p.3
Experimental Methods for Assessing Disease Resistance
What type of chromatography was performed on the HiTrap Q HP column?
Ion-exchange chromatography using a linear NaCl elution gradient from 0 to 1 M.
p.5
Experimental Methods for Assessing Disease Resistance
How were the total RNA concentrations adjusted in the experiment?
They were adjusted to be the same for each sample.
p.6
Induction of Pathogenesis-Related Genes
What was the effect of PevD1 on fluorescence in cotton cells?
Strong cell fluorescence was observed 20 minutes after the addition of PevD1.
p.1
PevD1 Elicitor and Cotton Resistance
What is the role of the elicitor PevD1 in cotton?
PevD1 triggers innate immunity in cotton, playing an important role in controlling cotton wilt disease.
p.4
Biochemical Pathways in Plant Defense Responses
How was lignin content evaluated in cotton stems?
By extracting and measuring the absorbance of TGA derivatives.
p.2
Potential Applications of PevD1 in Agriculture
What is the effect of PevD1 on TMV lesions in tobacco plants?
It reduces the number and size of TMV lesions.
p.7
Induction of Pathogenesis-Related Genes
What was detected to research the resistance mechanisms of PevD1-treated cotton seedlings?
The expression levels of cotton defense-related genes from 0 to 72 hours after inoculation with V. dahliae.
p.7
Biochemical Pathways in Plant Defense Responses
What role does cadinene synthase play in cotton?
It is involved in the biosynthetic pathway of a terpenoid that is a significant phytoalexin.
p.8
Induction of Pathogenesis-Related Genes
What is the role of oligosaccharides from B. cinerea in plant defense?
They induce typical PTI responses, such as oxidative burst, cell wall lignification, and resistance to B. cinerea.
p.8
Mechanisms of Disease Resistance in Cotton
How does PevD1 treatment affect the activities of defense enzymes?
PevD1 treatment significantly increases the activities of PAL, POD, and PPO, enhancing resistance against wilt pathogens.
p.3
Experimental Methods for Assessing Disease Resistance
What was used as a protein standard in the BCA Protein Assay?
Bovine serum albumin (1.0 mg ml - 1).
p.6
Experimental Methods for Assessing Disease Resistance
What method was used to observe fluorescence in cotton suspension cells?
An Olympus laser confocal scanning microscope.
p.3
Experimental Methods for Assessing Disease Resistance
What was the photoperiod for maintaining the cotton plants?
16 hours light and 8 hours dark.
p.6
Lignin Deposition and Cell Wall Reinforcement
How did lignin accumulation change after PevD1 treatment?
Lignin deposition increased about twofold compared to the control at 96 hours after treatment.
p.9
Mechanisms of Disease Resistance in Cotton
What are the mechanisms of resistance conferred by PevD1?
They involve the production of secondary metabolites, lignin deposition, and cell wall modifications.
p.1
Experimental Methods for Assessing Disease Resistance
What was the maximum disease reduction achieved with PevD1 treatment?
38.16% on the 15th day post V. dahliae inoculation.
p.1
Induction of Pathogenesis-Related Genes
Which pathogenesis-related genes are enhanced by PevD1?
b-1,3-glucanase, chitinase, and cadinene synthase.
p.7
Elicitors as a Strategy for Disease Management
What do some fungal effectors or elicitors trigger in plants?
Broad-spectrum defense responses, including cell wall reinforcement and biosynthesis of antimicrobial compounds.
p.8
Lignin Deposition and Cell Wall Reinforcement
What is the significance of lignin deposition in cotton plants?
Lignin deposition reinforces cell walls, creating barriers to limit pathogen infection.
p.5
Induction of Pathogenesis-Related Genes
What method was used to analyze the expression of PR genes induced by PevD1?
Semi-quantitative RT-PCR.
p.9
Impact of Verticillium dahliae on Cotton Production
What materials were found in the cells of cotton plants in response to V. dahliae infection?
Granular materials and amorphous material were present in the cells.
p.2
Role of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in Plant Defense
What common defense responses are generated in plants during early stages of pathogen interaction?
Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO).
p.1
Elicitors as a Strategy for Disease Management
What are the limitations of traditional methods for controlling Verticillium wilt in cotton?
Traditional breeding has not produced resistant cultivars, and effective chemical pesticides are scarce.
p.8
Biochemical Pathways in Plant Defense Responses
What are the core genes of the phenylpropanoid pathway in cotton?
PAL, C4H1, and 4CL are the core genes involved in the phenylpropanoid pathway.
p.3
Impact of Verticillium dahliae on Cotton Production
What medium was used to culture Verticillium dahliae?
Potato dextrose agar medium.
p.9
Potential Applications of PevD1 in Agriculture
What is PevD1 and its significance in cotton?
PevD1 is a protein that induces resistance against the cotton wilt pathogen V. dahliae.
p.6
Mechanisms of Disease Resistance in Cotton
What role does lignin play in plant responses to V. dahliae?
Lignin acts as a physical barrier that enhances cell wall resistance to mechanical pressure during fungal penetration.
p.3
Role of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in Plant Defense
What method was used to monitor nitric oxide accumulation in leaves?
Using the NO-sensitive dye DAF-FM DA.
p.6
Biochemical Pathways in Plant Defense Responses
How much did PPO and POD activities increase after PevD1 treatment?
They were three to fourfold higher than the control at their peak.
p.7
Mechanisms of Disease Resistance in Cotton
What are the two main types of fungal effector proteins?
Extracellular effectors and cytoplasmic effectors.
p.8
Biochemical Pathways in Plant Defense Responses
What is the role of PAL in the phenylpropanoid pathway?
PAL is responsible for the synthesis of defense-related compounds, creating a physical barrier against pathogens.
p.2
Mechanisms of Disease Resistance in Cotton
What types of pathogens are plants exposed to in nature?
Viruses, bacteria, oomycetes, and fungi.
p.5
Experimental Methods for Assessing Disease Resistance
What was the purpose of using the cotton ubiquitin gene in the study?
It was used as a control in the PCR analysis.
p.3
Experimental Methods for Assessing Disease Resistance
How was the degree of wilt disease assessed?
Divided into five grades based on the percentage of affected leaf area.
p.9
Potential Applications of PevD1 in Agriculture
What potential application does PevD1 have in agriculture?
It is expected to be a novel biopesticide for controlling cotton Verticillium wilt disease.
p.1
Impact of Verticillium dahliae on Cotton Production
Why is Verticillium wilt a major threat to cotton production?
It is a soil-borne vascular disease caused by Verticillium dahliae, particularly destructive in warmer regions.
p.7
Biochemical Pathways in Plant Defense Responses
Which key genes are part of the core phenylpropanoid pathway in cotton?
PAL, cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H1), and 4-coumarate: CoA ligase (4CL).
p.7
Experimental Methods for Assessing Disease Resistance
What was measured to assess the effects of PevD1 treatment on leaves?
The activities of PAL, PPO, and POD.
p.9
Induction of Pathogenesis-Related Genes
What role do elicitors play in host defense against pathogens?
Elicitors increase lignin synthesis and deposition to prevent pathogen infections in cotton seedlings.
p.3
Experimental Methods for Assessing Disease Resistance
How were the cotton seeds sterilized before planting?
Immersed in 15% H2O2 for 1–3 hours and rinsed with sterile water.
p.4
Experimental Methods for Assessing Disease Resistance
How was hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production detected in cotton leaves?
Using 3,3'-diaminobenzidine (DAB)-HCl and observing under a microscope.
p.4
Experimental Methods for Assessing Disease Resistance
What was used as a control when treating cotton leaves with PevD1?
Water was used as a control.
p.2
Potential Applications of PevD1 in Agriculture
What is PevD1 and its significance?
PevD1 is a protein elicitor from V. dahliae that induces systemic acquired resistance in tobacco plants.
p.4
Biochemical Pathways in Plant Defense Responses
Which enzymes' activities were measured in the leaves after PevD1 treatment?
