What is the effect of drugs that depress cellular activities?
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They interfere with the growth of foreign cells.
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What is the effect of drugs that depress cellular activities?
They interfere with the growth of foreign cells.
What is the first line of therapy for depression?
SSRIs (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors).
What is Neostigmine used for?
It is used for myasthenia gravis.
Why are MAOIs not considered first line for depression?
Due to increased risks for cardiac problems and hypertensive crisis.
What do SSRIs do?
They block the reuptake of serotonin.
What does pharmacokinetics refer to?
The movement of a drug in the body.
What is an agonist?
A substance that stimulates receptor sites.
What are the nursing priorities for patients with Myasthenia Gravis?
Airway, aspiration, and immobility.
What is pharmacology?
The study of biological effects of chemicals, including drugs.
What is the process of drug liberation?
The active ingredient is released from the drug.
What is a competitive antagonist?
It binds to the same receptor, reducing the potency of the agonist.
What is the role of anticholinesterase drugs in Myasthenia Gravis?
To prevent the breakdown of acetylcholine, leading to a cholinergic effect.
What are common side effects of Isosuxprine (Duvadilan)?
Tremors and palpitations.
What does 'pharmaco' mean?
Medicine or drug.
What is the fastest route of drug absorption?
IV (Intravenous) route.
What is the process by which a presynaptic neuron communicates with a postsynaptic neuron?
The presynaptic neuron receives an impulse, releases neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft, which then bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron.
What is a non-competitive antagonist?
It binds to a different receptor and prevents the binding of the agonist.
Which drug is used for the treatment of Myasthenia Gravis?
Neostigmine.
What is the primary use of Phentolamine?
To induce vasodilation and decrease blood pressure, especially in hypertensive crises.
What is pharmacodynamics?
The study of the action of drugs on the body.
What is the First Pass Effect?
The metabolism of a drug in the liver before it reaches systemic circulation.
What is a characteristic of layered drugs like Neozep?
They contain two or more chemicals and can be crushed.
What is the purpose of the Tensilon Test?
To diagnose Myasthenic and Cholinergic crises by assessing muscle strength.
What are the types of adrenergic receptors?
Alpha 1, Alpha 2, Beta 1, and Beta 2.
What condition is associated with increased norepinephrine (NE) due to a hypersecreting tumor?
Pheochromocytoma.
How is pharmacodynamics likened to a 'key and lock'?
The receptor is the lock, and the drug is the key.
What happens to an oral drug during the First Pass Effect?
It is metabolized by cytochrome P450 in the liver, becoming a less active and less toxic drug.
What is the purpose of enteric-coated drugs?
They liberate in an alkaline environment (small intestine) to avoid stomach irritation and should not be crushed.
What are the signs and symptoms of a Myasthenic crisis?
Weakness and paralysis due to underdose of cholinergic drug.
What is the effect of Prazosin on blood pressure?
It causes vasodilation, decreases total peripheral resistance (TPR), and lowers blood pressure.
What is the primary action of phenylephrine?
It acts as a decongestant and decreases blood flow.
What is pharmacokinetics?
The body's response to the drug, including its movement.
What happens during normal nerve stimulation?
ACH binds to receptors, causing muscle contraction.
What is the role of fat in drug absorption?
Fat serves as a storage for drugs unless they are fat-soluble.
What are effector cells?
Cells that act based on the impulse received from neurons, such as muscles, glands, and nerves.
What treatment is given for a Myasthenic crisis?
Cholinergic drug (neostigmine).
What is the role of Doxazosin and Terazosin in treating BPH?
They target the urinary bladder to facilitate emptying and treat benign prostatic hyperplasia.
What formula represents blood pressure?
BP = HR x SV x Total Peripheral Resistance (SVR).
What do cholinesterase inhibitors do?
They prevent the breakdown of ACH, causing muscles to not relax.
What are the types of movement in pharmacokinetics?
Liberation, absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.
What is a scored tablet?
A tablet with a line in the center that can be divided and crushed without causing issues.
What are the signs and symptoms of a Cholinergic crisis?
Weakness and paralysis due to overdose of cholinergic drug.
What is the trajectory for Subcutaneous (Sub-Q) injections?
45 degrees.
What are ganglia?
Nerve bodies located outside the central nervous system.
What is the mechanism of action of beta blockers like Propranolol?
They decrease heart rate and blood pressure by blocking beta-adrenergic receptors.
What are common anticholinergic side effects associated with clozapine?
Constipation, urinary retention, and dryness of the mouth.
What is the Biogenic Amine Theory related to depression?
Depression is caused by an imbalance of norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin.
What is the first right of drug administration?
Right Medication/Drug.
Why is hypoglycemia considered more dangerous than hyperglycemia?
Because it can lead to coma.
What treatment is given for a Cholinergic crisis?
Anticholinergic drug (atropine).
What is the difference between hard gel and soft gel capsules?
Hard gel capsules contain powder inside, while soft gel capsules contain liquid.
What do preganglionic nerves do?
Innervate organs before reaching the ganglia.
What are the therapeutic uses of beta-adrenergic blockers?
They are used for hypertension, angina, post-myocardial infarction, anxiety attacks, and hyperthyroidism.
What does the ciliary body produce?
Aqueous humor.
What nursing care should be provided for patients experiencing constipation due to anticholinergic effects?
Increase oral fluid intake (OFI) and fiber in the diet.
How many times should you check the drug before administration?
At least 3 times.
What should be monitored in nursing management for Myasthenia Gravis?
Vital signs, intake and output, neuro checks, muscle strength, and pulmonary function.
What is the function of lozenges?
