Which category do Sphingomyelin, Plasmalogens, and Cardiolipin belong to?

A) Neutral Fats (Triglycerides/Triacylglycerol)

B) Derived Lipids

C) Fatty Acids

D) Compound Lipids

E) Cholesterol and Sterols

Which of the following is a source of cholesterol in the human body?

A) Fruits and vegetables

B) Nuts and seeds

C) Animal products

D) Grains and legumes

E) Dairy products

How can liposomes be used in drug delivery for cancer therapy?

A) As carriers for cold medications

B) As carriers of drugs in the circulation targeted to specific organs

C) As carriers for vitamins

D) As carriers for antibiotics

E) As carriers for painkillers

What is the role of emulsifying agents in stabilizing emulsions?

A) Forming a surface layer separating the main bulk of non-polar material from the water

B) Forming a surface layer separating the main bulk of polar material from the water

C) Enhancing the size of the emulsions

D) Reducing the stability of the emulsions

E) Preventing the formation of emulsions

What is the risk associated with familial hypercholesterolemia?

A) Higher risk of diabetes

B) Higher risk of cancer

C) Higher risk of heart disease and premature death

D) Higher risk of stroke

E) Higher risk of arthritis

What is the general formula for saturated fatty acids?

A) CnH2n+1 COOH

B) CnH2n COOH

C) CnH2n-1 COOH

D) CnH2n+2 COOH

E) CnH2n-2 COOH

What is the process of saponification?

A) Hydrolysis of a fat by an alkali

B) Formation of aldehydes and ketones

C) Spontaneous oxidation at the double bond

D) Unpleasant odor and taste developed by natural fats

E) Addition of halogens to unsaturated fatty acids

What does hydrolysis of sphingomyelin yield?

A) Glucose, fatty acid, and alcohol

B) Galactose, fatty acid, and sphingosine

C) Sphingosine, dihydrosphingosine, and nitrogenous base

D) N-acetyl galactosamine, N-acetyl neuraminic acid, and sialic acid

E) Kerasin, cerebron, and nervon

How is glycerol absorbed into the body?

A) Through the skin

B) Through inhalation

C) Directly absorbed to portal blood from the gut

D) Through the lymphatic system

E) Through the circulatory system

What are eicosanoids derived from?

A) Saturated fatty acids

B) Monounsaturated fatty acids

C) Polyunsaturated fatty acids

D) Trans fatty acids

E) Omega-3 fatty acids

What is the primary function of cholesterol in the body?

A) Energy storage

B) Cell membrane structure

C) Hormone production

D) Vitamin absorption

E) Muscle contraction

What is the precursor for the synthesis of steroid hormones in the body?

A) Triglycerides

B) Phospholipids

C) Cholesterol

D) Saturated fats

E) Unsaturated fats

What is the general formula for oleic acid?

A) CnH2n+1COOH

B) CnH2n-1COOH

C) CnH2nCOOH

D) CnH2n-2COOH

E) CnH2n-3COOH

How many double bonds are present in the Linoleic acid series?

A) One

B) Two

C) Three

D) Four

E) Five

What is the role of essential fatty acids (EFA) in the synthesis of prostaglandins and other compounds?

A) They inhibit the synthesis of prostaglandins

B) They have no effect on the synthesis of prostaglandins

C) They are synthesized from Arachidonic acid by cyclooxygenase enzyme system

D) They are formed from arachidonic acid in leucocytes by the Lipoxygenase pathway

E) They are involved in the breakdown of prostaglandins

What is the molecular formula of cholesterol?

A) C27H45OH

B) C20H30O2

C) C30H50O

D) C25H40O

E) C35H60O

What is the general formula for the Linolenic acid series?

A) CnH2n+1COOH

B) CnH2n-1COOH

C) CnH2nCOOH

D) CnH2n-2COOH

E) CnH2n-5COOH

What is the effect of essential fatty acids (EFA) on the serum level of cholesterol?

A) They have no effect on cholesterol levels

B) They increase serum cholesterol levels

C) They decrease serum cholesterol levels

D) They have a variable effect on cholesterol levels

E) They convert cholesterol into other compounds

How are saturated fatty acids named?

A) With 'oic' being substituted for the final 'e' in the name of the hydrocarbon

B) With 'enoic' being substituted for the final 'e' in the name of the hydrocarbon

C) With 'anoic' being substituted for the final 'e' in the name of the hydrocarbon

D) With 'ic' being substituted for the final 'e' in the name of the hydrocarbon

E) With 'olic' being substituted for the final 'e' in the name of the hydrocarbon

Where is the unsaturated double bond located in the structure of cholesterol?

A) Between C1 and C2

B) Between C3 and C4

C) Between C5 and C6

D) Between C7 and C8

E) Between C9 and C10

What are the most important sterols in the human body?

Cholesterol

What happens to the clotting time with the ingestion of fats rich in essential fatty acids (EFA)?

