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LIPIDSMBChB

Created by John

p.26

Which category do Sphingomyelin, Plasmalogens, and Cardiolipin belong to? A) Neutral Fats (Triglycerides/Triacylglycerol) B) Derived Lipids C) Fatty Acids D) Compound Lipids E) Cholesterol and Sterols

Select an answer

p.26

Explanation

No explanation provided.

Click to see question

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p.26
Compound Lipids

Which category do Sphingomyelin, Plasmalogens, and Cardiolipin belong to?
A) Neutral Fats (Triglycerides/Triacylglycerol)
B) Derived Lipids
C) Fatty Acids
D) Compound Lipids
E) Cholesterol and Sterols

D) Compound Lipids
Explanation: Sphingomyelin, Plasmalogens, and Cardiolipin are all examples of compound lipids, which are characterized by the presence of additional groups such as phosphate, sugar, or protein, making them distinct from simple lipids.

p.20
Biomedical Importance of Lipids

Which of the following is a source of cholesterol in the human body?
A) Fruits and vegetables
B) Nuts and seeds
C) Animal products
D) Grains and legumes
E) Dairy products

C) Animal products
Explanation: Cholesterol is primarily obtained from animal-derived foods such as meat, eggs, and dairy products, emphasizing the dietary sources of this lipid and its impact on human health.

p.31
Biomedical Importance of Lipids

How can liposomes be used in drug delivery for cancer therapy?
A) As carriers for cold medications
B) As carriers of drugs in the circulation targeted to specific organs
C) As carriers for vitamins
D) As carriers for antibiotics
E) As carriers for painkillers

B) As carriers of drugs in the circulation targeted to specific organs
Explanation: Liposomes can be used in combination with tissue-specific antibodies as carriers of drugs in the circulation, targeted to specific organs, making them a valuable tool in cancer therapy.

p.31
Amphipathic Lipids

What is the role of emulsifying agents in stabilizing emulsions?
A) Forming a surface layer separating the main bulk of non-polar material from the water
B) Forming a surface layer separating the main bulk of polar material from the water
C) Enhancing the size of the emulsions
D) Reducing the stability of the emulsions
E) Preventing the formation of emulsions

A) Forming a surface layer separating the main bulk of non-polar material from the water
Explanation: Emulsifying agents such as amphipathic lipids stabilize emulsions by forming a surface layer that separates the main bulk of non-polar material from the water, contributing to their stability and functionality.

p.22
Biomedical Importance of Cholesterol

What is the risk associated with familial hypercholesterolemia?
A) Higher risk of diabetes
B) Higher risk of cancer
C) Higher risk of heart disease and premature death
D) Higher risk of stroke
E) Higher risk of arthritis

C) Higher risk of heart disease and premature death
Explanation: People with familial hypercholesterolemia have a higher risk of heart disease and death at a younger age, emphasizing the significant health implications associated with this condition.

p.9
Fatty Acids

What is the general formula for saturated fatty acids?
A) CnH2n+1 COOH
B) CnH2n COOH
C) CnH2n-1 COOH
D) CnH2n+2 COOH
E) CnH2n-2 COOH

A) CnH2n+1 COOH
Explanation: The general formula for saturated fatty acids is CnH2n+1 COOH, as indicated by the presence of an additional hydrogen atom compared to unsaturated fatty acids. This formula is exemplified by various fatty acids such as acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, and others.

p.7
Classification of Lipids

What is the process of saponification?
A) Hydrolysis of a fat by an alkali
B) Formation of aldehydes and ketones
C) Spontaneous oxidation at the double bond
D) Unpleasant odor and taste developed by natural fats
E) Addition of halogens to unsaturated fatty acids

A) Hydrolysis of a fat by an alkali
Explanation: Saponification is the hydrolysis of a fat by an alkali, resulting in the formation of glycerol and alkali salts known as 'soaps', which is a significant chemical process in the production of soap and other related products.

p.28
Glycolipids

What does hydrolysis of sphingomyelin yield?
A) Glucose, fatty acid, and alcohol
B) Galactose, fatty acid, and sphingosine
C) Sphingosine, dihydrosphingosine, and nitrogenous base
D) N-acetyl galactosamine, N-acetyl neuraminic acid, and sialic acid
E) Kerasin, cerebron, and nervon

A) Glucose, fatty acid, and alcohol
Explanation: Hydrolysis of sphingomyelin results in the production of a sugar, usually galactose or sometimes glucose, a high molecular weight fatty acid, and alcohol. This process breaks down the sphingomyelin into its constituent components.

p.18
Biomedical Importance of Lipids

How is glycerol absorbed into the body?
A) Through the skin
B) Through inhalation
C) Directly absorbed to portal blood from the gut
D) Through the lymphatic system
E) Through the circulatory system

C) Directly absorbed to portal blood from the gut
Explanation: Approximately 22% of glycerol is directly absorbed into the portal blood from the gut, emphasizing its efficient uptake from dietary sources. This absorption mechanism plays a crucial role in the utilization of glycerol in various physiological processes.

p.12
Derived Lipids

What are eicosanoids derived from?
A) Saturated fatty acids
B) Monounsaturated fatty acids
C) Polyunsaturated fatty acids
D) Trans fatty acids
E) Omega-3 fatty acids

C) Polyunsaturated fatty acids
Explanation: Eicosanoids are derived from eicosapolyenoic fatty acids, which are a type of polyunsaturated fatty acid. This structural characteristic is essential for the biological activity of eicosanoids.

p.20
Biomedical Importance of Lipids

What is the primary function of cholesterol in the body?
A) Energy storage
B) Cell membrane structure
C) Hormone production
D) Vitamin absorption
E) Muscle contraction

B) Cell membrane structure
Explanation: Cholesterol plays a crucial role in maintaining the structural integrity and fluidity of cell membranes, highlighting its significance in cellular function and overall health.

p.20
Biomedical Importance of Lipids

What is the precursor for the synthesis of steroid hormones in the body?
A) Triglycerides
B) Phospholipids
C) Cholesterol
D) Saturated fats
E) Unsaturated fats

C) Cholesterol
Explanation: Cholesterol serves as the precursor for the synthesis of steroid hormones, illustrating its essential role in the endocrine system and overall hormonal balance.

p.10
Fatty Acids

What is the general formula for oleic acid?
A) CnH2n+1COOH
B) CnH2n-1COOH
C) CnH2nCOOH
D) CnH2n-2COOH
E) CnH2n-3COOH

B) CnH2n-1COOH
Explanation: The general formula for oleic acid is CnH2n-1COOH, which is a key characteristic of this type of fatty acid found in all fats.

p.10
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

How many double bonds are present in the Linoleic acid series?
A) One
B) Two
C) Three
D) Four
E) Five

B) Two
Explanation: The Linoleic acid series contains two double bonds between C9 and C10, and between C12 and C13, distinguishing it as a polyunsaturated fatty acid of biological importance.

p.16
Biomedical Importance of Lipids

What is the role of essential fatty acids (EFA) in the synthesis of prostaglandins and other compounds?
A) They inhibit the synthesis of prostaglandins
B) They have no effect on the synthesis of prostaglandins
C) They are synthesized from Arachidonic acid by cyclooxygenase enzyme system
D) They are formed from arachidonic acid in leucocytes by the Lipoxygenase pathway
E) They are involved in the breakdown of prostaglandins

C) They are synthesized from Arachidonic acid by cyclooxygenase enzyme system
Explanation: Essential fatty acids play a crucial role in the synthesis of prostaglandins and other compounds, as they are synthesized from Arachidonic acid by the cyclooxygenase enzyme system, highlighting their significance in physiological processes.

p.19
Cholesterol and Sterols

What is the molecular formula of cholesterol?
A) C27H45OH
B) C20H30O2
C) C30H50O
D) C25H40O
E) C35H60O

A) C27H45OH
Explanation: Cholesterol has a molecular formula of C27H45OH, which is a key characteristic of this important sterol found in the human body.

p.10
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

What is the general formula for the Linolenic acid series?
A) CnH2n+1COOH
B) CnH2n-1COOH
C) CnH2nCOOH
D) CnH2n-2COOH
E) CnH2n-5COOH

E) CnH2n-5COOH
Explanation: The general formula for the Linolenic acid series is CnH2n-5COOH, which is a defining characteristic of this type of polyunsaturated fatty acid, found in dietary sources such as linseed oil, soybean oil, and fish viscera.

p.16
Biomedical Importance of Lipids

What is the effect of essential fatty acids (EFA) on the serum level of cholesterol?
A) They have no effect on cholesterol levels
B) They increase serum cholesterol levels
C) They decrease serum cholesterol levels
D) They have a variable effect on cholesterol levels
E) They convert cholesterol into other compounds

C) They decrease serum cholesterol levels
Explanation: Essential fatty acids, particularly those with high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids, tend to lower serum level of cholesterol, indicating their potential role in regulating cholesterol levels in the body.

p.13
Fatty Acids

How are saturated fatty acids named?
A) With 'oic' being substituted for the final 'e' in the name of the hydrocarbon
B) With 'enoic' being substituted for the final 'e' in the name of the hydrocarbon
C) With 'anoic' being substituted for the final 'e' in the name of the hydrocarbon
D) With 'ic' being substituted for the final 'e' in the name of the hydrocarbon
E) With 'olic' being substituted for the final 'e' in the name of the hydrocarbon

C) With 'anoic' being substituted for the final 'e' in the name of the hydrocarbon
Explanation: Saturated fatty acids are named with 'anoic' being substituted for the final 'e' in the name of the hydrocarbon, for example, octanoic acid.

p.19
Cholesterol and Sterols

Where is the unsaturated double bond located in the structure of cholesterol?
A) Between C1 and C2
B) Between C3 and C4
C) Between C5 and C6
D) Between C7 and C8
E) Between C9 and C10

C) Between C5 and C6
Explanation: Cholesterol possesses an unsaturated double bond between C5 and C6, a structural feature that distinguishes it as one of the most important sterols in the human body.

p.19
Cholesterol and Sterols

What are the most important sterols in the human body?

