p.2
Rights of Drug Administration
What is the purpose of right documentation?
For the nurse's protection.
p.4
Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics
What does pharmacokinetics refer to?
The movement of a drug in the body.
p.10
Adrenergic and Cholinergic Drugs
What are common side effects of Isosuxprine (Duvadilan)?
Tremors and palpitations.
p.2
Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics
What is pharmacodynamics?
The study of the action of drugs on the body.
p.4
Drug Metabolism and Excretion
What happens to an oral drug during the First Pass Effect?
It is metabolized by cytochrome P450 in the liver, becoming a less active and less toxic drug.
p.4
Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics
What is the role of fat in drug absorption?
Fat serves as a storage for drugs unless they are fat-soluble.
p.6
Drug Administration Routes
What is a scored tablet?
A tablet with a line in the center that can be divided and crushed without causing issues.
p.9
Rights of Drug Administration
What nursing care should be provided for patients experiencing constipation due to anticholinergic effects?
Increase oral fluid intake (OFI) and fiber in the diet.
p.3
Drug-Receptor Interactions
What do SSRIs do?
They block the reuptake of serotonin.
p.12
Myasthenia Gravis and Treatment
What is the role of anticholinesterase drugs in Myasthenia Gravis?
To prevent the breakdown of acetylcholine, leading to a cholinergic effect.
p.3
Drug-Receptor Interactions
What is an agonist?
A substance that stimulates receptor sites.
p.4
Drug Metabolism and Excretion
What is the First Pass Effect?
The metabolism of a drug in the liver before it reaches systemic circulation.
p.6
Drug Administration Routes
What is the purpose of enteric-coated drugs?
They liberate in an alkaline environment (small intestine) to avoid stomach irritation and should not be crushed.
What is the first line of therapy for depression?
SSRIs (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors).
What is pharmacology?
The study of biological effects of chemicals, including drugs.
What is the process by which a presynaptic neuron communicates with a postsynaptic neuron?
The presynaptic neuron receives an impulse, releases neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft, which then bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron.
p.12
Myasthenia Gravis and Treatment
What is the purpose of the Tensilon Test?
To diagnose Myasthenic and Cholinergic crises by assessing muscle strength.
p.10
Adrenergic and Cholinergic Drugs
What is the effect of Prazosin on blood pressure?
It causes vasodilation, decreases total peripheral resistance (TPR), and lowers blood pressure.
p.10
Adrenergic and Cholinergic Drugs
What is the role of Doxazosin and Terazosin in treating BPH?
They target the urinary bladder to facilitate emptying and treat benign prostatic hyperplasia.
p.8
Autonomic Nervous System and Neurotransmitters
What are ganglia?
Nerve bodies located outside the central nervous system.
p.6
Drug Administration Routes
What is the difference between hard gel and soft gel capsules?
Hard gel capsules contain powder inside, while soft gel capsules contain liquid.
p.12
Myasthenia Gravis and Treatment
What should be monitored in nursing management for Myasthenia Gravis?
Vital signs, intake and output, neuro checks, muscle strength, and pulmonary function.
p.12
Myasthenia Gravis and Treatment
What is the effect of corticosteroids in Myasthenia Gravis treatment?
They help manage symptoms and monitor for crises.
p.2
Rights of Drug Administration
What should you verify to ensure the right patient?
The patient's name and birthday.
What is an example of a drug used to replace a missing substance?
Insulin for diabetes mellitus.
Why are MAOIs not considered first line for depression?
Due to increased risks for cardiac problems and hypertensive crisis.
p.3
Drug-Receptor Interactions
What is a competitive antagonist?
It binds to the same receptor, reducing the potency of the agonist.
p.2
Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics
What is pharmacokinetics?
The body's response to the drug, including its movement.
p.3
Drug-Enzyme Interactions
What do cholinesterase inhibitors do?
They prevent the breakdown of ACH, causing muscles to not relax.
What are common anticholinergic side effects associated with clozapine?
Constipation, urinary retention, and dryness of the mouth.
p.10
Adrenergic and Cholinergic Drugs
What are the therapeutic uses of beta-adrenergic blockers?
They are used for hypertension, angina, post-myocardial infarction, anxiety attacks, and hyperthyroidism.
p.5
Drug Metabolism and Excretion
What is excretion?
The elimination of waste products and unnecessary substances from the body.
p.6
Drug Administration Routes
What is a suspension in drug forms?