A) It has no effect on clotting time

B) It shortens the clotting time

C) It prolongs the clotting time

D) It causes variable effects on clotting time

E) It stops the clotting process altogether

What is the chain length range of fatty acids?

A) C1 to C10

B) C6 to C18

C) C12 to C24

D) C4 to C24

E) C16 to C30

Which compound is known for its role in maintaining cellular function and structure?

A) Phosphatidylserine

B) Cephalin

C) Phosphatidic acid

D) Glucose

E) Sodium

Where is cholesterol found in largest amounts in normal human adults?

A) Muscles

B) Heart

C) Brain and nervous tissue

D) Liver

E) Skin

What is the most complex type of glycosphingolipid?

A) Kerasin

B) Cerebron

C) Nervon

D) Oxynervon

E) Gangliosides

What are the components yielded on hydrolysis of Phosphatidyl Choline (Lecithin)?

What is the main significance of gangliosides?

A) Energy production

B) Structural support

C) Serve as specific membrane binding sites for circulating hormones

D) Immune response

E) Waste elimination

What is the significance of GM1 derived from GM3?

A) Energy production

B) Structural support

C) Receptor in human intestine for cholera toxin

D) Immune response

E) Waste elimination

Why are amphipathic lipids generally insoluble in water?

A) Due to their high density

B) Because they contain polar hydrocarbon groups

C) Because they contain nonpolar hydrocarbon groups

D) Due to their large molecular size

E) Because of their high reactivity

What is the arrangement of amphipathic lipids at oil-water interfaces?

A) Polar groups in the oil phase and non-polar groups in the water phase

B) Polar groups in the water phase and non-polar groups in the oil phase

C) Polar and non-polar groups equally distributed in both phases

D) Polar groups repelling the water phase

E) Non-polar groups repelling the oil phase

What are the three types of derived lipids?

Sphingomyelin, Plasmalogens, Cardiolipin

What is a fatty acid?

An organic acid that occurs in a natural triglyceride

What are substituted fatty acids?

Hydroxy fatty acid and methyl fatty acid, in which one or more of the hydrogen atoms have been replaced by – OH or – CH3 group

What is the structure of cholesterol's nucleus?

Cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus

Give examples of lipids.

Fats, oils, waxes and related compounds

Give an example of a saturated fatty acid with 10 carbon atoms.

Caproic acid C5H11COOH

What does Δ9 denote in the naming of fatty acids?

A) A triple bond between C9 and C10

B) A single bond between C9 and C10

C) A double bond between C9 and C10

D) A quadruple bond between C9 and C10

E) A hydrogen bond between C9 and C10

What is the clinical significance of estimating lecithin phosphorus ratio in amniotic fluid?

A) Predicting adequate fetal brain development

B) Determining the mother's health status

C) Predicting adequate fetal lung maturity

D) Assessing the risk of heart disease in the fetus

E) Identifying potential genetic disorders in the fetus

What is the alcohol group in Glycerophosphatides?

Why are essential fatty acids important in the diet?

Where is Phosphatidyl Choline (Lecithin) widely distributed in animals?

What are mono unsaturated fatty acids defined by?

A) Contain one double bond

B) Contain at least one C - C double bond in the structure

C) Have more than 10 carbon atoms

D) Contain two double bonds

E) Have no double bonds

How do lipid deposits in the body contribute to its function?

A) They provide color to the skin

B) They aid in digestion

C) They provide insulation and protection

D) They regulate body temperature

E) They aid in blood circulation

What are simple lipids primarily composed of?

A) Fatty acids and glycerol

B) Amino acids and glycerol

C) Glucose and fructose

D) Cholesterol and phospholipids

E) Triglycerides and waxes

Which of the following are examples of other steroids?

A) Sugars and proteins

B) Vitamins and minerals

C) Bile acids and adrenocortical hormones

D) Amino acids and enzymes

E) Nucleic acids and lipids

What are the two types of isomers that occur in an unsaturated fatty acid?

A) Structural and Geometric Isomers

B) Cis and Trans Isomers

C) Optical and Positional Isomers

D) E and Z Isomers

E) Functional and Chain Isomers

How many double bonds are present in linolenic acid series?

Three

What are the two types of fatty acids based on the presence of double bonds?

Saturated FA (contain no double bonds) and Unsaturated FA (contain one or more double bonds)

What are neutral fats?

Tri-esters of glycerol with various fatty acids.

Where are sulpholipids present in the body?

They are present in various tissues including liver, kidney, testes, brains, and certain tumors.

Where is cholesterol synthesized in the body from?

AcetylCoA

What does Phosphatidyl Choline (Lecithin) yield on hydrolysis?

Glycerol, fatty acids, phosphoric acid, and nitrogenous base choline

In which solvents is cholesterol sparingly soluble?