Cholesterol

p.16
Biomedical Importance of Lipids

What happens to the clotting time with the ingestion of fats rich in essential fatty acids (EFA)?
A) It has no effect on clotting time
B) It shortens the clotting time
C) It prolongs the clotting time
D) It causes variable effects on clotting time
E) It stops the clotting process altogether

C) It prolongs the clotting time
Explanation: Prolongation of clotting time is noted in ingestion of fats rich in essential fatty acids, indicating a potential impact on the coagulation process in the body.

p.8
Fatty Acids

What is the chain length range of fatty acids?
A) C1 to C10
B) C6 to C18
C) C12 to C24
D) C4 to C24
E) C16 to C30

D) C4 to C24
Explanation: Fatty acids are monocarboxylic acids that can range in chain length from C4 to C24, showcasing their diverse structures and functions in biological systems.

p.25
Compound Lipids

Which compound is known for its role in maintaining cellular function and structure?
A) Phosphatidylserine
B) Cephalin
C) Phosphatidic acid
D) Glucose
E) Sodium

A) Phosphatidylserine
Explanation: Phosphatidylserine is recognized for its crucial role in maintaining cellular function and structure, making it an important component for the overall health and integrity of cells.

p.21
Biomedical Importance of Lipids

Where is cholesterol found in largest amounts in normal human adults?
A) Muscles
B) Heart
C) Brain and nervous tissue
D) Liver
E) Skin

C) Brain and nervous tissue
Explanation: Cholesterol is found in largest amounts in normal human adults in the brain and nervous tissue, underscoring its importance in these vital body components.

p.28
Glycolipids

What is the most complex type of glycosphingolipid?
A) Kerasin
B) Cerebron
C) Nervon
D) Oxynervon
E) Gangliosides

E) Gangliosides
Explanation: Gangliosides are identified as the most complex of the glycosphingolipids, reflecting their intricate structure and composition compared to other types.

p.24
Biomedical Importance of Lipids

What are the components yielded on hydrolysis of Phosphatidyl Choline (Lecithin)?

D) (a) glycerol, (b) fatty acids, (c) phosphoric acid and (d) nitrogenous base choline
Explanation: On hydrolysis, Phosphatidyl Choline (Lecithin) yields glycerol, fatty acids, phosphoric acid, and the nitrogenous base choline, highlighting its chemical composition and breakdown products.

p.29
Glycolipids

What is the main significance of gangliosides?
A) Energy production
B) Structural support
C) Serve as specific membrane binding sites for circulating hormones
D) Immune response
E) Waste elimination

C) Serve as specific membrane binding sites for circulating hormones
Explanation: Gangliosides serve as specific membrane binding sites (receptor sites) for circulating hormones, influencing various biochemical processes in the cell, emphasizing their role in cellular function and communication.

p.29
Glycolipids

What is the significance of GM1 derived from GM3?
A) Energy production
B) Structural support
C) Receptor in human intestine for cholera toxin
D) Immune response
E) Waste elimination

C) Receptor in human intestine for cholera toxin
Explanation: GM1 derived from GM3 serves as the receptor in the human intestine for cholera toxin, highlighting its specific role in toxin binding and cellular response.

p.29
Amphipathic Lipids

Why are amphipathic lipids generally insoluble in water?
A) Due to their high density
B) Because they contain polar hydrocarbon groups
C) Because they contain nonpolar hydrocarbon groups
D) Due to their large molecular size
E) Because of their high reactivity

C) Because they contain nonpolar hydrocarbon groups
Explanation: Amphipathic lipids are generally insoluble in water because they mainly contain nonpolar hydrocarbon groups, highlighting their hydrophobic nature and their role in forming cellular membranes.

p.30
Amphipathic Lipids

What is the arrangement of amphipathic lipids at oil-water interfaces?
A) Polar groups in the oil phase and non-polar groups in the water phase
B) Polar groups in the water phase and non-polar groups in the oil phase
C) Polar and non-polar groups equally distributed in both phases
D) Polar groups repelling the water phase
E) Non-polar groups repelling the oil phase

B) Polar groups in the water phase and non-polar groups in the oil phase
Explanation: Amphipathic lipids get arranged at oil-water interfaces with the polar groups in the water phase and the non-polar groups in the oil phase, which is essential for their biological functions.

p.26
Derived Lipids

What are the three types of derived lipids?

Sphingomyelin, Plasmalogens, Cardiolipin

p.8
Derived Lipids

What is a fatty acid?

An organic acid that occurs in a natural triglyceride

p.11
Derived Lipids

What are substituted fatty acids?

Hydroxy fatty acid and methyl fatty acid, in which one or more of the hydrogen atoms have been replaced by – OH or – CH3 group

p.19
Cholesterol and Sterols

What is the structure of cholesterol's nucleus?

Cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus

p.2
Lipids Introduction

Give examples of lipids.

Fats, oils, waxes and related compounds

p.9
Fatty Acids

Give an example of a saturated fatty acid with 10 carbon atoms.

Caproic acid C5H11COOH

p.13
Fatty Acids

What does Δ9 denote in the naming of fatty acids?
A) A triple bond between C9 and C10
B) A single bond between C9 and C10
C) A double bond between C9 and C10
D) A quadruple bond between C9 and C10
E) A hydrogen bond between C9 and C10

C) A double bond between C9 and C10
Explanation: Δ9 denotes a double bond between C9 and C10 in the naming of fatty acids, providing specific positional information about the unsaturation of the acid.

p.27
Biomedical Importance of Lipids

What is the clinical significance of estimating lecithin phosphorus ratio in amniotic fluid?
A) Predicting adequate fetal brain development
B) Determining the mother's health status
C) Predicting adequate fetal lung maturity
D) Assessing the risk of heart disease in the fetus
E) Identifying potential genetic disorders in the fetus

C) Predicting adequate fetal lung maturity
Explanation: Estimating lecithin phosphorus ratio in amniotic fluid is clinically useful in predicting adequate fetal lung maturity, making it a sensitive indicator for assessing the readiness of the fetus for breathing after birth.

p.24
Compound Lipids

What is the alcohol group in Glycerophosphatides?

A) Glycerol
Explanation: Glycerol is the alcohol group in Glycerophosphatides, which is a key characteristic of this class of compound lipids.

p.15
Biomedical Importance of Lipids

Why are essential fatty acids important in the diet?

B) They cannot be synthesized in the body and must be provided in the diet
Explanation: Essential fatty acids are vital in the diet because they cannot be synthesized in the body and must be obtained through dietary sources. Their absence may lead to growth retardation and other deficiency symptoms.

p.24
Biomedical Importance of Lipids

Where is Phosphatidyl Choline (Lecithin) widely distributed in animals?