A drug usually bought in powder form mixed with water, where the chemicals do not mix and require shaking before administration.
p.6
Drug Administration Routes
What is the difference between ointments and lotions?
Ointments are oil-based and used for dry lesions, while lotions are water-based and used for wet lesions.
p.3
Drug-Receptor Interactions
What is Neostigmine used for?
It is used for myasthenia gravis.
p.4
Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics
What is the process of drug liberation?
The active ingredient is released from the drug.
p.3
Drug-Receptor Interactions
What is a non-competitive antagonist?
It binds to a different receptor and prevents the binding of the agonist.
p.3
Autonomic Nervous System and Neurotransmitters
What are the types of adrenergic receptors?
Alpha 1, Alpha 2, Beta 1, and Beta 2.
p.9
Adrenergic and Cholinergic Drugs
What is the primary action of phenylephrine?
It acts as a decongestant and decreases blood flow.
p.9
Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics
What formula represents blood pressure?
BP = HR x SV x Total Peripheral Resistance (SVR).
p.10
Adrenergic and Cholinergic Drugs
What is the mechanism of action of beta blockers like Propranolol?
They decrease heart rate and blood pressure by blocking beta-adrenergic receptors.
p.8
Autonomic Nervous System and Neurotransmitters
What do preganglionic nerves do?
Innervate organs before reaching the ganglia.
p.6
Drug Administration Routes
What is the function of lozenges?
They have antiseptic properties to inhibit bacterial growth and anesthetic action to relieve pain.
p.9
Adrenergic and Cholinergic Drugs
What is a notable characteristic of Sinupret compared to other decongestants?
It does not increase blood pressure.
p.11
Myasthenia Gravis and Treatment
What is a common symptom of Myasthenia Gravis?
Descending muscle weakness.
p.3
Drug-Receptor Interactions
What is the effect of drugs that depress cellular activities?
They interfere with the growth of foreign cells.
p.12
Myasthenia Gravis and Treatment
What are the nursing priorities for patients with Myasthenia Gravis?
Airway, aspiration, and immobility.
p.6
Drug Administration Routes
What is a characteristic of layered drugs like Neozep?
They contain two or more chemicals and can be crushed.
p.12
Myasthenia Gravis and Treatment
What are the signs and symptoms of a Myasthenic crisis?
Weakness and paralysis due to underdose of cholinergic drug.
p.12
Myasthenia Gravis and Treatment
What treatment is given for a Myasthenic crisis?
Cholinergic drug (neostigmine).
p.12
Myasthenia Gravis and Treatment
What treatment is given for a Cholinergic crisis?
Anticholinergic drug (atropine).
p.9
Drug-Receptor Interactions
What is the effect of alpha1 receptors on blood vessels?
They cause vasoconstriction.
p.10
Adrenergic and Cholinergic Drugs
What is the goal of treatment for angina using beta blockers?
To increase oxygen supply and decrease oxygen demand.
p.9
Adrenergic and Cholinergic Drugs
What is the role of midodrine?
It is used for orthostatic hypotension and causes vasoconstriction to increase blood pressure.
p.11
Myasthenia Gravis and Treatment
What is the initial sign of Myasthenia Gravis?
Ptosis (drooping of the eyelids).
What is the effect of an antagonist in pharmacology?
Blocks the action of a neurotransmitter.
p.10
Adrenergic and Cholinergic Drugs
What is the primary use of Phentolamine?
To induce vasodilation and decrease blood pressure, especially in hypertensive crises.
p.2
Drug-Receptor Interactions
How is pharmacodynamics likened to a 'key and lock'?
The receptor is the lock, and the drug is the key.
p.3
Drug-Enzyme Interactions
What happens during normal nerve stimulation?
ACH binds to receptors, causing muscle contraction.
p.2
Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics
What are the types of movement in pharmacokinetics?
Liberation, absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.
p.3
Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics
What is the Biogenic Amine Theory related to depression?
Depression is caused by an imbalance of norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin.
p.8
Autonomic Nervous System and Neurotransmitters
What do postganglionic nerves do?
Innervate organs after passing through the ganglia.
p.5
Drug Administration Routes
What is the significance of IV drugs in relation to metabolism?
IV drugs bypass the first pass effect, meaning metabolism is skipped and concentration is 100%.
p.9
Adrenergic and Cholinergic Drugs
What is terbutaline used for?
It is a bronchodilator used for asthma and COPD, and can also be used as a tocolytic for premature contractions.
What is a side effect of Haloperidol?
Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS).
p.7
Autonomic Nervous System and Neurotransmitters
Where does the parasympathetic nervous system originate?