A) Water and alcohol

B) Water and ether

C) Alcohol and ether

D) Alcohol and chloroform

E) Water and chloroform

What distinguishes phospholipids from other compound lipids?

A) Lack of nitrogenous base

B) Presence of phosphoric acid residue

C) Absence of fatty acids

D) High carbohydrate content

E) Lack of substituents

What distinguishes unsaturated fatty acids?

A) They contain no carbon atoms

B) They contain only single bonds

C) They contain one double bond

D) They are solid at room temperature

E) They are exclusively found in animal sources

Where is lingual lipase found?

A) In gastric juice

B) In saliva

C) In pancreatic juice

D) In intestinal epithelial cell

E) In adipose tissue

What distinguishes unsaturated fatty acids?

A) Contain one double bond

B) Contain at least one C - C double bond in the structure

C) Have more than 10 carbon atoms

D) Contain two double bonds

E) Have no double bonds

What is the difference between oil and fat in terms of physical state at room temperature?

A) Both are liquid

B) Both are solid

C) Oil is solid, fat is liquid

D) Oil is liquid, fat is solid

E) Both are gaseous

Where are branched chain fatty acids found?

A) Only in animal lipids

B) Only in plant lipids

C) In animal and plant lipids

D) In saturated fats

E) In unsaturated fats

What are derived lipids obtained by?

A) Oxidation of lipids

B) Hydrolysis of carbohydrates

C) Hydrolysis of proteins

D) Hydrolysis of lipids in group 1 and 2

E) Hydrolysis of nucleic acids

What are lipoproteins primarily responsible for transporting in the body?

A) Glucose

B) Amino acids

C) Triglycerides and cholesterol

D) Water

E) Oxygen

What configuration do naturally occurring fats have?

A) A-structural configuration

B) B-structural configuration

C) C-structural configuration

D) D-structural configuration

E) E-structural configuration

What are waxes primarily composed of?

A) Fatty acids and glycerol

B) Amino acids and glycerol

C) Glucose and fructose

D) Cholesterol and phospholipids

E) Fatty acids and long straight chain alcohols

What effect does the ingestion of fats rich in EFA have on fibrinolytic activity?

A) Decrease in fibrinolytic activity

B) No effect on fibrinolytic activity

C) Increase in fibrinolytic activity

D) Induces blood clotting

E) Reduces blood viscosity

From which dietary acid is docosahexaenoic acid formed?

A) Linoleic acid

B) Oleic acid

C) Palmitic acid

D) Stearic acid

E) Linolenic acid

What do R1, R2, R3 represent in neutral fats?

Fatty acid chains which may or may not all be the same.

Which of the following is a type of phospholipid?

A) Glucose

B) Phosphatidyl choline (Lecithin)

C) Vitamin C

D) Sodium

E) Calcium

What is the normal range of serum total cholesterol in adults?

A) 100-200 mg

B) 150-250 mg

C) 300-400 mg

D) 400-500 mg

E) 250-300 mg

How much cholesterol does a hen's egg contain?

A) 100 mg

B) 150 mg

C) 200 mg

D) 250 mg

E) 300 mg

Where are the highest concentrations of gangliosides found?

A) White matter of the brain

B) Spinal cord

C) Peripheral nervous system

D) Gray matter of the brain

E) Cerebrospinal fluid

In which solvents are lipids soluble?

A) Water

B) Ethanol

C) Chloroform

D) Vinegar

E) Hydrogen peroxide

Where is arachidonic acid commonly found in terms of dietary source?

A) Olive oil

B) Coconut oil

C) Peanut oil

D) Sunflower oil

E) Avocado oil

What are sulpholipids known for containing?

A) Phosphate groups

B) Sulphate groups

C) Amino groups

D) Methyl groups

E) Hydroxyl groups

Where do Stigmasterol and Sitosterol occur?

A) In animals

B) In lower plants

C) In fungi

D) In higher plants

E) In bacteria

What are neutral fats (triglycerides/triacylglycerol) composed of?

A) Mono-esters of glycerol

B) Di-esters of glycerol

C) Tri-esters of glycerol

D) Poly-esters of glycerol

E) None of the above

How are neutral fats (triglycerides/triacylglycerol) in terms of solubility?

A) Soluble in water but insoluble in organic fat solvents

B) Insoluble in water and insoluble in organic fat solvents

C) Insoluble in water but soluble in organic fat solvents

D) Soluble in water and soluble in organic fat solvents

E) Soluble in water but slightly soluble in organic fat solvents

What is the difference between 'Cis' and 'Trans' form in terms of radical orientation?

A) 'Cis' form has the radicals on the opposite side of the bond

B) 'Trans' form has the radicals on the same side of the bond

C) 'Cis' form has the radicals on the same side of the bond

D) 'Trans' form has the radicals on the opposite side of the bond

E) Both 'Cis' and 'Trans' forms have the radicals in the same orientation

What is the normal level of serum total cholesterol in an adult?