A) Liver, brain, nerve tissues, sperm and egg-yolk
Explanation: Phosphatidyl Choline (Lecithin) is distributed widely in animals, including the liver, brain, nerve tissues, sperm, and egg-yolk, playing important metabolic and structural roles.

p.9
Fatty Acids

What are mono unsaturated fatty acids defined by?
A) Contain one double bond
B) Contain at least one C - C double bond in the structure
C) Have more than 10 carbon atoms
D) Contain two double bonds
E) Have no double bonds

A) Contain one double bond
Explanation: Mono unsaturated fatty acids are defined by the presence of one double bond, which distinguishes them from other types of unsaturated fatty acids. This characteristic influences their chemical and physiological properties, making them significant in various biological processes.

p.2
Biomedical Importance of Lipids

How do lipid deposits in the body contribute to its function?
A) They provide color to the skin
B) They aid in digestion
C) They provide insulation and protection
D) They regulate body temperature
E) They aid in blood circulation

C) They provide insulation and protection
Explanation: Lipid deposits in the body exert an insulating effect and provide padding and protection, demonstrating their role in maintaining body temperature and protecting internal organs.

p.3
Classification of Lipids

What are simple lipids primarily composed of?
A) Fatty acids and glycerol
B) Amino acids and glycerol
C) Glucose and fructose
D) Cholesterol and phospholipids
E) Triglycerides and waxes

A) Fatty acids and glycerol
Explanation: Simple lipids are esters of fatty acids with various alcohols, such as glycerol, emphasizing their composition and their role as energy reserves and structural components in the body.

p.23
Biomedical Importance of Lipids

Which of the following are examples of other steroids?
A) Sugars and proteins
B) Vitamins and minerals
C) Bile acids and adrenocortical hormones
D) Amino acids and enzymes
E) Nucleic acids and lipids

C) Bile acids and adrenocortical hormones
Explanation: Other steroids include bile acids, adrenocortical hormones, gonadal hormones, D vitamins, cardiac glycosides, and some alkaloids, highlighting the diverse range of compounds falling under the category of steroids.

p.14
Fatty Acids

What are the two types of isomers that occur in an unsaturated fatty acid?
A) Structural and Geometric Isomers
B) Cis and Trans Isomers
C) Optical and Positional Isomers
D) E and Z Isomers
E) Functional and Chain Isomers

B) Cis and Trans Isomers
Explanation: Two types of isomers that occur in an unsaturated fatty acid are Cis and Trans Isomers, which depend on the orientation of the radicals around the axis of the double bonds, with 'Cis' form having the radicals on the same side of the bond and 'Trans' form having the radicals on the opposite side.

p.10
Fatty Acids

How many double bonds are present in linolenic acid series?

Three

p.8
Derived Lipids

What are the two types of fatty acids based on the presence of double bonds?

Saturated FA (contain no double bonds) and Unsaturated FA (contain one or more double bonds)

p.6
Neutral Fats (Triglycerides/Triacylglycerol)

What are neutral fats?

Tri-esters of glycerol with various fatty acids.

p.29
Biomedical Importance of Lipids

Where are sulpholipids present in the body?

They are present in various tissues including liver, kidney, testes, brains, and certain tumors.

p.21
Biomedical Importance of Lipids

Where is cholesterol synthesized in the body from?

AcetylCoA

p.24
Compound Lipids

What does Phosphatidyl Choline (Lecithin) yield on hydrolysis?

Glycerol, fatty acids, phosphoric acid, and nitrogenous base choline

p.19
Cholesterol and Sterols

In which solvents is cholesterol sparingly soluble?
A) Water and alcohol
B) Water and ether
C) Alcohol and ether
D) Alcohol and chloroform
E) Water and chloroform

D) Alcohol and chloroform
Explanation: Cholesterol is sparingly soluble in alcohol and soluble in ether, chloroform, hot alcohol, ethyl acetate, and vegetable oils, highlighting its unique solubility characteristics.

p.4
Compound Lipids

What distinguishes phospholipids from other compound lipids?
A) Lack of nitrogenous base
B) Presence of phosphoric acid residue
C) Absence of fatty acids
D) High carbohydrate content
E) Lack of substituents

B) Presence of phosphoric acid residue
Explanation: Phospholipids are characterized by the presence of a phosphoric acid residue, a nitrogenous base, and other substituents, setting them apart from other compound lipids and emphasizing their unique chemical composition.

p.8
Fatty Acids

What distinguishes unsaturated fatty acids?
A) They contain no carbon atoms
B) They contain only single bonds
C) They contain one double bond
D) They are solid at room temperature
E) They are exclusively found in animal sources

C) They contain one or more double bonds
Explanation: Unsaturated fatty acids are defined by the presence of one or more double bonds in their carbon chain, influencing their structure, function, and physiological effects in living organisms.

p.7
Biomedical Importance of Lipids

Where is lingual lipase found?
A) In gastric juice
B) In saliva
C) In pancreatic juice
D) In intestinal epithelial cell
E) In adipose tissue

B) In saliva
Explanation: Lingual lipase is found in saliva, and it plays a role in the initial digestion of lipids in the mouth, highlighting its significance in the digestive process.

p.9
Fatty Acids

What distinguishes unsaturated fatty acids?
A) Contain one double bond
B) Contain at least one C - C double bond in the structure
C) Have more than 10 carbon atoms
D) Contain two double bonds
E) Have no double bonds

B) Contain at least one C - C double bond in the structure
Explanation: Unsaturated fatty acids are characterized by the presence of at least one C - C double bond in their structure, setting them apart from saturated fatty acids. This structural feature contributes to their distinct properties and biological functions.

p.2
Lipids Introduction

What is the difference between oil and fat in terms of physical state at room temperature?
A) Both are liquid
B) Both are solid
C) Oil is solid, fat is liquid
D) Oil is liquid, fat is solid
E) Both are gaseous

D) Oil is liquid, fat is solid
Explanation: Oil is a lipid that is liquid at room temperature, while fat is solid under the same conditions, illustrating the distinction in their physical states based on temperature.

p.11
Classification of Lipids

Where are branched chain fatty acids found?
A) Only in animal lipids
B) Only in plant lipids
C) In animal and plant lipids
D) In saturated fats
E) In unsaturated fats

C) In animal and plant lipids
Explanation: Branched chain fatty acids occur in both animal and plant lipids as odd and even carbon branched chain fatty acids, exemplified by their presence in sebum from sebaceous glands and phytanic acid in butter.

p.5
Derived Lipids

What are derived lipids obtained by?
A) Oxidation of lipids
B) Hydrolysis of carbohydrates
C) Hydrolysis of proteins
D) Hydrolysis of lipids in group 1 and 2
E) Hydrolysis of nucleic acids

D) Hydrolysis of lipids in group 1 and 2
Explanation: Derived lipids are obtained by the hydrolysis of lipids in group 1 and 2, while still retaining the general characteristics of lipids, emphasizing their origin and properties.

p.3
Biomedical Importance of Lipids

What are lipoproteins primarily responsible for transporting in the body?
A) Glucose
B) Amino acids
C) Triglycerides and cholesterol
D) Water
E) Oxygen

C) Triglycerides and cholesterol
Explanation: Lipoproteins serve as transporters of triglycerides and cholesterol in the body, highlighting their crucial role in lipid metabolism and distribution within the body.

p.6
Neutral Fats (Triglycerides/Triacylglycerol)

What configuration do naturally occurring fats have?
A) A-structural configuration
B) B-structural configuration
C) C-structural configuration
D) D-structural configuration
E) E-structural configuration

D) D-structural configuration
Explanation: Naturally occurring fats have the D-structural configuration, which is a significant characteristic of their chemical makeup and distinguishes them from other structural configurations.

p.3
Classification of Lipids

What are waxes primarily composed of?
A) Fatty acids and glycerol
B) Amino acids and glycerol
C) Glucose and fructose
D) Cholesterol and phospholipids
E) Fatty acids and long straight chain alcohols

E) Fatty acids and long straight chain alcohols
Explanation: Waxes are esters of fatty acids with long straight chain (aliphatic) alcohols, highlighting their unique composition and their role in providing protective coatings for plants and animals.

p.17
Biomedical Importance of Lipids

What effect does the ingestion of fats rich in EFA have on fibrinolytic activity?
A) Decrease in fibrinolytic activity
B) No effect on fibrinolytic activity
C) Increase in fibrinolytic activity
D) Induces blood clotting
E) Reduces blood viscosity

C) Increase in fibrinolytic activity
Explanation: The ingestion of fats rich in Essential Fatty Acids (EFA) leads to an increase in fibrinolytic activity, highlighting the positive impact of EFA-rich fats on this physiological process.

p.17
Biomedical Importance of Lipids

From which dietary acid is docosahexaenoic acid formed?
A) Linoleic acid
B) Oleic acid
C) Palmitic acid
D) Stearic acid
E) Linolenic acid

E) Linolenic acid
Explanation: Docosahexaenoic acid is formed from dietary linolenic acid, highlighting the metabolic conversion of this essential fatty acid in the body.

p.6
Neutral Fats (Triglycerides/Triacylglycerol)

What do R1, R2, R3 represent in neutral fats?

