Gen5. Cell to Cell Communication 1

Chemicals secreted by neurons that diffuse across a small gap to the target cell.

Ions, gases, small peptides, protein hormones, metabolites, and steroids.

To facilitate communication and adhesion between adjacent cells.

Signals that act on the same cell that secreted them.

Chemical signaling through molecules.

They are designed to bind specific substrates or ligands based on their shape and chemical properties.

Activation of adenylyl cyclase leads to an increase in cytosolic cAMP.

The date may refer to various historical events, but specific context is needed to identify a particular one.

It acts as a signaling molecule that can influence various cellular processes.

Cells respond to external signals.

To promote translation of basic research into new medical treatments and strategies for disease prevention.

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The mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway.

Ligand.

About 10,000 times lower (10^-7 M vs. 10^-3 M).

Specialized connections between adjacent cells that prevent the passage of molecules and ions through the space between cells.

Changes in a cell’s membrane potential.

Cascades of molecular interactions.

They open or close gates.

Direct contact between membrane-bound cell-surface molecules.

Gap junctions allow direct cytoplasmic transfer of electrical and chemical signals.

It is regulated by various mechanisms to activate and terminate signal transduction.

Structures that connect cells to each other and to the extracellular matrix.

They regulate and amplify signal transduction.

To prevent the passage of molecules and ions through the space between cells.

They have enzymatic activity and catalyze the transfer of phosphate groups.

Target enzymes, ion channels, or transcription factors.

Interaction between membrane molecules on two cells.

To integrate and coordinate the systems of the body for different functions.

They all have a limited number of binding sites.

Tight junctions, adherens junctions, desmosomes, gap junctions.

When the plasma membrane depolarizes or through PKA or PKC phosphorylation.

Through adapter proteins.

They regulate gene expression.

By binding to specific DNA sequences and influencing transcription.

G protein coupled receptors.

To amplify the signal from a receptor to elicit a cellular response.

Cell structures that connect adjacent cells to each other and to the extracellular matrix.

By binding directly to an effector target like PKC or to an intermediary protein like calmodulin.

By maintaining the polarity of cells and controlling the flow of ions and small molecules.

Direct cytoplasmic connections between adjacent cells.

Signals that are secreted by one cell and diffuse to adjacent cells.

Autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine signaling.

Calcium acts as a second messenger in various signaling pathways.

A type of signaling where a cell targets itself.

Once all binding sites are occupied, increasing the concentration of the substrate or ligand does not increase the rate of reaction or response.

A calcium-binding messenger protein that mediates the effects of calcium in cells.

Tight junctions, adherens junctions, desmosomes, gap junctions, and hemidesmosomes.

By diffusing across a small gap.

They regulate communications between cells.

It consists of 2 regulatory subunits (R) complexed with 2 catalytic subunits (C).

The ability of different molecules to bind to the same site, affecting the function of the receptor, enzyme, or transporter.

It causes the release of the active catalytic subunit.

Cyclic AMP (cAMP).

A type of signaling where hormones are released into the bloodstream to target distant cells.

Cells that respond to electrical or chemical signals.

They facilitate long-distance communication by transmitting signals between neurons and target cells.

On the plasma membrane or within the cell.

It undergoes a change of shape, leading to activation and the ability to transfer a signal.

Specialized intercellular connections that allow direct communication between cells.

The binding of calcium to calmodulin activates these kinases.

Approximately 75 trillion cells.

In epithelial tissues, such as the lining of the intestines and blood-brain barrier.

Regulation of transcription or cytoplasmic activities.

Structures that connect epithelial cells to each other and to the underlying tissue.

The process by which a cell responds to external signals.

They control the cellular levels of the second messengers, cAMP and cGMP, and the signal transduction pathways modulated by these.

They provide mechanical stability by linking the cytoskeletons of adjacent cells.

Ions, small metabolites, and signaling molecules.

Ions, gases, small peptides, protein hormones, metabolites, and steroids.

Cardiac and smooth muscle tissues, as well as in some epithelial tissues.

Stimulation of phospholipase C (PLC) and hydrolysis of PIP2.

It diffuses into smooth muscles to increase cGMP, activating PKG and ion channels, which reduce cytoplasmic Ca2+.

To allow direct communication and transfer of ions and small molecules between adjacent cells.

Intracellular receptors.

Autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine signaling.

Intracellular signaling molecules released by the cell in response to exposure to extracellular signaling molecules.

It causes the receptor protein to change shape.

1. IP3-gated Ca release channel 2. Ryanodine receptor.

Molecules secreted by cells into the extracellular fluid (ECF).

To provide mechanical stability and strength to tissues.

It hydrolyzes a phosphodiester bond.

They are responsible for most communication within the body.

By acting as ligands that bind to proteins.

