p.6
Formation and Evolution of Stars
What may the remaining dust and gas end up as?
They may end up as planets, asteroids, or other bodies in the accompanying planetary system.
p.4
Structure and Composition of the Universe
What is the Milky Way in relation to other galaxies?
One of the billions of galaxies in the Universe.
p.7
Red-shift as Proof of Expanding Universe
What is the Doppler Effect?
The change in frequency or wavelength of a wave in relation to an observer who is moving relative to the wave source.
p.6
Structure and Composition of the Universe
What is a galaxy?
A cluster of billions of stars, and clusters of galaxies form superclusters.
p.4
Non-scientific Thought on Origin of the Universe
What does the statement 'We are definitely not at the center of the universe' imply?
It implies that the Earth is not at the center of the universe.
p.7
Doppler Effect and Interactive
What happens to the pitch and volume of a horn as a car approaches?
Pitch and volume increases.
p.6
Red-shift as Proof of Expanding Universe
What did Edwin Hubble discover in 1929?
The 'redshift' and its interpretation that galaxies are moving away from each other, as evidence for an expanding universe.
p.9
Red-shift as Proof of Expanding Universe
What are the three tests for expansion that the Big Bang Theory has withstood?
1) the redshift 2) abundance of hydrogen, helium, and lithium, and 3) the uniformly pervasive cosmic microwave background radiation.
p.4
Non-scientific Thought on Origin of the Universe
Is there a center of the universe according to scientific understanding?
No, there is no known center of the universe.
p.7
Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation
Who discovered the cosmic microwave background radiation?
Arno Penzias and Robert Woodrow Wilson.
p.6
Expanding Universe and Redshift
What is the Doppler effect in the context of sound waves?
To a stationary observer, the frequency or pitch of a receding source decreases as it moves away.
p.9
Big Bang Theory and Evolution of the Universe
What is the fate of the universe according to the Big Bang Theory?
The universe will expand exponentially forever.
p.7
Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation
What earned Arno Penzias and Robert Woodrow Wilson the physics Nobel Prize in 1978?
The accidental discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation.
p.3
Structure and Composition of the Universe
What is the Milky Way?
One of the billions of galaxies in the Universe.
p.6
Red-shift as Proof of Expanding Universe
What is the evidence for expansion of the universe?
The positions of the absorption lines for helium for light coming from the Sun are shifted towards the red end as compared with those for a distant star.
p.9
Big Bang Theory and Evolution of the Universe
What is the critical density that determines the fate of the universe?
If the density of the universe is greater than the critical density, it will eventually contract because of gravity. If it is lower, the universe will expand forever.
p.7
Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation
What is the average temperature of the cosmic microwave background radiation?
About 2.7 degrees above absolute zero.
p.3
Non-scientific Thought on Origin of the Universe
Are we at the center of the universe?
No, we are definitely not at the center of the universe.
p.5
Structure and Composition of the Universe
What are the three main components of the universe's composition?
4.6% baryonic matter, 24% cold dark matter, and 71.4% dark energy.
p.5
Expanding Universe and Redshift
What is dark energy and how does it affect the universe?
Dark energy is a source of anti-gravity and can explain the observed accelerating expansion of the universe.
p.5
Structure and Composition of the Universe
What are the three most abundant elements in the universe?
Hydrogen, helium, and lithium.
p.5
Formation and Evolution of Stars
How are stars born in galaxies?
Stars are born out of clouds of gas and dust in galaxies, where instabilities within the clouds eventually result in gravitational collapse, rotation, heating up, and transformation into a protostar.
p.8
Hypotheses Preceding the Big Bang Theory
What is the steady state model of the universe?
It maintains that new matter is created as the universe expands, maintaining its density.
p.2
Structure and Composition of the Universe
What is the purpose of the activity involving the series of photographs of the Solar System?
To emphasize the immensity of time and the vastness of space in the universe.
p.2
Structure and Composition of the Universe
What is the relationship between space and time in the context of the activity?
Emphasizing the immensity of time and the vastness of space in the universe.
p.2
Structure and Composition of the Universe
How is the Earth situated with respect to the Universe?
As part of the solar system, inner terrestrial, and part of the Milky Way Galaxy.
p.8
Big Bang Theory and Evolution of the Universe
What does the Cosmological Principle assume about the universe?
It assumes that the universe is homogeneous and isotropic when averaged over large scales, consistent with our current large-scale image of the universe.
p.1
Big Bang Theory and Evolution of the Universe
What is the Big Bang Theory?
To explain the Big Bang Theory.
p.1
Baryonic , Dark Matter, Dark, Protostar, Thermonuclear Reaction, Main Sequence Stars, Light Years
What is dark energy?
A source of anti-gravity; a force that counteracts gravity and causes the universe to expand.
p.1
Baryonic , Dark Matter, Dark, Protostar, Thermonuclear Reaction, Main Sequence Stars, Light Years
What are main sequence stars?