Fatty acid chains which may or may not all be the same.

p.25
Compound Lipids

Which of the following is a type of phospholipid?
A) Glucose
B) Phosphatidyl choline (Lecithin)
C) Vitamin C
D) Sodium
E) Calcium

B) Phosphatidyl choline (Lecithin)
Explanation: Phosphatidyl choline, also known as Lecithin, is a type of phospholipid, which is a crucial component of cell membranes and plays a vital role in various biological processes.

p.22
Biomedical Importance of Cholesterol

What is the normal range of serum total cholesterol in adults?
A) 100-200 mg
B) 150-250 mg
C) 300-400 mg
D) 400-500 mg
E) 250-300 mg

B) 150-250 mg
Explanation: The normal level of serum total cholesterol in adults varies from 150 to 250 mg, highlighting the typical range for healthy cholesterol levels in the bloodstream.

p.21
Biomedical Importance of Lipids

How much cholesterol does a hen's egg contain?
A) 100 mg
B) 150 mg
C) 200 mg
D) 250 mg
E) 300 mg

D) 250 mg
Explanation: A hen's egg contains 250 mg of cholesterol, emphasizing the significant cholesterol content in this common dietary item.

p.28
Glycolipids

Where are the highest concentrations of gangliosides found?
A) White matter of the brain
B) Spinal cord
C) Peripheral nervous system
D) Gray matter of the brain
E) Cerebrospinal fluid

D) Gray matter of the brain
Explanation: Gangliosides are most concentrated in the gray matter of the brain, indicating their significant presence in this specific region of the central nervous system.

p.2
Lipids Introduction

In which solvents are lipids soluble?
A) Water
B) Ethanol
C) Chloroform
D) Vinegar
E) Hydrogen peroxide

C) Chloroform
Explanation: Lipids are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents such as ether, chloroform, benzene, and acetone, demonstrating their unique solubility properties.

p.11
Biomedical Importance of Lipids

Where is arachidonic acid commonly found in terms of dietary source?
A) Olive oil
B) Coconut oil
C) Peanut oil
D) Sunflower oil
E) Avocado oil

C) Peanut oil
Explanation: Arachidonic acid is commonly found in dietary sources such as peanut oil and animal fats, including liver fats, making it an essential component of these food sources.

p.5
Derived Lipids

What are sulpholipids known for containing?
A) Phosphate groups
B) Sulphate groups
C) Amino groups
D) Methyl groups
E) Hydroxyl groups

B) Sulphate groups
Explanation: Sulpholipids are recognized for containing sulphate groups, which distinguishes them from other types of lipids and contributes to their unique biochemical properties.

p.23
Biomedical Importance of Lipids

Where do Stigmasterol and Sitosterol occur?
A) In animals
B) In lower plants
C) In fungi
D) In higher plants
E) In bacteria

D) In higher plants
Explanation: Stigmasterol and Sitosterol are found in higher plants, indicating their natural occurrence in this specific group of plants and their absence in other organisms.

p.6
Neutral Fats (Triglycerides/Triacylglycerol)

What are neutral fats (triglycerides/triacylglycerol) composed of?
A) Mono-esters of glycerol
B) Di-esters of glycerol
C) Tri-esters of glycerol
D) Poly-esters of glycerol
E) None of the above

C) Tri-esters of glycerol
Explanation: Neutral fats, also known as triglycerides or triacylglycerol, are composed of tri-esters of glycerol with various fatty acids, highlighting their chemical structure and composition.

p.6
Neutral Fats (Triglycerides/Triacylglycerol)

How are neutral fats (triglycerides/triacylglycerol) in terms of solubility?
A) Soluble in water but insoluble in organic fat solvents
B) Insoluble in water and insoluble in organic fat solvents
C) Insoluble in water but soluble in organic fat solvents
D) Soluble in water and soluble in organic fat solvents
E) Soluble in water but slightly soluble in organic fat solvents

C) Insoluble in water but soluble in organic fat solvents
Explanation: Neutral fats are insoluble in water but soluble in organic fat solvents, emphasizing their unique solubility properties and their behavior in different solvents.

p.14
Fatty Acids

What is the difference between 'Cis' and 'Trans' form in terms of radical orientation?
A) 'Cis' form has the radicals on the opposite side of the bond
B) 'Trans' form has the radicals on the same side of the bond
C) 'Cis' form has the radicals on the same side of the bond
D) 'Trans' form has the radicals on the opposite side of the bond
E) Both 'Cis' and 'Trans' forms have the radicals in the same orientation

C) 'Cis' form has the radicals on the same side of the bond
Explanation: In 'Cis' form, the radicals are on the same side of the bond, while in 'Trans' form, the radicals are on the opposite side, distinguishing the two geometric isomers based on their radical orientation around the double bonds.

p.22
Biomedical Importance of Lipids

What is the normal level of serum total cholesterol in an adult?

150 to 250 mg

p.27
Biomedical Importance of Lipids

Where do cerebrosides (glycosphingosides) occur in large amounts?

They occur in large amounts in the white matter of the brain and in the myelin sheaths of nerves.

p.31
Biomedical Importance of Lipids

In what way can liposomes be utilized for gene transfer into vascular cells?
A) As carriers for food supplements
B) As carriers for topical drugs
C) As carriers for gene transfer into vascular cells
D) As carriers for pain relief creams
E) As carriers for antiseptics

C) As carriers for gene transfer into vascular cells
Explanation: Liposomes are used for gene transfer into vascular cells, showcasing their significance in the field of genetic medicine and therapy.

p.25
Compound Lipids

Which of the following compounds is involved in cellular signaling and cell membrane structure?
A) Phosphatidylserine
B) Phosphatidic acid
C) Cephalin
D) Glucose
E) Sodium

B) Phosphatidic acid
Explanation: Phosphatidic acid is a compound that plays a significant role in cellular signaling and is a key component of cell membrane structure, contributing to essential cellular functions and processes.

p.27
Glycolipids

What is the structure of cerebrosides (glycosphingosides)?
A) Contains glycerol, phosphoric acid, and nitrogenous base
B) Contains only glycerol
C) Contains only phosphoric acid
D) Contains only nitrogenous base
E) Contains no glycerol, no phosphoric acid, and no nitrogenous base

E) Contains no glycerol, no phosphoric acid, and no nitrogenous base
Explanation: Cerebrosides (glycosphingosides) have a structure that lacks glycerol, phosphoric acid, and nitrogenous base, distinguishing them from other lipid compounds and highlighting their unique composition.

p.24
Compound Lipids

What is the alcohol in Phosphosphingosides?

C) Sphingosine (sphingol)
Explanation: The alcohol in Phosphosphingosides is sphingosine (sphingol), an unsaturated amino alcohol, which is a defining feature of this type of compound lipid.

p.21
Biomedical Importance of Lipids

In what forms does cholesterol occur in the body?
A) Free form only
B) Esterified form only
C) Both free and esterified form
D) Bound to proteins only
E) Inorganic form only

C) Both free and esterified form
Explanation: Cholesterol occurs in both free and esterified forms in the body, with the free form predominating in brain and nervous tissue, and the esterified form occurring in the adrenal cortex.

p.15
Fatty Acids

Why can't essential fatty acids be synthesized in the body?

E) Introduction of additional double bonds in unsaturated fatty acid is limited to the area between the COOH group and the existing double bond
Explanation: Essential fatty acids cannot be synthesized in the body due to the limited introduction of additional double bonds in unsaturated fatty acids, which is restricted to a specific area and not possible between certain groups in the molecule.

p.29
Glycolipids

What are the four important types of cerebrosides isolated from the brain?
A) GM-1, GM-2, GM-3, GD-3
B) G1, G2, G3, D3
C) G-1, G-2, G-3, D-3
D) M-1, M-2, M-3, D-3
E) C1, C2, C3, D3

A) GM-1, GM-2, GM-3, GD-3
Explanation: The four important types of cerebrosides isolated from the brain are GM-1, GM-2, GM-3, and GD-3, highlighting their significance in brain composition and function.

p.30
Amphipathic Lipids

What is the basic structure of biological membranes called?
A) Micelles
B) Liposomes
C) Bilayer
D) Monolayer
E) Trilayer

C) Bilayer
Explanation: The basic structure of biological membranes is called a membrane bilayer, which is formed by the arrangement of amphipathic lipids at oil-water interfaces.

p.25
Compound Lipids

What are examples of phospholipids?

Phosphatidyl choline (Lecithin), Cephalin, Phosphatidylserine, Phosphatidic acid

p.10
Fatty Acids

What are the dietary sources of linoleic acid?

Peanut oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, soya bean oil and egg yolk.

p.28
Classification of Lipids

What are the types of lipids that contain nitrogen but no nitrogenous base?

Kerasin, Cerebron, Nervon, and Oxynervon.

p.5
Biomedical Importance of Lipids

What do lipoproteins contain as a prosthetic group to proteins?

lipids

p.19
Cholesterol and Sterols

In which solvents is cholesterol soluble?

Ether, chloroform, hot alcohol, ethyl acetate, and vegetable oils

p.2
Lipids Introduction

What is the difference between oil and fat in terms of physical state at room temperature?

Oil is liquid at room temperature, while fat is solid under the same conditions

p.14
Fatty Acids

What does the '18' in 18:1;9 represent in the shorthand notation for a fatty acid?

Number of carbon atoms

p.14
Fatty Acids

What does the '1' in 18:1;9 represent in the shorthand notation for a fatty acid?

Number of double bonds

p.13
Fatty Acids

What do saturated acids end in?

Saturated acids end in 'anoic', for example, octanoic acid.

p.13
Fatty Acids

How do unsaturated acids end?

Unsaturated acids end in 'enoic', for example, octadecenoic acid (oleic acid).

p.13
Fatty Acids

What does Δ9 denote in fatty acid naming?

Δ9 denotes a double bond between C9 and C10.

p.3
Neutral Fats (Triglycerides/Triacylglycerol)

What are neutral fats?

Tri-esters of fatty acids with glycerol

p.15
Essential Fatty Acids

What is the precursor for prostaglandins and leukotrienes in the body?

