discourse.
p.7
Semantic Macro-Structures
What does the headline of the editorial summarize?
The overall meaning (semantic macrostructure) and the positive opinion of the journalist about the UK government's tackling of immigration.
p.12
Cognitive Psychology of Discourse
What kind of attitudes do readers acquire through public discourse according to the text?
Negative attitudes towards immigrants, often based on stereotypes like 'abusing the system'.
p.7
Context Models and Pragmatics
What does the temporal adverb 'finally' imply in the editorial?
That the current government action comes after a long time of ignorance by former governments.
p.4
Discourse Control Systems
What are speech acts based on?
Appropriateness conditions defined by context models.
p.4
Ideological Polarization in Discourse
What does ideological polarization express in discourse?
Underlying attitudes and ideologies through polarized topics and lexicon.
p.2
Cognitive Psychology of Discourse
What is the role of context models in everyday interactions?
They help analyze, understand, and act upon current social situations.
p.1
Cognitive Psychology of Discourse
What do semantic macro-structures control in discourse?
They control the production and comprehension of local sentence meanings (propositions).
p.3
Mental Models in Language Processing
How is knowledge activated in discourse understanding?
It is activated and applied in understanding words, sentence meanings, overall discourse meanings, and in constructing personal mental models.
p.1
Mental Models in Language Processing
What are mental models in the context of discourse?
Subjective representations of events or situations stored in Episodic or Autobiographical Memory.
p.2
Cognitive Psychology of Discourse
How do context models control discourse?
They influence the discourse genre and style based on the communicative situation.
p.1
Mental Models in Language Processing
How do mental models aid in understanding discourse?
They allow for the construction or updating of a mental model of the event being discussed.
p.2
Social Cognition and Discourse
What is social cognition in the context of discourse?
The knowledge, attitudes, and ideologies that social members share within groups.
p.2
Social Cognition and Discourse
Where is social cognition traditionally located?
In Semantic Memory, but better referred to as Social Memory.
p.6
Media Discourse and Editorial Analysis
What is the purpose of editorials in media discourse?
To inform or influence readers.
p.10
Cognitive Psychology of Discourse
What is necessary for a complete understanding of the editorial's meanings and functions?
A detailed socio-cognitive analysis of the underlying attitudes and ideologies.
p.1
Cognitive Psychology of Discourse
What is the primary communicative intention of discourse?
The transmission of the mental model of speakers/writers.
p.3
Discourse Control Systems
How do stress, intonation, and word order relate to discourse?
They depend on what information is known, focused on, new, or unexpected, reflecting the Common Ground among participants.
p.12
Knowledge, Attitudes, and Ideologies
What role do conservative organizations play in the discourse on immigration according to the editorial?
They often oppose immigration or favor strict immigration controls.
p.7
Cognitive Psychology of Discourse
What positive appraisal terms are mentioned in the editorial?
Deserves credit, progress, tackling, finally.
p.9
Ideological Polarization in Discourse
What does the final paragraph of the editorial presuppose about the current situation in the UK?
That there is a problem that needs addressing.
p.7
Ideological Polarization in Discourse
What do presuppositions like 'unchecked' and 'ignored by predecessors' imply?
A negative opinion about previous Labour governments and immigration.
p.4
Media Discourse and Editorial Analysis
How are conventional structures of discourse genres understood?
As expressions of shared cultural knowledge of discourse organization.
p.1
Cognitive Psychology of Discourse
What does the cognitive psychology of discourse focus on?
It focuses on the description and explanation of higher-level processing of discourse.
p.11
Cognitive Psychology of Discourse
What is the main focus of socio-cognitive analysis in editorials?
It examines the underlying mental models, attitudes, and ideologies that control discourse structures.
p.11
Mental Models in Language Processing
What fundamental fact should not be ignored in discourse analysis?
All discourse is based on vast amounts of underlying knowledge.
p.9
Ideological Polarization in Discourse
What measures does David Cameron propose regarding EU workers' benefits?
Reducing the claim period for Jobseekers’ Allowance or child benefit from six months to three.
p.11
Cognitive Psychology of Discourse
Why is a socio-cognitive analysis essential in understanding media discourse?
It reveals how underlying attitudes and ideologies control the production of discourse and influence reader interpretation.
p.8
Context Models and Pragmatics
What does the metaphor of 'opening the job market' imply?
It suggests a normative mental model that immigration must be limited.
p.12
Discourse Control Systems
What is the significance of socio-cognitive discourse analysis in understanding media influence?
It helps explain how newspapers can have ideological and manipulative power over readers.
p.4
Mental Models in Language Processing
What do coherence relations between sentences rely on?
Relations between participants or events in underlying mental models.
p.4
Context Models and Pragmatics
What do deictic or indexical expressions presuppose?