They have antiseptic properties to inhibit bacterial growth and anesthetic action to relieve pain.
What is excretion?
The elimination of waste products and unnecessary substances from the body.
What do postganglionic nerves do?
Innervate organs after passing through the ganglia.
Which beta blocker is commonly used for glaucoma?
Timolol and Betaxolol.
What is the consequence of open-angle glaucoma?
Increase in aqueous humor and decrease in its production.
What is the effect of alpha1 receptors on blood vessels?
They cause vasoconstriction.
What is the right dose intended to achieve?
A therapeutic effect.
What is the effect of corticosteroids in Myasthenia Gravis treatment?
They help manage symptoms and monitor for crises.
What is a suspension in drug forms?
A drug usually bought in powder form mixed with water, where the chemicals do not mix and require shaking before administration.
What is the recommended dose of a certain drug mentioned?
500 mg every 8 hours.
What is the function of an anxiolytic?
Blocks anxiety.
What causes closed-angle glaucoma?
Obstruction of flow of aqueous humor.
What is the goal of treatment for angina using beta blockers?
To increase oxygen supply and decrease oxygen demand.
What is a notable characteristic of Sinupret compared to other decongestants?
It does not increase blood pressure.
What should you verify to ensure the right patient?
The patient's name and birthday.
What is the difference between ointments and lotions?
Ointments are oil-based and used for dry lesions, while lotions are water-based and used for wet lesions.
What does a mucolytic do?
Lyses mucus.
What is the half-life (T ½) of the drug?
8 hours.
What are some side effects associated with the conditions discussed?
Bradycardia, hypotension, bronchoconstriction, hypoglycemia, erectile dysfunction.
What is the role of midodrine?
It is used for orthostatic hypotension and causes vasoconstriction to increase blood pressure.
Why is the right route important in drug administration?
To ensure safety and effectiveness; IV push can be dangerous.
What is the role of a thrombolytic?
Dissolves clots.
How long does it take for the drug to be totally removed from the body?
4-5 days.
What should be monitored in patients with these conditions?
Heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), and respiratory rate (RR).
What is the effect of alpha2 receptors in the CNS?
They decrease norepinephrine release.
What is the purpose of right documentation?
For the nurse's protection.
What does a tocolytic do?
Blocks the tone of uterine muscle.
What should be done before an operation if a patient is on aspirin?
Discontinue aspirin for about 5 days before the operation.
What is the initial sign of Myasthenia Gravis?
Ptosis (drooping of the eyelids).
What is the primary action of beta1 receptors?
They cause bronchodilation and vasodilation.
What is an example of a drug used to replace a missing substance?
Insulin for diabetes mellitus.
What type of neurotransmitter system is the parasympathetic nervous system associated with?
Cholinergic.
What is the significance of IV drugs in relation to metabolism?
IV drugs bypass the first pass effect, meaning metabolism is skipped and concentration is 100%.
What happens to acetylcholine in Myasthenia Gravis?
Antibodies attack acetylcholine receptors, preventing acetylcholine from reaching effector cells.
What are common side effects of albuterol?
Tremors and palpitations.
What is the effect of an antagonist in pharmacology?
Blocks the action of a neurotransmitter.
How should the oral drug dose be adjusted for patients with liver damage?
The oral drug dose should be reduced because the liver cannot metabolize the drug properly.
What is a common symptom of Myasthenia Gravis?
Descending muscle weakness.
What is terbutaline used for?
It is a bronchodilator used for asthma and COPD, and can also be used as a tocolytic for premature contractions.
What is the purpose of giving Atropine before surgery?
To decrease salivation and reduce the risk of aspiration.
What is critical concentration?
The level of drug in the blood which produces a therapeutic effect.
What is the risk associated with dysphagia in Myasthenia Gravis?
Increased risk for aspiration.
What is a side effect of Haloperidol?
Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS).
What is a loading dose?
An initial dose that is usually higher than the recommended dose, given for an immediate response, often in emergency cases.
What is the opposite condition of Myasthenia Gravis?
Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS), which causes ascending paralysis.
What does EPS stand for in relation to Haloperidol?
Extrapyramidal Syndrome.
What is half-life in pharmacology?
The time it takes for a drug to become half of its previously peaked level.
What is tardive dyskinesia?
A side effect associated with long-term use of antipsychotic medications.
What is the functional unit of the nervous system?
Neuron.
What is the space between neurons called?
Synapse (or Synaptic Cleft).
What neurotransmitters are released by nerves in the sympathetic nervous system (SNS)?
Catecholamines: Norepinephrine (NE), Epinephrine (E), and Dopamine (D).
What role does dopamine (DOPA) play in the body?
It coordinates impulses and responses, and is involved in cognitive behaviors such as thinking, learning, and reasoning.
What is the function of serotonin (5HT)?
It is involved in arousal, sleep, motivation, and preventing depression.
What are some foods rich in serotonin?
Bananas and chocolate.
What neurotransmitter is associated with muscle contraction and memory?
Acetylcholine (ACH).
What is the effect of norepinephrine and epinephrine on mental health conditions?
They are associated with increased schizophrenia and mania, and decreased depression, Parkinson's, and ADHD.
What is the role of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)?
It inhibits nerve activity and prevents overexcitability, such as seizure activity.
What are the two branches of the autonomic nervous system?
Sympathetic (adrenergic) and Parasympathetic (cholinergic).
Where does the sympathetic nervous system originate?
From the thoracolumbar area (C2 – L2).
Where does the parasympathetic nervous system originate?
From the craniosacral area (cranial nerves 3, 7, 9, 10 and sacral spinal nerves 2, 3, 4).