Arachidonic acid

p.8
Derived Lipids

What is a fatty acid?
A) A type of carbohydrate
B) An inorganic acid
C) An organic acid that occurs in a natural triglyceride
D) A type of protein
E) A type of alcohol

C) An organic acid that occurs in a natural triglyceride
Explanation: Fatty acids are organic acids that naturally occur in triglycerides, and they are obtained from the hydrolysis of fats, playing a crucial role in various biological processes.

p.21
Biomedical Importance of Lipids

What are some dietary sources of cholesterol?
A) Fruits and vegetables
B) Fish and seafood
C) Butter, cream, milk, egg yolk, meat
D) Grains and legumes
E) Nuts and seeds

C) Butter, cream, milk, egg yolk, meat
Explanation: Cholesterol is found in foods such as butter, cream, milk, egg yolk, and meat, highlighting the importance of dietary choices in cholesterol intake.

p.15
Fatty Acids

What are the three essential fatty acids?

A) Linoleic acid, linolenic acid, and arachidonic acid
Explanation: The essential fatty acids include linoleic acid, linolenic acid, and arachidonic acid, which are crucial for various physiological functions and cannot be synthesized in the body.

p.9
Fatty Acids

How are lower fatty acids classified?
A) Have more than 10 carbon atoms
B) Have 10 carbon atoms or less
C) Contain at least one C - C double bond
D) Contain one double bond
E) Have 20 carbon atoms or more

B) Have 10 carbon atoms or less
Explanation: Lower fatty acids are classified as those having 10 carbon atoms or less, distinguishing them from higher fatty acids which have more than 10 carbon atoms. This classification helps differentiate between the two categories based on their carbon atom content.

p.11
Fatty Acids

What is the general formula for arachidonic acid?
A) CnH2n + 7 COOH
B) CnH2n - 7 COOH
C) CnH2n - 4 COOH
D) CnH2n - 2 COOH
E) CnH2n - 10 COOH

B) CnH2n - 7 COOH
Explanation: Arachidonic acid is characterized by its general formula CnH2n - 7 COOH, which indicates the presence of four double bonds and is a key feature of this fatty acid.

p.18
Lipids Introduction

What is the molecular structure of glycerol?
A) Monohydric alcohol
B) Dihydric alcohol
C) Trihydric alcohol
D) Tetrhydric alcohol
E) Pentahydric alcohol

C) Trihydric alcohol
Explanation: Glycerol, also known as glycerin, is classified as the simplest trihydric alcohol, containing three hydroxyl groups in its molecular structure. This characteristic makes it a key component of lipid molecules and contributes to its physiological functions.

p.11
Compound Lipids

What is a characteristic of cyclic fatty acids?
A) They contain linear chains
B) They are found in animal lipids only
C) They contain cyclic groups
D) They are exclusively present in nuts
E) They are highly saturated

C) They contain cyclic groups
Explanation: Cyclic fatty acids are characterized by containing cyclic groups and are present in some seeds, highlighting their unique structural feature and natural occurrence.

p.23
Biomedical Importance of Lipids

Where does Coprosterol occur?
A) In plants
B) In animals
C) In fungi
D) In faeces
E) In bacteria

D) In faeces
Explanation: Coprosterol occurs in faeces as a result of the reduction of cholesterol by bacteria, underscoring its presence in this specific biological waste product.

p.23
Biomedical Importance of Lipids

What is the role of Dehydrocholesterol?
A) It is a precursor to vitamin C
B) It is a precursor to vitamin A
C) It is a precursor to vitamin E
D) It is a precursor to vitamin D
E) It is a precursor to vitamin K

D) It is a precursor to vitamin D
Explanation: Dehydrocholesterol is a precursor to vitamin D, indicating its role in the synthesis of this essential vitamin in the human body.

p.14
Fatty Acids

What is meant by positional isomers in unsaturated fatty acids?
A) Isomers with different functional groups
B) Isomers with different chain lengths
C) Isomers with variation in the location of the double bonds
D) Isomers with different optical properties
E) Isomers with different geometric orientations

C) Isomers with variation in the location of the double bonds
Explanation: Positional isomers in unsaturated fatty acids refer to the variation in the location of the double bonds along the fatty acid chain, highlighting the structural isomeric differences based on the positioning of the double bonds.

p.11
Fatty Acids

What is the general formula for arachidonic acid?

CnH2n – 7 COOH

p.8
Derived Lipids

What is the range of chain length for fatty acids?

C4 to C24

p.11
Derived Lipids

Where are cyclic fatty acids present?

In some seeds

p.31
Derived Lipids

How are emulsions formed and what stabilizes them?

Emulsions are larger in size and formed when non-polar lipids (e.g. T-G) are mixed with water (aqueous medium). They can be stabilized by emulsifying agents such as amphipathic lipids (e.g. phosphatidyl choline). Emulsifying agents form a surface layer separating the main bulk of non-polar material from the water.

p.21
Biomedical Importance of Lipids

How much cholesterol does a hen's egg give?

250 mg

p.23
Biomedical Importance of Lipids

Where does Coprosterol occur?

Coprosterol (Coprostanol) occurs in faeces by reduction of cholesterol by bacteria.

p.23
Biomedical Importance of Lipids

Name some other steroids besides Coprosterol and Sitosterol.

Other steroids include bile acids, adrenocortical hormones, gonadal hormones, D vitamins, cardiac glycosides, and some alkaloids.

p.17
Biomedical Importance of Lipids

What effect does the ingestion of fats rich in essential fatty acids have on fibrinolytic activity?

Increase in fibrinolytic activity follows the ingestion of fats rich in essential fatty acids.

p.13
Fatty Acids

What convention is used to name fatty acids, showing the number of carbon atoms, double bonds, and positions of the double bonds?
A) IUPAC convention
B) E-Z notation
C) Fischer projection
D) Haworth projection
E) Displayed formula convention

E) Displayed formula convention
Explanation: A popular convention for naming fatty acids uses a formula that shows the number of carbon atoms, number of double bonds, and positions of the double bonds, providing comprehensive information about the structure of the acid.

p.8
Fatty Acids

What is the defining characteristic of saturated fatty acids?
A) They contain no double bonds
B) They contain one double bond
C) They are liquid at room temperature
D) They contain multiple double bonds
E) They are found in plant sources

A) They contain no double bonds
Explanation: Saturated fatty acids are characterized by the absence of double bonds in their carbon chain, which contributes to their unique physical and chemical properties in various biological contexts.

p.22
Biomedical Importance of Cholesterol

What is the role of UV rays of sunshine in relation to 7-dehydrocholesterol?
A) They have no effect on 7-dehydrocholesterol
B) They convert 7-dehydrocholesterol to cholesterol
C) They convert 7-dehydrocholesterol to vitamin D3
D) They reduce the levels of 7-dehydrocholesterol
E) They increase the levels of 7-dehydrocholesterol

C) They convert 7-dehydrocholesterol to vitamin D3
Explanation: UV rays of sunshine change 7-dehydrocholesterol to cholecalciferol (vitamin D3), illustrating the process by which sunlight contributes to the production of vitamin D3 in the body.

p.2
Lipids Introduction

What are lipids composed of?
A) Alcohol and water
B) Alcohol and fatty acids
C) Nitrogenous base and carbohydrates
D) Phosphoric acid and water
E) Fatty acids and water

B) Alcohol and fatty acids
Explanation: Lipids are composed of alcohol and fatty acids, with some also containing phosphoric acid, nitrogenous base, and carbohydrates, highlighting their diverse chemical composition.

p.15
Biomedical Importance of Lipids

What is the precursor for prostaglandins and leukotrienes in the body?

D) Arachidonic acid
Explanation: Arachidonic acid serves as the precursor for prostaglandins and leukotrienes in the body, highlighting its crucial role in various physiological processes.

p.7
Biomedical Importance of Lipids

What causes rancidity in natural fats?
A) Hydrolysis by alkali
B) Addition of halogens
C) Spontaneous oxidation at the double bond
D) Formation of aldehydes and ketones
E) Unpleasant odor and taste developed by most natural fats on aging

E) Unpleasant odor and taste developed by most natural fats on aging
Explanation: Rancidity in natural fats is characterized by the development of an unpleasant odor and taste on aging, which can be caused by oxidation or hydrolysis, highlighting the deterioration of fats over time.

p.3
Biomedical Importance of Lipids

What are the fat-soluble vitamins that require lipids for absorption?
A) Vitamin C and D
B) Vitamin A and B
C) Vitamin E and K
D) Vitamin B and C
E) Vitamin A and D

E) Vitamin A and D
Explanation: Vitamins A, D, E, and K are fat-soluble vitamins that require lipids for proper absorption, emphasizing the essential role of lipids in the body's absorption and utilization of these vitamins.

p.29
Sulpholipids

Where are sulpholipids present?
A) Heart and lungs
B) Skin and hair
C) Liver, kidney, testes, brain, and certain tumors
D) Stomach and intestines
E) Muscles and bones

C) Liver, kidney, testes, brain, and certain tumors
Explanation: Sulpholipids are present in various tissues including liver, kidney, testes, brain, and certain tumors, indicating their widespread distribution in the body and potential physiological significance.

p.30
Amphipathic Lipids

What is the prerequisite for fat digestion and absorption from the intestine?
A) Formation of micelles
B) Formation of liposomes
C) Presence of non-polar groups
D) Presence of polar groups
E) High concentration of cholesterol

A) Formation of micelles
Explanation: Micelles formation, facilitated by bile salts, is a prerequisite for fat digestion and absorption from the intestine, demonstrating the crucial role of amphipathic lipids in this process.

p.12
Derived Lipids

What are eicosanoids derived from?