From the craniosacral area (cranial nerves 3, 7, 9, 10 and sacral spinal nerves 2, 3, 4).
What are effector cells?
Cells that act based on the impulse received from neurons, such as muscles, glands, and nerves.
p.12
Myasthenia Gravis and Treatment
What are the signs and symptoms of a Cholinergic crisis?
Weakness and paralysis due to overdose of cholinergic drug.
Why is hypoglycemia considered more dangerous than hyperglycemia?
Because it can lead to coma.
p.11
Autonomic Nervous System and Neurotransmitters
What is the consequence of open-angle glaucoma?
Increase in aqueous humor and decrease in its production.
p.11
Autonomic Nervous System and Neurotransmitters
What causes closed-angle glaucoma?
Obstruction of flow of aqueous humor.
p.11
Autonomic Nervous System and Neurotransmitters
What are some side effects associated with the conditions discussed?
Bradycardia, hypotension, bronchoconstriction, hypoglycemia, erectile dysfunction.
p.11
Autonomic Nervous System and Neurotransmitters
What should be monitored in patients with these conditions?
Heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), and respiratory rate (RR).
What does a tocolytic do?
Blocks the tone of uterine muscle.
p.11
Myasthenia Gravis and Treatment
What happens to acetylcholine in Myasthenia Gravis?
Antibodies attack acetylcholine receptors, preventing acetylcholine from reaching effector cells.
p.5
Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics
What is a loading dose?
An initial dose that is usually higher than the recommended dose, given for an immediate response, often in emergency cases.
p.5
Autonomic Nervous System and Neurotransmitters
What is the space between neurons called?
Synapse (or Synaptic Cleft).
p.2
Drug Administration Routes
Why is the right route important in drug administration?
To ensure safety and effectiveness; IV push can be dangerous.
p.9
Drug-Receptor Interactions
What is the effect of alpha2 receptors in the CNS?
They decrease norepinephrine release.
p.9
Drug-Receptor Interactions
What is the primary action of beta1 receptors?
They cause bronchodilation and vasodilation.
p.5
Drug Metabolism and Excretion
How should the oral drug dose be adjusted for patients with liver damage?
The oral drug dose should be reduced because the liver cannot metabolize the drug properly.
p.11
Myasthenia Gravis and Treatment
What is the risk associated with dysphagia in Myasthenia Gravis?
Increased risk for aspiration.
p.5
Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics
What is half-life in pharmacology?
The time it takes for a drug to become half of its previously peaked level.
p.7
Autonomic Nervous System and Neurotransmitters
What is the function of serotonin (5HT)?
It is involved in arousal, sleep, motivation, and preventing depression.
p.7
Autonomic Nervous System and Neurotransmitters
What are the two branches of the autonomic nervous system?
Sympathetic (adrenergic) and Parasympathetic (cholinergic).
p.5
Rights of Drug Administration
What should be done before an operation if a patient is on aspirin?
Discontinue aspirin for about 5 days before the operation.
p.9
Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics
What are common side effects of albuterol?
Tremors and palpitations.
What is the purpose of giving Atropine before surgery?
To decrease salivation and reduce the risk of aspiration.
p.11
Myasthenia Gravis and Treatment
What is the opposite condition of Myasthenia Gravis?
Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS), which causes ascending paralysis.
p.7
Autonomic Nervous System and Neurotransmitters
What neurotransmitters are released by nerves in the sympathetic nervous system (SNS)?
Catecholamines: Norepinephrine (NE), Epinephrine (E), and Dopamine (D).
p.7
Autonomic Nervous System and Neurotransmitters
What is the effect of norepinephrine and epinephrine on mental health conditions?
They are associated with increased schizophrenia and mania, and decreased depression, Parkinson's, and ADHD.
What is tardive dyskinesia?
A side effect associated with long-term use of antipsychotic medications.
p.7
Autonomic Nervous System and Neurotransmitters
Where does the sympathetic nervous system originate?
From the thoracolumbar area (C2 – L2).
p.5
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
What is critical concentration?
The level of drug in the blood which produces a therapeutic effect.
p.7
Autonomic Nervous System and Neurotransmitters
What role does dopamine (DOPA) play in the body?
It coordinates impulses and responses, and is involved in cognitive behaviors such as thinking, learning, and reasoning.
p.7
Autonomic Nervous System and Neurotransmitters
What is the role of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)?
It inhibits nerve activity and prevents overexcitability, such as seizure activity.