150 to 250 mg

Where do cerebrosides (glycosphingosides) occur in large amounts?

They occur in large amounts in the white matter of the brain and in the myelin sheaths of nerves.

In what way can liposomes be utilized for gene transfer into vascular cells?

A) As carriers for food supplements

B) As carriers for topical drugs

C) As carriers for gene transfer into vascular cells

D) As carriers for pain relief creams

E) As carriers for antiseptics

Which of the following compounds is involved in cellular signaling and cell membrane structure?

A) Phosphatidylserine

B) Phosphatidic acid

C) Cephalin

D) Glucose

E) Sodium

What is the structure of cerebrosides (glycosphingosides)?

A) Contains glycerol, phosphoric acid, and nitrogenous base

B) Contains only glycerol

C) Contains only phosphoric acid

D) Contains only nitrogenous base

E) Contains no glycerol, no phosphoric acid, and no nitrogenous base

What is the alcohol in Phosphosphingosides?

In what forms does cholesterol occur in the body?

A) Free form only

B) Esterified form only

C) Both free and esterified form

D) Bound to proteins only

E) Inorganic form only

Why can't essential fatty acids be synthesized in the body?

What are the four important types of cerebrosides isolated from the brain?

A) GM-1, GM-2, GM-3, GD-3

B) G1, G2, G3, D3

C) G-1, G-2, G-3, D-3

D) M-1, M-2, M-3, D-3

E) C1, C2, C3, D3

What is the basic structure of biological membranes called?

A) Micelles

B) Liposomes

C) Bilayer

D) Monolayer

E) Trilayer

What are examples of phospholipids?

Phosphatidyl choline (Lecithin), Cephalin, Phosphatidylserine, Phosphatidic acid

What are the dietary sources of linoleic acid?

Peanut oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, soya bean oil and egg yolk.

What are the types of lipids that contain nitrogen but no nitrogenous base?

Kerasin, Cerebron, Nervon, and Oxynervon.

What do lipoproteins contain as a prosthetic group to proteins?

lipids

In which solvents is cholesterol soluble?

Ether, chloroform, hot alcohol, ethyl acetate, and vegetable oils

What is the difference between oil and fat in terms of physical state at room temperature?

Oil is liquid at room temperature, while fat is solid under the same conditions

What does the '18' in 18:1;9 represent in the shorthand notation for a fatty acid?

Number of carbon atoms

What does the '1' in 18:1;9 represent in the shorthand notation for a fatty acid?

Number of double bonds

What do saturated acids end in?

Saturated acids end in 'anoic', for example, octanoic acid.

How do unsaturated acids end?

Unsaturated acids end in 'enoic', for example, octadecenoic acid (oleic acid).

What does Δ9 denote in fatty acid naming?

Δ9 denotes a double bond between C9 and C10.

What are neutral fats?

Tri-esters of fatty acids with glycerol

What is the precursor for prostaglandins and leukotrienes in the body?

Arachidonic acid

What is a fatty acid?

A) A type of carbohydrate

B) An inorganic acid

C) An organic acid that occurs in a natural triglyceride

D) A type of protein

E) A type of alcohol

What are some dietary sources of cholesterol?

A) Fruits and vegetables

B) Fish and seafood

C) Butter, cream, milk, egg yolk, meat

D) Grains and legumes

E) Nuts and seeds

What are the three essential fatty acids?

How are lower fatty acids classified?

A) Have more than 10 carbon atoms

B) Have 10 carbon atoms or less

C) Contain at least one C - C double bond

D) Contain one double bond

E) Have 20 carbon atoms or more

What is the general formula for arachidonic acid?

A) CnH2n + 7 COOH

B) CnH2n - 7 COOH

C) CnH2n - 4 COOH

D) CnH2n - 2 COOH

E) CnH2n - 10 COOH

What is the molecular structure of glycerol?

A) Monohydric alcohol

B) Dihydric alcohol

C) Trihydric alcohol

D) Tetrhydric alcohol

E) Pentahydric alcohol

What is a characteristic of cyclic fatty acids?

A) They contain linear chains

B) They are found in animal lipids only

C) They contain cyclic groups

D) They are exclusively present in nuts

E) They are highly saturated

Where does Coprosterol occur?

A) In plants

B) In animals

C) In fungi

D) In faeces

E) In bacteria

What is the role of Dehydrocholesterol?

A) It is a precursor to vitamin C

B) It is a precursor to vitamin A

C) It is a precursor to vitamin E

D) It is a precursor to vitamin D

E) It is a precursor to vitamin K

What is meant by positional isomers in unsaturated fatty acids?

A) Isomers with different functional groups

B) Isomers with different chain lengths

C) Isomers with variation in the location of the double bonds

D) Isomers with different optical properties

E) Isomers with different geometric orientations

What is the general formula for arachidonic acid?