Eicosapolyenoic fatty acids

p.20
Cholesterol and Sterols

What is cholesterol?

Cholesterol is a type of lipid molecule found in the cell membranes and is a precursor for the synthesis of steroid hormones, bile acids, and vitamin D.

p.22
Biomedical Importance of Lipids

What is the difference between 7-dehydrocholesterol and cholesterol?

It differs by a second double bond, between C7 and C8

p.18
Alcohols in Lipid Molecules

What are the physiological sources of glycerol?

The physiological sources of glycerol include endogenous source from the lipolysis of fats in adipose tissue and exogenous source from dietary intake, with 22% of glycerol directly absorbed into the portal blood from the gut.

p.5
Derived Lipids

What are some examples of derived lipids?

Obtained by hydrolysis of lipids in group 1 and 2, that still possess the general characteristics of lipids.

p.5
Derived Lipids

Where is squalene found?

Found in human sebum, shark and liver of other mammals.

p.3
Biomedical Importance of Lipids

What are the constituents of natural membranes including cells and organelles membranes?

Lipoproteins and phospholipids

p.3
Biomedical Importance of Lipids

What are the fat soluble vitamins that require lipids for absorption?

Vitamins A, D, E and K

p.4
Compound Lipids

What are Vit A and Vit D esters composed of?
A) Oleic acid
B) Palmitic or stearic acids
C) Linoleic acid
D) Lauric acid
E) Myristic acid

B) Palmitic or stearic acids
Explanation: Vit A and Vit D esters are composed of palmitic or stearic acids, which are esters of Vit A (Retinol) or Vit D respectively, highlighting the specific fatty acid components of these compound lipids.

p.27
Glycolipids

Where do cerebrosides (glycosphingosides) occur in large amounts?
A) Liver tissue
B) Muscle tissue
C) White matter of brain and myelin sheaths of nerve
D) Kidney tissue
E) Skin tissue

C) White matter of brain and myelin sheaths of nerve
Explanation: Cerebrosides (glycosphingosides) occur in large amounts in the white matter of the brain and in the myelin sheaths of nerve, indicating their significant presence in neural tissues and their role in neurological function.

p.28
Glycolipids

What are the products of hydrolysis of gangliosides?
A) Glucose, fatty acid, and alcohol
B) Galactose, fatty acid, and sphingosine
C) Sphingosine, dihydrosphingosine, and nitrogenous base
D) N-acetyl galactosamine, N-acetyl neuraminic acid, and sialic acid
E) Kerasin, cerebron, and nervon

B) Galactose, fatty acid, and sphingosine
Explanation: Hydrolysis of gangliosides yields galactose, a high molecular weight fatty acid, and alcohol, specifically sphingosine. This process results in the breakdown of the complex glycosphingolipids, revealing the components contained within.

p.21
Biomedical Importance of Lipids

What is a major component of gallstones?
A) Triglycerides
B) Phospholipids
C) Cholesterol
D) Fatty acids
E) Sterols

C) Cholesterol
Explanation: Cholesterol is a major component of gallstones, highlighting its role in the formation of these common medical conditions.

p.18
Biomedical Importance of Lipids

What are the physiological sources of glycerol?
A) Only from lipolysis of fats in adipose tissue
B) Only from dietary sources
C) Both endogenous and exogenous sources
D) Only from conversion to glucose or glycogen
E) Only from higher alcohols

C) Both endogenous and exogenous sources
Explanation: Glycerol can be obtained from both endogenous sources, such as the lipolysis of fats in adipose tissue, and exogenous sources, such as dietary intake. Approximately 22% of glycerol is directly absorbed into the portal blood from the gut, highlighting its significance as a physiological substrate.

p.2
Biomedical Importance of Lipids

What is the biomedical importance of lipids in the body?
A) Source of vitamins
B) Source of energy
C) Source of minerals
D) Source of protein
E) Source of carbohydrates

B) Source of energy
Explanation: Lipids serve as a dietary constituent and a significant source of energy in the body, yielding more energy per gram compared to carbohydrates and being storable in unlimited amounts, highlighting their crucial role as a fuel source.

p.23
Biomedical Importance of Lipids

What is the nutritional value of Stigmasterol and Sitosterol for human beings?
A) High nutritional value
B) Low nutritional value
C) No nutritional value
D) Essential for human health
E) Rich in vitamins

C) No nutritional value
Explanation: Stigmasterol and Sitosterol have no nutritional value for human beings, highlighting their lack of essential nutrients and their limited significance in human diet.

p.30
Amphipathic Lipids

What is the defining characteristic of fatty acids, phospholipids, bile salts, and cholesterol?
A) They contain non-polar groups
B) They contain polar groups
C) They are hydrophobic
D) They are hydrophilic
E) They are amphipathic

B) They contain polar groups
Explanation: Fatty acids, phospholipids, bile salts, and cholesterol contain 'Polar' groups, which gives them amphipathic properties and allows them to interact with both hydrophobic and hydrophilic environments.

p.17
Biomedical Importance of Lipids

Which polyenoic fatty acid is most abundant in retinal photoreceptor membranes?
A) Linoleic acid
B) Oleic acid
C) Palmitic acid
D) Docosahexaenoic acid
E) Stearic acid

D) Docosahexaenoic acid
Explanation: Docosahexaenoic acid is the most abundant polyenoic fatty acid present in retinal photoreceptor membranes, underscoring its significance in visual function.

p.17
Biomedical Importance of Lipids

What is the impact of linolenic acid on vision?
A) Decreases electrical response of photoreceptors
B) No effect on vision
C) Enhances the electrical response of photoreceptors
D) Reduces retinal function
E) Impairs visual acuity

C) Enhances the electrical response of photoreceptors
Explanation: Linolenic acid is necessary in the diet for optimal vision as it enhances the electrical response of the photoreceptors to illumination, emphasizing its role in maintaining visual function.

p.10
Fatty Acids

What is the general formula for oleic acid?

Cn H2n – 1 COOH

p.11
Derived Lipids

Where is phytanic acid found?

In butter

p.5
Classification of Lipids

What are sulpholipids known to contain?

Contain sulphate groups

p.18
Alcohols in Lipid Molecules

How can glycerol be converted in the body?

Glycerol can be converted to glucose or glycogen by gluconeogenesis.

p.4
Compound Lipids

What are Vit A and Vit D esters?

Palmitic or stearic acids esters of Vit A (Retinol) or Vit D respectively.

p.6
Neutral Fats (Triglycerides/Triacylglycerol)

What is the structural configuration of naturally occurring fats?

D-structural configuration.

p.3
Classification of Lipids

What are the esters of fatty acids with various alcohols?

Simple Lipids

p.25
Compound Lipids

Which compound is a component of cell membranes and is important for cellular function?
A) Cephalin
B) Phosphatidylserine
C) Phosphatidic acid
D) Glucose
E) Sodium

A) Cephalin
Explanation: Cephalin is a compound that is a key component of cell membranes and is essential for maintaining cellular structure and function, making it a crucial element in biological systems.

p.4
Compound Lipids

Which of the following is an example of a glycolipid?
A) Phosphatidyl choline
B) Phosphatidyl ethanolamine
C) Cerebrosides
D) Phosphatidyl inositol
E) Plasmalogens

C) Cerebrosides
Explanation: Cerebrosides are an example of glycolipids, characterized by their carbohydrate component and the absence of phosphoric acid or glycerol, highlighting their distinct composition within the category of compound lipids.

p.24
Classification of Phospholipids

Which compound lipid is an example of Phosphoinositides?

B) Phosphatidyl inositol (lipositol)
Explanation: Phosphatidyl inositol (lipositol) is an example of Phosphoinositides, where inositol serves as the alcohol group, distinguishing it within the classification of phospholipids.

p.15
Fatty Acids

Which essential fatty acid is more essential as it can be used in the synthesis of arachidonic acid?

