What detects low calcium levels in the body?
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Chemoreceptors in the parathyroid gland.
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What detects low calcium levels in the body?
Chemoreceptors in the parathyroid gland.
How is low blood glucose detected in the body?
Detected by alpha cells in the pancreas.
What is the role of glucagon in response to low blood glucose?
Glucagon is released into the bloodstream and acts on the liver to stimulate the breakdown of glycogen and release glucose into the bloodstream, increasing blood glucose levels.
What physiological changes occur in response to low blood pressure?
The heart beats harder and faster, and there is vasoconstriction to increase heart rate and blood pressure.
What happens when blood glucose levels are consistently high?
Cellular dehydration and damage (glucotoxicity) occur, leading to extracellular fluid pulling water out of cells and potential renal failure.
What is the main characteristic of positive feedback?
It enhances or amplifies change, driving the system further away from the initial set point.
What are the examples of positive feedback?
Blood clotting and Ferguson reflex (childbirth).
What happens in the body during thermoregulation as an example of negative feedback?
Physiological changes promote the loss of heat from the body's surface, such as sweating, relaxation of hair follicles, and vasodilation of arterioles.
How is Type 1 Diabetes commonly treated?
Insulin replacement therapy via insulin injections or insulin pumps.
How is high calcium detected in the body?
Detected by chemoreceptors in the parathyroid gland.
What is the role of calcitonin in response to high calcium levels?
Calcitonin is released into the bloodstream and acts on target tissues to decrease blood calcium levels.
What is the consequence of low blood glucose levels?
CNS dysfunction as neurons exclusively use glucose for energy.
What is released into the bloodstream when low calcium is detected?
Parathyroid hormone (PTH).
What is the pathogenesis of Type 1 Diabetes?
Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells.
What keeps blood glucose levels within a narrow range?
The antagonistic actions of insulin and glucagon.
What is the normal range for blood calcium levels?
2.1 - 2.7 mM.
How is high blood glucose detected in the body?
High blood glucose is detected by beta cells in the pancreas, leading to the release of insulin into the bloodstream.
What are the consequences of decreased calcium resorption from bone?
Decrease in calcium concentration.
What physiological changes promote the generation of heat in response to low body temperature?
Reduction of sweating, piloerection (goosebumps), constriction of skin arterioles, shivering, and metabolic activity in brown fat mitochondria.
How is high blood pressure detected in the body?
High blood pressure is detected by baroreceptors in the aorta and carotid arteries.
What physiological changes occur in response to high blood pressure?
The heart beats slower and there is vasodilation to decrease heart rate and blood pressure.
What is the pathogenesis of Rickets?
Loss of bone density due to severe Calcium or vitamin D deficiency.
What are the symptoms of Rickets in children?
Small stature, malformed skull and sternum, crooked bones, muscle weakness, infirm joints, poor development of teeth, and increased tooth decay.
What is the main goal of negative feedback?
To restore the set point to normal by moving it in the opposite direction of the initial stimulus.
What are the consequences of chronic hyperglycemia?
Cardiovascular diseases, impaired circulation, decreased wound healing, retinopathy, nephropathy.
What can increase susceptibility to inflammation and infection of gums in diabetes patients?
Combination of compromised immune function and gum tissue perfusion.
What is the progressive reduction in sensitivity and responsiveness of pancreas cells to insulin called?
Insulin resistance.
What are the targets of homeostasis?
Concentration of nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, taste products, salts, electrolytes, pH, temperature, volume, and pressure of extracellular fluid (ECF).
What is homeostasis?
The self-regulating process of biological systems/internal environment that maintains stability while adjusting to conditions optimal for survival.
How is homeostasis regulated?
By neural and endocrine systems to provide adaptability for changing demands. Chemical signals act at receptors on target tissue, and nerve cells release neurotransmitters while endocrine cells release hormones.
What are the steps involved in negative feedback?
What does homeostasis maintain for proper functioning of cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems?
Physical and chemical parameters.