CnH2n – 7 COOH

What is the range of chain length for fatty acids?

C4 to C24

Where are cyclic fatty acids present?

In some seeds

How are emulsions formed and what stabilizes them?

Emulsions are larger in size and formed when non-polar lipids (e.g. T-G) are mixed with water (aqueous medium). They can be stabilized by emulsifying agents such as amphipathic lipids (e.g. phosphatidyl choline). Emulsifying agents form a surface layer separating the main bulk of non-polar material from the water.

How much cholesterol does a hen's egg give?

250 mg

Where does Coprosterol occur?

Coprosterol (Coprostanol) occurs in faeces by reduction of cholesterol by bacteria.

Name some other steroids besides Coprosterol and Sitosterol.

Other steroids include bile acids, adrenocortical hormones, gonadal hormones, D vitamins, cardiac glycosides, and some alkaloids.

What effect does the ingestion of fats rich in essential fatty acids have on fibrinolytic activity?

Increase in fibrinolytic activity follows the ingestion of fats rich in essential fatty acids.

What convention is used to name fatty acids, showing the number of carbon atoms, double bonds, and positions of the double bonds?

A) IUPAC convention

B) E-Z notation

C) Fischer projection

D) Haworth projection

E) Displayed formula convention

What is the defining characteristic of saturated fatty acids?

A) They contain no double bonds

B) They contain one double bond

C) They are liquid at room temperature

D) They contain multiple double bonds

E) They are found in plant sources

What is the role of UV rays of sunshine in relation to 7-dehydrocholesterol?

A) They have no effect on 7-dehydrocholesterol

B) They convert 7-dehydrocholesterol to cholesterol

C) They convert 7-dehydrocholesterol to vitamin D3

D) They reduce the levels of 7-dehydrocholesterol

E) They increase the levels of 7-dehydrocholesterol

What are lipids composed of?

A) Alcohol and water

B) Alcohol and fatty acids

C) Nitrogenous base and carbohydrates

D) Phosphoric acid and water

E) Fatty acids and water

What is the precursor for prostaglandins and leukotrienes in the body?

What causes rancidity in natural fats?

A) Hydrolysis by alkali

B) Addition of halogens

C) Spontaneous oxidation at the double bond

D) Formation of aldehydes and ketones

E) Unpleasant odor and taste developed by most natural fats on aging

What are the fat-soluble vitamins that require lipids for absorption?

A) Vitamin C and D

B) Vitamin A and B

C) Vitamin E and K

D) Vitamin B and C

E) Vitamin A and D

Where are sulpholipids present?

A) Heart and lungs

B) Skin and hair

C) Liver, kidney, testes, brain, and certain tumors

D) Stomach and intestines

E) Muscles and bones

What is the prerequisite for fat digestion and absorption from the intestine?

A) Formation of micelles

B) Formation of liposomes

C) Presence of non-polar groups

D) Presence of polar groups

E) High concentration of cholesterol

What are eicosanoids derived from?

Eicosapolyenoic fatty acids

What is cholesterol?

Cholesterol is a type of lipid molecule found in the cell membranes and is a precursor for the synthesis of steroid hormones, bile acids, and vitamin D.

What is the difference between 7-dehydrocholesterol and cholesterol?

It differs by a second double bond, between C7 and C8

What are the physiological sources of glycerol?

The physiological sources of glycerol include endogenous source from the lipolysis of fats in adipose tissue and exogenous source from dietary intake, with 22% of glycerol directly absorbed into the portal blood from the gut.

What are some examples of derived lipids?

Obtained by hydrolysis of lipids in group 1 and 2, that still possess the general characteristics of lipids.

Where is squalene found?

Found in human sebum, shark and liver of other mammals.

What are the constituents of natural membranes including cells and organelles membranes?

Lipoproteins and phospholipids

What are the fat soluble vitamins that require lipids for absorption?

Vitamins A, D, E and K

What are Vit A and Vit D esters composed of?

A) Oleic acid

B) Palmitic or stearic acids

C) Linoleic acid

D) Lauric acid

E) Myristic acid

Where do cerebrosides (glycosphingosides) occur in large amounts?

A) Liver tissue

B) Muscle tissue

C) White matter of brain and myelin sheaths of nerve

D) Kidney tissue

E) Skin tissue

What are the products of hydrolysis of gangliosides?

A) Glucose, fatty acid, and alcohol

B) Galactose, fatty acid, and sphingosine

C) Sphingosine, dihydrosphingosine, and nitrogenous base

D) N-acetyl galactosamine, N-acetyl neuraminic acid, and sialic acid

E) Kerasin, cerebron, and nervon

What is a major component of gallstones?

A) Triglycerides

B) Phospholipids

C) Cholesterol

D) Fatty acids

E) Sterols

What are the physiological sources of glycerol?