C) Linoleic acid
Explanation: Linoleic acid is considered more essential as it can be utilized in the synthesis of arachidonic acid, which serves as the precursor for prostaglandins and leukotrienes in the body.

p.7
Fatty Acids

Which type of fatty acids undergo spontaneous oxidation at the double bond?
A) Saturated fatty acids
B) Monounsaturated fatty acids
C) Polyunsaturated fatty acids
D) Trans fatty acids
E) Omega-3 fatty acids

C) Polyunsaturated fatty acids
Explanation: Unsaturated fatty acids, particularly polyunsaturated fatty acids such as linseed oil, undergo spontaneous oxidation at the double bond, resulting in the formation of aldehydes, ketones, and resins, which is a notable characteristic of these fatty acids.

p.11
Derived Lipids

What are substituted fatty acids?
A) Fatty acids with a high level of saturation
B) Fatty acids with a low level of saturation
C) Fatty acids with hydroxy and methyl groups
D) Fatty acids with long carbon chains
E) Fatty acids with cyclic groups

C) Fatty acids with hydroxy and methyl groups
Explanation: Substituted fatty acids are characterized by the presence of hydroxy fatty acid and methyl fatty acid, in which one or more of the hydrogen atoms have been replaced by -OH or -CH3 group, as seen in cerebronic acid and Ricinoleic acid.

p.5
Derived Lipids

What is a characteristic of lipoproteins?
A) They contain carbohydrates
B) They contain nucleic acids
C) They contain lipids as prosthetic group to proteins
D) They contain only lipids
E) They contain only proteins

C) They contain lipids as prosthetic group to proteins
Explanation: Lipoproteins are characterized by containing lipids as a prosthetic group to proteins, highlighting their role in transporting lipids in the bloodstream and their importance in lipid metabolism.

p.5
Derived Lipids

Where is squalene found?
A) In plant waxes
B) In nucleic acids
C) In carbohydrates
D) In human sebum, shark and liver of other mammals
E) In vitamins E and K

D) In human sebum, shark and liver of other mammals
Explanation: Squalene is found in human sebum, shark, and the liver of other mammals, highlighting its presence in various biological sources and its significance in lipid metabolism.

p.23
Biomedical Importance of Lipids

What effect does Sitosterol have on blood cholesterol level?
A) Increases blood cholesterol level
B) Has no effect on blood cholesterol level
C) Decreases blood cholesterol level
D) Stabilizes blood cholesterol level
E) Causes cholesterol imbalance

C) Decreases blood cholesterol level
Explanation: Sitosterol may decrease intestinal absorption of both exogenous and endogenous cholesterol, thereby lowering the blood cholesterol level, indicating its potential positive impact on cholesterol management.

p.6
Neutral Fats (Triglycerides/Triacylglycerol)

What are the physical properties of neutral fats (triglycerides/triacylglycerol)?
A) Yellow, fragrant, and flavorful substances
B) Colorless, odorless, and tasteless substances
C) Green, pungent, and bitter substances
D) Red, aromatic, and spicy substances
E) Brown, scented, and sweet substances

B) Colorless, odorless, and tasteless substances
Explanation: Neutral fats are colorless, odorless, and tasteless substances, highlighting their lack of sensory attributes and their neutral physical characteristics.

p.14
Fatty Acids

How is CH3 (CH2)7 – CH = CH (CH2)7 – COOH expressed as a fatty acid?
A) 16 : 0
B) 18 : 1; 9
C) 20 : 4; 3
D) 14 : 2; 6
E) 22 : 3; 12

B) 18 : 1; 9
Explanation: CH3 (CH2)7 – CH = CH (CH2)7 – COOH is expressed as 18 : 1; 9, where 18 represents the number of carbon atoms, 1 represents the number of double bonds, and 9 represents the position of the double bond, providing a specific notation for this unsaturated fatty acid.

p.17
Biomedical Importance of Lipids

What happens in the case of EFA deficiency in the body?
A) Decreased blood clotting
B) Increased fibrinolytic activity
C) Production of fatty liver
D) Enhanced vision
E) Improved metabolic function

C) Production of fatty liver
Explanation: Deficiency of Essential Fatty Acids (EFA) leads to the production of fatty liver, emphasizing the crucial role of EFA in maintaining liver health.

p.27
Biomedical Importance of Lipids

What is the clinical significance of estimating lecithin phosphorus ratio in amniotic fluid?

It is clinically useful in predicting adequate fetal lung maturity and determining whether a fetus will develop respiratory distress after delivery.

p.18
Alcohols in Lipid Molecules

What is glycerol?

Glycerol is the simplest trihydric alcohol containing three hydroxyl groups in the molecule.

p.29
Biomedical Importance of Lipids

What is the significance of gangliosides in the body?

They serve as specific membrane binding sites (receptor sites) for circulating hormones, thus influencing various biochemical processes in the cell.

p.3
Biomedical Importance of Lipids

What are lipids catabolized into for biosynthesis?
A) Glucose
B) Amino acids
C) Acetyl CoA
D) Nucleic acids
E) Fatty acids

C) Acetyl CoA
Explanation: Lipids are catabolized into simpler compounds for biosynthesis, such as acetyl CoA, which is a crucial intermediate in various metabolic pathways, including the citric acid cycle and fatty acid synthesis.

p.6
Neutral Fats (Triglycerides/Triacylglycerol)

How are fat emulsions made?
A) By freezing in water
B) By boiling in water
C) By shaking vigorously in water and by agents such as soaps and proteins
D) By filtering in water
E) By distilling in water

C) By shaking vigorously in water and by agents such as soaps and proteins
Explanation: Fat emulsions are made by shaking vigorously in water and by agents such as soaps and proteins, highlighting the process of emulsification and the substances involved in creating fat emulsions.

p.30
Amphipathic Lipids

How are liposomes formed?
A) By heating amphipathic lipids in an aqueous medium
B) By freezing amphipathic lipids in an aqueous medium
C) By sonicating amphipathic lipids in an aqueous medium
D) By evaporating amphipathic lipids in an aqueous medium
E) By filtering amphipathic lipids in an aqueous medium

C) By sonicating amphipathic lipids in an aqueous medium
Explanation: Liposomes are formed by sonicating an amphipathic lipid in an aqueous medium, resulting in the creation of spheres of lipid bilayers that enclose part of the aqueous medium.

p.28
Biomedical Importance of Lipids

What are the products of hydrolysis of gangliosides?

A long chain fatty acid, alcohol (sphingosine), and a carbohydrate moiety containing glucose, galactose, N-acetyl galactosamine, and N-acetyl neuraminic acid (sialic acid).

p.27
Classification of Lipids

What is the structure of cerebrosides (glycosphingosides)?

Cerebrosides have no glycerol, no phosphoric acid, and no nitrogenous base.

p.2
Lipids Introduction

What are lipids composed of?

Alcohol and fatty acids, but some contain phosphoric acid, nitrogenous base and carbohydrates

p.9
Fatty Acids

What is the general formula for saturated fatty acids?

CnH2n+1 COOH

p.4
Compound Lipids

What are compound lipids?

Esters of fatty acids containing other groups in addition to alcohol and fatty acids.

p.6
Neutral Fats (Triglycerides/Triacylglycerol)

What are the physical properties of neutral fats?

Colorless, odorless, and tasteless substances. Insoluble in water but soluble in organic fat solvents.

p.6
Neutral Fats (Triglycerides/Triacylglycerol)

How can fats be hydrolyzed?

Fats may be hydrolyzed by superheated steam, by acids or alkalis, or by lipases (the specific fat-splitting enzymes).

p.14
Fatty Acids

What does the '9' in 18:1;9 represent in the shorthand notation for a fatty acid?

Position of the double bond

p.15
Essential Fatty Acids

Why must essential fatty acids be provided in the diet?

They cannot be synthesized in the body

p.14
Fatty Acids

What is the difference between 'cis' and 'trans' forms in terms of the orientation of radicals around the double bond?

'Cis' form has radicals on the same side of the bond, while 'trans' form has radicals on the opposite side.

p.1
Biomedical Importance of Lipids

What is the biomedical importance of lipids?

Lipids play a crucial role in energy storage, insulation, protection of vital organs, and as components of cell membranes.

p.17
Biomedical Importance of Lipids

In which diseases have metabolic defects of essential fatty acids been noted?

Metabolic defects of essential fatty acids, linked to dietary insufficiency, have been noted in different diseases e.g. cystic fibrosis, hepatorenal syndrome, Crohn’s disease.

p.1
Compound Lipids

What are compound lipids?

Compound lipids are lipids that contain fatty acids, a phosphate group, and a simple organic molecule.

p.16
Biomedical Importance of Lipids

What are the functions of Essential Fatty Acids (EFA) in the body?

Structural elements of tissues, structural element of gonads, synthesis of prostaglandins and other compounds, structural element of mitochondrial membrane, serum level of cholesterol, effect on clotting time.

p.22
Biomedical Importance of Lipids

What risk do people with familial hypercholesterolemia have?

Higher risk of heart disease and death at a younger age

p.19
Cholesterol and Sterols

What is the molecular formula of cholesterol?

C27H45OH

p.29
Classification of Lipids

What are the four important types of cerebrosides isolated from the brain?

GM-1, GM-2, GM-3, and GD-3.

p.21
Biomedical Importance of Lipids

What are some exogenous sources of cholesterol?