Peroxidase (POD), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), and polyphenol oxidase (PPO).
p.2
Mechanisms of Disease Resistance in Cotton
What is systemic acquired resistance (SAR)?
A process where defense reactions extend from the local site of infection to non-infected cells.
p.7
Induction of Pathogenesis-Related Genes
When did the PevD1-induced cadinene synthase gene expression reach its highest point?
At 24–48 hours post-inoculation.
p.8
Potential Applications of PevD1 in Agriculture
What is PevD1 and its significance in plant immunity?
PevD1 is a small secreted protein from V. dahliae that triggers resistance in tobacco and induces PR gene expression in cotton.
p.8
Induction of Pathogenesis-Related Genes
What physiological changes occur in cotton plants after PevD1 treatment?
Increased expression of PR genes and core genes in the lignin metabolism pathway, enhancing disease resistance.
p.9
Lignin Deposition and Cell Wall Reinforcement
What effect does PevD1 leaf infiltration have on cotton plants?
It significantly increases lignin deposition and the formation of incrassated walls in xylem vessels.
p.2
Mechanisms of Disease Resistance in Cotton
What is the first line of defense in plants against pathogens?
Pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) activated by the recognition of MAMPs/PAMPs.
p.5
PevD1 Elicitor and Cotton Resistance
What effect did PevD1 have on cotton seedlings infected by V. dahliae?
It promoted disease resistance.
p.6
Lignin Deposition and Cell Wall Reinforcement
What changes were observed in vessel walls after PevD1 treatment?
Vessel walls were thickened and reinforced compared to the control after 3 and 5 days.
p.4
Experimental Methods for Assessing Disease Resistance
What was the purpose of embedding stem samples in the experiment?
To observe vessels and stem cell structures after PevD1 treatment.
p.1
Biochemical Pathways in Plant Defense Responses
What is the significance of the phenylpropanoid metabolism pathway in cotton defense?
It includes key genes like PAL, C4H1, and 4CL that are upregulated by PevD1.
p.8
Induction of Pathogenesis-Related Genes
What effect does PevD1 have on resistance-related gene transcripts in cotton?
PevD1 induces moderate accumulation of transcripts for genes like β-1,3-glucanase and chitinases.
p.3
Impact of Verticillium dahliae on Cotton Production
What strain of fungus was isolated from diseased cotton?
Verticillium dahliae strain HX-8.
p.4
Experimental Methods for Assessing Disease Resistance
What is the purpose of using DAF-FM DA in the experiment?
To measure NO production in suspension cells.
p.9
Lignin Deposition and Cell Wall Reinforcement
How does lignin deposition contribute to plant defense?
It forms a physical barrier to fungal penetration and expansion.
p.3
PevD1 Elicitor and Cotton Resistance
What was the purpose of the PevD1 treatment in the bioassay?
To control disease symptoms after pathogen inoculation.
p.2
Mechanisms of Disease Resistance in Cotton
What is the second line of defense in plants called?
Effector-triggered immunity (ETI).
p.2
Elicitors as a Strategy for Disease Management
What is the role of elicitors in plant resistance?
Some elicitors improve plant resistance by triggering defense responses.
p.5
Role of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in Plant Defense
What early events were induced in cotton by the PevD1 elicitor?
Accumulation of H2O2 and an ROS burst.
p.1
Biochemical Pathways in Plant Defense Responses
What types of responses does PevD1 induce in cotton?
Hydrogen peroxide production, nitric oxide generation, lignin deposition, and defense enzyme activation.
p.6
Role of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in Plant Defense
What was the observed effect of PevD1 on ROS and NO release in cotton?
ROS burst was detected after PevD1 treatment, while NO release was also affected.
p.7
Induction of Pathogenesis-Related Genes
Which genes showed enhanced expression at 12 hours after PevD1 treatment?
b-1,3-glucanase and basic chitinase genes.
p.8
Role of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in Plant Defense
How do early signaling molecules like NO and ROS contribute to plant defense?
They are involved in the defense response and trigger signaling pathways that regulate physiological responses through gene expression.