A) Only from lipolysis of fats in adipose tissue

B) Only from dietary sources

C) Both endogenous and exogenous sources

D) Only from conversion to glucose or glycogen

E) Only from higher alcohols

What is the biomedical importance of lipids in the body?

A) Source of vitamins

B) Source of energy

C) Source of minerals

D) Source of protein

E) Source of carbohydrates

What is the nutritional value of Stigmasterol and Sitosterol for human beings?

A) High nutritional value

B) Low nutritional value

C) No nutritional value

D) Essential for human health

E) Rich in vitamins

What is the defining characteristic of fatty acids, phospholipids, bile salts, and cholesterol?

A) They contain non-polar groups

B) They contain polar groups

C) They are hydrophobic

D) They are hydrophilic

E) They are amphipathic

Which polyenoic fatty acid is most abundant in retinal photoreceptor membranes?

A) Linoleic acid

B) Oleic acid

C) Palmitic acid

D) Docosahexaenoic acid

E) Stearic acid

What is the impact of linolenic acid on vision?

A) Decreases electrical response of photoreceptors

B) No effect on vision

C) Enhances the electrical response of photoreceptors

D) Reduces retinal function

E) Impairs visual acuity

What is the general formula for oleic acid?

Cn H2n – 1 COOH

Where is phytanic acid found?

In butter

What are sulpholipids known to contain?

Contain sulphate groups

How can glycerol be converted in the body?

Glycerol can be converted to glucose or glycogen by gluconeogenesis.

What are Vit A and Vit D esters?

Palmitic or stearic acids esters of Vit A (Retinol) or Vit D respectively.

What is the structural configuration of naturally occurring fats?

D-structural configuration.

What are the esters of fatty acids with various alcohols?

Simple Lipids

Which compound is a component of cell membranes and is important for cellular function?

A) Cephalin

B) Phosphatidylserine

C) Phosphatidic acid

D) Glucose

E) Sodium

Which of the following is an example of a glycolipid?

A) Phosphatidyl choline

B) Phosphatidyl ethanolamine

C) Cerebrosides

D) Phosphatidyl inositol

E) Plasmalogens

Which compound lipid is an example of Phosphoinositides?

Which essential fatty acid is more essential as it can be used in the synthesis of arachidonic acid?

Which type of fatty acids undergo spontaneous oxidation at the double bond?

A) Saturated fatty acids

B) Monounsaturated fatty acids

C) Polyunsaturated fatty acids

D) Trans fatty acids

E) Omega-3 fatty acids

What are substituted fatty acids?

A) Fatty acids with a high level of saturation

B) Fatty acids with a low level of saturation

C) Fatty acids with hydroxy and methyl groups

D) Fatty acids with long carbon chains

E) Fatty acids with cyclic groups

What is a characteristic of lipoproteins?

A) They contain carbohydrates

B) They contain nucleic acids

C) They contain lipids as prosthetic group to proteins

D) They contain only lipids

E) They contain only proteins

Where is squalene found?

A) In plant waxes

B) In nucleic acids

C) In carbohydrates

D) In human sebum, shark and liver of other mammals

E) In vitamins E and K

What effect does Sitosterol have on blood cholesterol level?

A) Increases blood cholesterol level

B) Has no effect on blood cholesterol level

C) Decreases blood cholesterol level

D) Stabilizes blood cholesterol level

E) Causes cholesterol imbalance

What are the physical properties of neutral fats (triglycerides/triacylglycerol)?

A) Yellow, fragrant, and flavorful substances

B) Colorless, odorless, and tasteless substances

C) Green, pungent, and bitter substances

D) Red, aromatic, and spicy substances

E) Brown, scented, and sweet substances

How is CH3 (CH2)7 – CH = CH (CH2)7 – COOH expressed as a fatty acid?

A) 16 : 0

B) 18 : 1; 9

C) 20 : 4; 3

D) 14 : 2; 6

E) 22 : 3; 12

What happens in the case of EFA deficiency in the body?

A) Decreased blood clotting

B) Increased fibrinolytic activity

C) Production of fatty liver

D) Enhanced vision

E) Improved metabolic function

What is the clinical significance of estimating lecithin phosphorus ratio in amniotic fluid?

It is clinically useful in predicting adequate fetal lung maturity and determining whether a fetus will develop respiratory distress after delivery.

What is glycerol?

Glycerol is the simplest trihydric alcohol containing three hydroxyl groups in the molecule.

What is the significance of gangliosides in the body?

They serve as specific membrane binding sites (receptor sites) for circulating hormones, thus influencing various biochemical processes in the cell.

What are lipids catabolized into for biosynthesis?

A) Glucose

B) Amino acids

C) Acetyl CoA

D) Nucleic acids

E) Fatty acids

How are fat emulsions made?