Nitrates act as an exogenous source of NO, stimulating soluble guanylate cyclases (GCs) to increase cGMP, leading to vasodilation.

Specialized structures that provide strong adhesion between cells.

Tyrosine residues in the receptor and other target proteins.

Lipid in the plasma membrane.

Electrical signals along neurons and chemical signals through the circulatory system.

They differ in their mechanisms of intracellular signal transduction.

A type of signaling where a cell targets nearby cells.

Only target cells with receptors for the hormone respond.

They relay signals from receptors on the cell surface to target molecules inside the cell.

They facilitate cell-cell recognition.

Intracellular molecules that amplify the signal from receptors.

Specificity, affinity, competition, and saturation.

Hormones.

Erectile dysfunction and pulmonary hypertension.

Increased cyclic nucleotides or other signal transduction processes.

To the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane.

They are secreted by endocrine glands or cells into the blood.

They allow for direct communication between adjacent cells.

They provide mechanical stability and can influence signaling pathways between cells.

It results in a cellular response.

Proteomics and metabolomics.

Five types.

To prevent the passage of molecules and ions through the space between cells.

It integrates and coordinates the systems of the body for different functions.

Insulin and growth factors (such as epidermal, fibroblast, and PDGF).

It activates or inhibits downstream effectors, such as enzymes or ion channels.

Inhibitory G proteins (Gαi).

Diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol trisphosphate (IP3).

They create a barrier that regulates the passage of substances between cells, influencing signaling.

Structures that connect cells to each other and to the extracellular matrix.

Electrical and chemical signals.

Receptors bind signaling molecules and initiate a response in the target cell.

Cyclic GMP (cGMP).

Chemicals released by neurons into the blood for action at distant targets.

Long distance communication.

To connect the actin cytoskeleton of one cell to that of another.

Embryo development and immune response.

Structures that anchor epithelial cells to the basement membrane.

Phospholipase C (PLC).

They act as second messengers.

To create a barrier that regulates the movement of substances between cells.

It is regulated and used in intracellular signal transduction.

To provide mechanical strength by anchoring adjacent cells together.

It is essential for coordinating functions and responses among cells in a tissue.

Changes in calcium concentration can trigger different signaling pathways and cellular responses.

They are important for amplification and flow of the signal received by plasma membrane receptors.

cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate).

The binding of a ligand to the receptor.

They synchronize cellular activities and coordinate responses in tissues.

They have an intrinsic tyrosine kinase or associate with a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase when activated.

cAMP levels decrease as phosphodiesterases break it down.

They play a crucial role in various cellular processes by phosphorylating target proteins.

It acts as an intermediary cytosolic Ca-binding protein.

Claudins and occludins.

Specialized intercellular connections that allow direct communication between adjacent cells.

To facilitate the transfer of ions and small molecules between cells.

It is regulated by various mechanisms to activate and terminate signal transduction.

By hydrolysis to 5′AMP by phosphodiesterases (PDEs).

They are important for amplification and flow of the signal received by plasma membrane receptors.

Important second messengers in smooth muscle and sensory cells.

To signal target cells that have specific receptors.

They are the routes through which signaling leads to cellular responses.

Autocrine and paracrine signaling.

Synaptic signaling.

It is a PDE5 inhibitor used to treat erectile dysfunction and pulmonary hypertension.

To allow communication and transfer of small molecules between adjacent cells.

Through the activation of adenylate cyclase by the G protein.

It activates a G protein, usually Gαq.

It can directly activate them to modulate cytoplasmic calcium.

They regulate the levels of cGMP and can be inhibited to enhance its effects.

They connect the actin cytoskeleton of one cell to that of another.

To communicate rapidly while conveying a tremendous amount of information.

Yes, each cell can communicate with most other cells.

By linking the cytoskeletons of adjacent cells, they help maintain the structural integrity of tissues.

Stimulatory G proteins activate adenylate cyclase (AC), which converts ATP to cAMP.

Connexins, which assemble to form connexons.

Transcription of genes, growth, cellular differentiation, and movements (such as crawling and shape change).

Guanylyl cyclase (GC).

Smooth muscle relaxation.

To create a barrier that prevents the passage of molecules between cells.

They allow direct communication between adjacent cells through channels.

They provide strong adhesion between cells, particularly in tissues subject to mechanical stress.

The Nervous System.

To anchor cells to the extracellular matrix.

It can treat angina but is considered short-acting.

It acts as a second messenger to amplify the signal and activate protein kinase A (PKA).

Adherens junctions and desmosomes.

Cadherins.

By providing strong adhesion between cells, resisting mechanical stress.

Stimulatory G proteins (Gαs).

It undergoes a conformational change and exchanges GDP for GTP.

On the plasma membrane or within the cell.

No, they do not generate second messengers like cAMP or cGMP.

Protein kinase G (PKG).