Butter, cream, milk, egg yolk, meat

p.23
Biomedical Importance of Lipids

What is the biomedical importance of Sitosterol?

Sitosterol may decrease intestinal absorption of both exogenous and endogenous cholesterol, thus lowering the blood cholesterol level.

p.2
Biomedical Importance of Lipids

What is the biomedical importance of lipids?

Dietary constituent, source of energy in the body, yields more energy per gram compared to carbohydrates, can be stored in the body in unlimited amount, and lipid deposits in the body exert insulating effect and provide padding and protection around internal organs.

p.13
Fatty Acids

How are fatty acids named?

Fatty acids are named after the hydrocarbon with the same number of carbon atoms, with 'oic' being substituted for the final 'e' in the name of the hydrocarbon.

p.23
Biomedical Importance of Lipids

What is Dehydrocholesterol?

Dehydrocholesterol is a pro-vitamin D.

p.3
Biomedical Importance of Lipids

What are the transporters of triglycerides and cholesterol in the body?

Lipoproteins

p.17
Biomedical Importance of Lipids

What is the most abundant polyenoic fatty acid present in retinal photoreceptor membranes?

Docosahexaenoic acid is the most abundant polyenoic fatty acids present in retinal photoreceptor membranes.

p.24
Compound Lipids

What is the alcohol group in Phosphoinositides?

Inositol

p.17
Biomedical Importance of Lipids

What is the role of linolenic acid in vision?

Linolenic acid is necessary in the diet for optimal vision as it enhances the electrical response of the photoreceptors to illumination.

p.1
Neutral Fats (Triglycerides/Triacylglycerol)

What are neutral fats also known as?

Neutral fats are also known as triglycerides or triacylglycerol.

p.1
Cholesterol and Sterols

What is the most common sterol in the human body?

Cholesterol is the most common sterol in the human body.

p.31
Biomedical Importance of Lipids

What are some uses of liposomes in the medical field?

i. Can be used in combination with tissue-specific antibodies, as carriers of drugs in the circulation, targeted to specific organs, e.g. in cancer therapy, ii. Used for gene transfer into vascular cells, and iii. As carriers and delivery agents for topical and transdermal drugs and cosmetics

p.23
Biomedical Importance of Lipids

What are Stigmasterol and Sitosterol?

Stigmasterol and Sitosterol occur in higher plants and have no nutritional value for human beings.

p.14
Fatty Acids

What is the shorthand notation for CH3(CH2)7 - CH=CH(CH2)7 - COOH?

18:1;9

p.9
Fatty Acids

How are lower fatty acids classified?

Lower fatty acids have 10 carbon atoms or less.

p.9
Fatty Acids

What is the defining characteristic of unsaturated fatty acids?

They contain at least one C - C double bond in the structure.

p.15
Essential Fatty Acids

What are the three polyunsaturated fatty acids considered essential fatty acids?

Linoleic acid, linolenic acid, and arachidonic acid

p.15
Essential Fatty Acids

What may happen if there is a lack of essential fatty acids in the diet?

It may lead to growth retardation and other deficiency symptoms

p.13
Fatty Acids

What information does a popular convention formula for fatty acids show?

The number of carbon atoms, the number of double bonds, and the positions of the double bonds.

p.24
Biomedical Importance of Lipids

Where is Phosphatidyl Choline (Lecithin) distributed in animals?

Liver, brain, nerve tissues, sperm and egg-yolk

p.29
Lipids Introduction

Why are lipids generally insoluble in water?

Lipids are generally insoluble in water because they mainly contain nonpolar hydrocarbon groups.

p.7
Biomedical Importance of Lipids

Where are lipases found?

(a) Lingual lipase (saliva), (b) Gastric lipase (gastric juice), (c) Pancreatic lipase (pancreatic juice), (d) Intestinal lipase (intestinal epithelial cell), (e) Adipolytic lipase (adipose tissue), (f) Serum lipase

p.7
Derived Lipids

What is saponification?

Hydrolysis of a fat by an alkali. Products are glycerol and the alkali salts called 'soaps'.

p.7
Derived Lipids

What additive reactions do unsaturated fatty acids present in neutral fat exhibit?

Unsaturated fatty acids present in neutral fat exhibit all the additive reactions, i.e. hydrogenation, halogenation, etc.

p.7
Derived Lipids

What do unsaturated fatty acids undergo in oxidation?

Unsaturated fatty acids e.g. linseed oil undergo spontaneous oxidation at the double bond forming aldehydes, ketones and resins.

p.14
Fatty Acids

What is the variation in the location of the double bonds along the unsaturated fatty acid chain called?

Positional Isomers

p.17
Biomedical Importance of Lipids

What happens to essential fatty acids after isomerization and epimerization?

Essential fatty acids undergo β-oxidation after isomerization and epimerization, like other unsaturated fatty acids.

p.1
Alcohols in Lipid Molecules

What are the major alcohols found in lipid molecules?

The major alcohols found in lipid molecules are glycerol and sphingosine.

p.4
Compound Lipids

What are examples of phospholipids?

Phosphatidyl choline (Lecithin), phosphatidyl ethanolamine (Cephalin), phosphatidyl inositol (Lipositol), phosphatidyl serine, plasmalogens, and sphingomyelins.

p.4
Compound Lipids

What are glycolipids?

Lipids that have a carbohydrate component and contain the alcohol sphingosine/sphingol, a nitrogenous base, and fatty acids, but not phosphoric acid or glycerol.

p.9
Fatty Acids

How are mono unsaturated fatty acids classified?

Mono unsaturated fatty acids contain one double bond.

p.14
Fatty Acids

What are the two types of isomers that occur in an unsaturated fatty acid?

Geometric Isomers and Positional Isomers

p.15
Essential Fatty Acids

Which essential fatty acid can be used in the synthesis of arachidonic acid?

Linoleic acid

p.30
Biomedical Importance of Lipids

What is the characteristic arrangement of amphipathic lipids at oil-water interfaces?

The polar groups are in the water phase and the non-polar groups are in the oil phase.

p.30
Biomedical Importance of Lipids

What is the basic structure of biological membranes formed by amphipathic lipids?

Membrane bilayer.

p.30
Biomedical Importance of Lipids

What is the prerequisite for fat digestion and absorption from the intestine?

Micelles formation, facilitated by bile salts.

p.30
Biomedical Importance of Lipids

How are liposomes formed?

Liposomes are formed by sonicating an amphipathic lipid in an aqueous medium.

p.1
Lipids Introduction

What are lipids?

Lipids are a diverse group of biomolecules that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents.

p.15
Essential Fatty Acids

Why can't essential fatty acids be synthesized in the body?

Introduction of additional double bonds in unsaturated fatty acid is limited to the area between the COOH group and the existing double bond and this is not possible between the CH3 group at the opposite end of the molecule and the first unsaturated linkage

p.21
Biomedical Importance of Lipids

In which body tissues is cholesterol found in largest amounts in normal human adults?

Brain and nervous tissue, liver, skin, intestinal mucosa

p.21
Biomedical Importance of Lipids

What is the major component of gallstones?

Cholesterol

p.21
Biomedical Importance of Lipids

In what forms does cholesterol occur?

Free and ester (bound) form

p.30
Biomedical Importance of Lipids

What is the characteristic structure of liposomes?

They consist of spheres of lipid bilayers that enclose part of the aqueous medium.

p.3
Neutral Fats (Triglycerides/Triacylglycerol)

What are cholesterol esters?

Esters of fatty acids with cholesterol

p.24
Classification of Lipids

What are some examples of Glycerophosphatides?

Phosphatidylethanolamine (cephalin), phosphatidylcholine (Lecithin), phospatidylserine, plasmalogens, phosphatidic acid, cardiolipins and phosphatides.

p.24
Compound Lipids

What is the alcohol group in Glycerophosphatides?

Glycerol

p.7
Biomedical Importance of Lipids

What causes rancidity in natural fats?

Rancidity is caused by oxidation or hydrolysis, resulting in an unpleasant odor and taste developed by most natural fats on aging.

p.24
Compound Lipids

What is the alcohol group in Phosphosphingosides?

Sphingosine (sphingol)

p.1
Derived Lipids

What are the two main types of derived lipids?

The two main types of derived lipids are fatty acids and alcohols.

p.17
Biomedical Importance of Lipids

What happens in the body when there is a deficiency of essential fatty acids?

Deficiency of essential fatty acids produces fatty liver.

p.3
Biomedical Importance of Lipids

What are the catabolized into simpler compounds for biosynthesis?

Lipids

p.17
Biomedical Importance of Lipids

From which dietary acid is docosahexaenoic acid formed?

Docosahexaenoic acid is formed from dietary linolenic acid.

p.3
Neutral Fats (Triglycerides/Triacylglycerol)

What are waxes?

Esters of fatty acids with long straight chain alcohols

p.1
Essential Fatty Acids

What are the essential fatty acids?

Essential fatty acids are fatty acids that cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained from the diet.

Study Smarter, Not Harder
Study Smarter, Not Harder