A) By freezing in water

B) By boiling in water

C) By shaking vigorously in water and by agents such as soaps and proteins

D) By filtering in water

E) By distilling in water

How are liposomes formed?

A) By heating amphipathic lipids in an aqueous medium

B) By freezing amphipathic lipids in an aqueous medium

C) By sonicating amphipathic lipids in an aqueous medium

D) By evaporating amphipathic lipids in an aqueous medium

E) By filtering amphipathic lipids in an aqueous medium

What are the products of hydrolysis of gangliosides?

A long chain fatty acid, alcohol (sphingosine), and a carbohydrate moiety containing glucose, galactose, N-acetyl galactosamine, and N-acetyl neuraminic acid (sialic acid).

What is the structure of cerebrosides (glycosphingosides)?

Cerebrosides have no glycerol, no phosphoric acid, and no nitrogenous base.

What are lipids composed of?

Alcohol and fatty acids, but some contain phosphoric acid, nitrogenous base and carbohydrates

What is the general formula for saturated fatty acids?

CnH2n+1 COOH

What are compound lipids?

Esters of fatty acids containing other groups in addition to alcohol and fatty acids.

What are the physical properties of neutral fats?

Colorless, odorless, and tasteless substances. Insoluble in water but soluble in organic fat solvents.

How can fats be hydrolyzed?

Fats may be hydrolyzed by superheated steam, by acids or alkalis, or by lipases (the specific fat-splitting enzymes).

What does the '9' in 18:1;9 represent in the shorthand notation for a fatty acid?

Position of the double bond

Why must essential fatty acids be provided in the diet?

They cannot be synthesized in the body

What is the difference between 'cis' and 'trans' forms in terms of the orientation of radicals around the double bond?

'Cis' form has radicals on the same side of the bond, while 'trans' form has radicals on the opposite side.

What is the biomedical importance of lipids?

Lipids play a crucial role in energy storage, insulation, protection of vital organs, and as components of cell membranes.

In which diseases have metabolic defects of essential fatty acids been noted?

Metabolic defects of essential fatty acids, linked to dietary insufficiency, have been noted in different diseases e.g. cystic fibrosis, hepatorenal syndrome, Crohn’s disease.

What are compound lipids?

Compound lipids are lipids that contain fatty acids, a phosphate group, and a simple organic molecule.

What are the functions of Essential Fatty Acids (EFA) in the body?

Structural elements of tissues, structural element of gonads, synthesis of prostaglandins and other compounds, structural element of mitochondrial membrane, serum level of cholesterol, effect on clotting time.

What risk do people with familial hypercholesterolemia have?

Higher risk of heart disease and death at a younger age

What is the molecular formula of cholesterol?

C27H45OH

What are the four important types of cerebrosides isolated from the brain?

GM-1, GM-2, GM-3, and GD-3.

What are some exogenous sources of cholesterol?

Butter, cream, milk, egg yolk, meat

What is the biomedical importance of Sitosterol?

Sitosterol may decrease intestinal absorption of both exogenous and endogenous cholesterol, thus lowering the blood cholesterol level.

What is the biomedical importance of lipids?

Dietary constituent, source of energy in the body, yields more energy per gram compared to carbohydrates, can be stored in the body in unlimited amount, and lipid deposits in the body exert insulating effect and provide padding and protection around internal organs.

How are fatty acids named?

Fatty acids are named after the hydrocarbon with the same number of carbon atoms, with 'oic' being substituted for the final 'e' in the name of the hydrocarbon.

What is Dehydrocholesterol?

Dehydrocholesterol is a pro-vitamin D.

What are the transporters of triglycerides and cholesterol in the body?

Lipoproteins

What is the most abundant polyenoic fatty acid present in retinal photoreceptor membranes?

Docosahexaenoic acid is the most abundant polyenoic fatty acids present in retinal photoreceptor membranes.

What is the alcohol group in Phosphoinositides?

Inositol

What is the role of linolenic acid in vision?

Linolenic acid is necessary in the diet for optimal vision as it enhances the electrical response of the photoreceptors to illumination.

What are neutral fats also known as?

Neutral fats are also known as triglycerides or triacylglycerol.

What is the most common sterol in the human body?

Cholesterol is the most common sterol in the human body.

What are some uses of liposomes in the medical field?

i. Can be used in combination with tissue-specific antibodies, as carriers of drugs in the circulation, targeted to specific organs, e.g. in cancer therapy, ii. Used for gene transfer into vascular cells, and iii. As carriers and delivery agents for topical and transdermal drugs and cosmetics

What are Stigmasterol and Sitosterol?

Stigmasterol and Sitosterol occur in higher plants and have no nutritional value for human beings.

What is the shorthand notation for CH3(CH2)7 - CH=CH(CH2)7 - COOH?

18:1;9

How are lower fatty acids classified?

Lower fatty acids have 10 carbon atoms or less.

What is the defining characteristic of unsaturated fatty acids?