Information in the schematic categories of the context model.
p.4
Cognitive Psychology of Discourse
What do metaphors in discourse rely on?
The multi-modal structure of mental models of experience.
p.10
Ideological Polarization in Discourse
How does the editorial enhance ideological ingroup-outgroup polarization?
By emphasizing 'Our good things' and 'Their bad things'.
p.1
Social Cognition and Discourse
How do personal mental models affect communication?
They lead to different interpretations of the same discourse based on individual experiences and perspectives.
p.12
Ideological Polarization in Discourse
How does the editorial discussed influence public attitudes towards immigration?
It expresses underlying attitudes and ideologies against immigration, likely reinforcing negative attitudes among readers.
p.9
Ideological Polarization in Discourse
What does the expression 'the pull of easily accessible benefits' presuppose?
That such benefits exist and exert a negative influence, reflecting a conservative attitude.
p.7
Mental Models in Language Processing
What do the metaphors 'tackling' and 'taking steps' represent?
Positive aspects of government actions and policies in terms of challenge and forward movement.
p.7
Social Cognition and Discourse
What is the recommendation made by the journalist regarding immigration?
Political leaders should address the issue of immigration.
p.1
Mental Models in Language Processing
What is the role of schemas in mental models?
Schemas provide a standard structure for fast processing of events, including categories like Setting, Participants, and Event.
p.3
Ideological Polarization in Discourse
How do social attitudes relate to ideologies?
Social attitudes may be organized by underlying ideologies such as socialism, feminism, or racism.
p.1
Cognitive Psychology of Discourse
What do we typically remember from a discourse?
Fragments representing the higher-level macrostructure of main topics, rather than the exact words spoken.
p.8
Cognitive Psychology of Discourse
What emotional response do metaphors like 'collapse' and 'flood' evoke regarding immigration?
Feelings of fear, such as being crushed or drowned by immigrants.
p.12
Mental Models in Language Processing
How do readers typically form their attitudes towards immigrants?
Through public discourse rather than personal experiences.
p.7
Knowledge, Attitudes, and Ideologies
How does the editorial reflect populist ideology?
By suggesting that political leaders should respond to voter concerns, particularly about immigration.
p.11
Social Cognition and Discourse
How do Critical Discourse Studies relate discourse structures?
They relate them to social and political structures, particularly forms of power abuse.
p.9
Ideological Polarization in Discourse
What presupposition is made about immigration policy in the editorial?
That a positive immigration policy only admits people who benefit the country.
p.9
Ideological Polarization in Discourse
What is the general conservative value reflected in the immigration policy changes?
Reduction of allowances from six to three months.
p.12
Ideological Polarization in Discourse
What is the potential consequence of the editorial's stance on immigration?
It may lead to everyday discrimination against immigrants.
p.4
Cognitive Psychology of Discourse
How are meanings of words and sentences produced according to socio-cognitive discourse studies?
Based on grammar, linguistic knowledge, and shared sociocultural knowledge of epistemic communities.
p.4
Knowledge, Attitudes, and Ideologies
What do evidentials express in discourse?
How knowledge was acquired, based on experience or context models.
p.8
Social Cognition and Discourse
What was the public perception of immigration controls before 1997?
Most voters believed that successive governments had operated sensible immigration controls.
p.12
Social Cognition and Discourse
What is the relationship between media discourse and readers' attitudes towards immigrants?
Media discourse can manipulate readers into forming xenophobic and racist attitudes against immigrants.
p.9
Ideological Polarization in Discourse
What challenge does the government face in reducing net immigration?
EU rules and failures of the welfare and education system.
p.12
Media Discourse and Editorial Analysis
How do newspapers and television contribute to ideological manipulation?
They play a fundamental role in shaping knowledge, opinions, attitudes, and ideologies through discourse.
p.4
Social Cognition and Discourse
What do opinion and emotion words express in discourse?
Personal opinions and emotions represented in multi-modal mental models.
p.4
Semantic Macro-Structures
What are global topics or themes in discourse interpreted as?
Semantic macrostructures that control the interpretation of local meanings.
p.11
Knowledge, Attitudes, and Ideologies
What does the alignment of a conservative newspaper with a Conservative government indicate?
It indicates a coherent expression of attitudes and ideologies across its discourses.
p.8
Socio-Cognitive Analysis of Language
How do conservative media and political discourse manipulate public opinion on immigration?
By creating fear among the population through specific lexical choices and metaphors.
p.12
Context Models and Pragmatics
What factors contribute to the pervasive ideological influence of media on immigration attitudes?
Indirect acquaintance with immigrants and persuasive messages aligning with readers' daily experiences.
p.4
Cognitive Psychology of Discourse
Why is understanding properties of words and sentences complex?
Because it requires description of underlying mental representations and social cognition.