Stars that fuse hydrogen atoms to form helium atoms in their cores; outward pressure resulting from nuclear fusion is balanced by gravitational forces.
p.9
Big Bang Theory and Evolution of the Universe
What is the 'Big Crunch' and 'Big Chill' in the context of the fate of the universe?
The 'Big Crunch' refers to the universe contracting because of gravity, while the 'Big Chill' refers to the universe expanding forever and cooling during expansion.
p.5
Baryonic , Dark Matter, Dark
What is dark matter and how does it affect galaxies?
Dark matter has gravity but does not emit light, and it can explain what may be holding galaxies together due to the low total mass being insufficient for gravity alone to do so.
p.8
Non-scientific Thought on Origin of the Universe
What did the ancient Egyptians believe about the origin of the world?
They believed it arose from an infinite sea at the first rising of the sun.
p.8
Non-scientific Thought on Origin of the Universe
Who is the creator god in the Kuba people's narrative of the origin of the universe?
Mbombo (or Bumba), who vomited the stars, sun, and moon after feeling intense stomach pain.
p.8
Non-scientific Thought on Origin of the Universe
What is the narrative in India about the origin of the universe?
Gods sacrificed Purusha, the primal man, whose body parts became the sky, earth, sun, and moon.
p.5
Formation and Evolution of Stars
What is the energy source of a star?
A star's energy comes from combining light elements into heavier elements by fusion, or 'nuclear burning' (nucleosynthesis).
p.5
Formation and Evolution of Stars
What is the minimum temperature required for hydrogen fusion?
The minimum temperature for hydrogen fusion is 5x10^6 degrees Celsius.
p.8
Big Bang Theory and Evolution of the Universe
What are the two ideas on which the Big Bang Theory rests?
General Relativity and the Cosmological Principle.
p.8
Big Bang Theory and Evolution of the Universe
How is gravity described in Einstein's General Theory of Relativity?
As a distortion of space-time, no longer described by a gravitational field as in Newton's Law of Gravity.
p.1
Hypotheses Preceding the Big Bang Theory
What is the significance of the different hypotheses that preceded the Big Bang Theory?
To state the different hypotheses that preceded the Big Bang Theory of the Origin of the Universe.
p.1
Baryonic , Dark Matter, Dark, Protostar, Thermonuclear Reaction, Main Sequence Stars, Light Years
What is baryonic matter?
Ordinary matter consisting of protons, electrons, and neutrons that comprises atoms, planets, stars, galaxies, and other bodies.
p.1
Baryonic , Dark Matter, Dark, Protostar, Thermonuclear Reaction, Main Sequence Stars, Light Years
What is a protostar?
An early stage in the formation of a star resulting from the gravitational collapse of gases.
p.1
Baryonic , Dark Matter, Dark, Protostar, Thermonuclear Reaction, Main Sequence Stars, Light Years
What is a light year?
The distance light can travel in a year; a unit of length used to measure astronomical distance.
p.3
Non-scientific Thought on Origin of the Universe
Is there a center of the universe?
Postulated theories suggest different perspectives on the existence of a center.
p.2
Age of the Universe and Composition
How old is the Universe?
At least 13.8 billion years old.
p.2
Age of the Universe and Composition
How old is the Earth/Solar System?
At least 4.5-4.6 billion years old.
p.5
Formation and Evolution of Stars
What happens in the cores of main sequence stars?
In the cores of main sequence stars, hydrogen atoms are fused through thermonuclear reactions to make helium atoms.
p.8
Hypotheses Preceding the Big Bang Theory
What led to the rejection of the steady state model?
The discovery of the cosmic microwave background.
p.8
Big Bang Theory and Evolution of the Universe
What does the Big Bang Theory postulate about the origin of the universe?
It postulates that the universe expanded from a tiny, dense, and hot mass to its present size and much cooler state 13.8 billion years ago.
p.1
Structure and Composition of the Universe
What are the learning objectives related to the structure and composition of the Universe?
To describe the structure and composition of the Universe.
p.1
Red-shift as Proof of Expanding Universe
How is red-shift used as proof of an expanding universe?
By explaining the red-shift phenomenon.
p.8
Big Bang Theory and Evolution of the Universe
What is the misconception about the 'bang' in the Big Bang Theory?
It should not be taken as an explosion; it is better thought of as a simultaneous appearance of space everywhere.
p.1
Baryonic , Dark Matter, Dark, Protostar, Thermonuclear Reaction, Main Sequence Stars, Light Years
What is dark matter?
Matter that has gravity but does not emit light.
p.1
Baryonic , Dark Matter, Dark, Protostar, Thermonuclear Reaction, Main Sequence Stars, Light Years
What is a thermonuclear reaction?
A nuclear fusion reaction responsible for the energy produced by stars.