They contain at least one C - C double bond in the structure.

What are the three polyunsaturated fatty acids considered essential fatty acids?

Linoleic acid, linolenic acid, and arachidonic acid

What may happen if there is a lack of essential fatty acids in the diet?

It may lead to growth retardation and other deficiency symptoms

What information does a popular convention formula for fatty acids show?

The number of carbon atoms, the number of double bonds, and the positions of the double bonds.

Where is Phosphatidyl Choline (Lecithin) distributed in animals?

Liver, brain, nerve tissues, sperm and egg-yolk

Why are lipids generally insoluble in water?

Lipids are generally insoluble in water because they mainly contain nonpolar hydrocarbon groups.

Where are lipases found?

(a) Lingual lipase (saliva), (b) Gastric lipase (gastric juice), (c) Pancreatic lipase (pancreatic juice), (d) Intestinal lipase (intestinal epithelial cell), (e) Adipolytic lipase (adipose tissue), (f) Serum lipase

What is saponification?

Hydrolysis of a fat by an alkali. Products are glycerol and the alkali salts called 'soaps'.

What additive reactions do unsaturated fatty acids present in neutral fat exhibit?

Unsaturated fatty acids present in neutral fat exhibit all the additive reactions, i.e. hydrogenation, halogenation, etc.

What do unsaturated fatty acids undergo in oxidation?

Unsaturated fatty acids e.g. linseed oil undergo spontaneous oxidation at the double bond forming aldehydes, ketones and resins.

What is the variation in the location of the double bonds along the unsaturated fatty acid chain called?

Positional Isomers

What happens to essential fatty acids after isomerization and epimerization?

Essential fatty acids undergo β-oxidation after isomerization and epimerization, like other unsaturated fatty acids.

What are the major alcohols found in lipid molecules?

The major alcohols found in lipid molecules are glycerol and sphingosine.

What are examples of phospholipids?

Phosphatidyl choline (Lecithin), phosphatidyl ethanolamine (Cephalin), phosphatidyl inositol (Lipositol), phosphatidyl serine, plasmalogens, and sphingomyelins.

What are glycolipids?

Lipids that have a carbohydrate component and contain the alcohol sphingosine/sphingol, a nitrogenous base, and fatty acids, but not phosphoric acid or glycerol.

How are mono unsaturated fatty acids classified?

Mono unsaturated fatty acids contain one double bond.

What are the two types of isomers that occur in an unsaturated fatty acid?

Geometric Isomers and Positional Isomers

Which essential fatty acid can be used in the synthesis of arachidonic acid?

Linoleic acid

What is the characteristic arrangement of amphipathic lipids at oil-water interfaces?

The polar groups are in the water phase and the non-polar groups are in the oil phase.

What is the basic structure of biological membranes formed by amphipathic lipids?

Membrane bilayer.

What is the prerequisite for fat digestion and absorption from the intestine?

Micelles formation, facilitated by bile salts.

How are liposomes formed?

Liposomes are formed by sonicating an amphipathic lipid in an aqueous medium.

What are lipids?

Lipids are a diverse group of biomolecules that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents.

Why can't essential fatty acids be synthesized in the body?

Introduction of additional double bonds in unsaturated fatty acid is limited to the area between the COOH group and the existing double bond and this is not possible between the CH3 group at the opposite end of the molecule and the first unsaturated linkage

In which body tissues is cholesterol found in largest amounts in normal human adults?

Brain and nervous tissue, liver, skin, intestinal mucosa

What is the major component of gallstones?

Cholesterol

In what forms does cholesterol occur?

Free and ester (bound) form

What is the characteristic structure of liposomes?

They consist of spheres of lipid bilayers that enclose part of the aqueous medium.

What are cholesterol esters?

Esters of fatty acids with cholesterol

What are some examples of Glycerophosphatides?

Phosphatidylethanolamine (cephalin), phosphatidylcholine (Lecithin), phospatidylserine, plasmalogens, phosphatidic acid, cardiolipins and phosphatides.

What is the alcohol group in Glycerophosphatides?

Glycerol

What causes rancidity in natural fats?

Rancidity is caused by oxidation or hydrolysis, resulting in an unpleasant odor and taste developed by most natural fats on aging.

What is the alcohol group in Phosphosphingosides?

Sphingosine (sphingol)

What are the two main types of derived lipids?

The two main types of derived lipids are fatty acids and alcohols.

What happens in the body when there is a deficiency of essential fatty acids?

Deficiency of essential fatty acids produces fatty liver.

What are the catabolized into simpler compounds for biosynthesis?

Lipids

From which dietary acid is docosahexaenoic acid formed?

Docosahexaenoic acid is formed from dietary linolenic acid.

What are waxes?

Esters of fatty acids with long straight chain alcohols

What are the essential fatty acids?

Essential fatty acids are fatty acids that cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained from the diet.