It takes about 30 minutes

After we take in food,food is needed to be broken down into simple,soluble,small substances and this is called digestion

Vitamin,mineral and water

Alimentary canal and digestive glands

Food is digested as it travels through the Alimentary canal.the digestive glands produce digestive juices which help digest food

The absorbed food substance are then carried to all parts of the body throught the transport systme

Mouth cavity

Mechanically by chewing which break food into smaller pieces and increase surface area for digestive enzymes to work on

Chemically by saliva created in salivary gland which contains amylase.saliva makes the food easier to swallow and break down starch into sugar

Oesophagus

Peristalsis of the oesophagus pushes down the food to the stomach

Stomach

Mechanically by churning which breaks the food into smaller pieces and help mix food with gastric juice

Chemically by gastric juice secreted by the glands in the stomach wall.It contains hydrochloric acid which kills bacteria in food and provides an acidic environment for peptide(the enzymes in gastric juice) to work in

Small intestine

Mechanically by bile which is produce on the liver and stored in gall bladder which bile does not contain enzymes.it emulfsifies lipids into smaller oil droplets which increase the surface area for enzymes to work on.

Peristalsis pushes food along the small intestine.it helps mix the food with digestive juices

Chemically by intestinal juice secreted by the glands in the walls of small intestine and pancreatic juice secreted by pancreas.

Digestion of all carbohydrates,lipids and proteins is completed in the small intestine.food now is broken down into simple,small and soluble substance

It is because only small,simple and soluble substance can be absorbed and used in our body cells for energy,growth and maintaining health

Muscles of the stomach wall contract and relax to churning food.

Small intestine

Mechanical digestion(no new substance)(break food into smaller pieces)

Chemical digestion(require digestive enzymes)(turn complex food substance into simple by chemical reactions)

Salivary glands

Liver

Pancreas

Gall bladder

Mouth cavity

Oesophagus

Stomach

Small intestine

Large intestine

Anus

After digestion,food is broken down into small,soluble and simple substances.these substances and most of the water can pass through the walls of the small intestine and enter blood capillaries.

Saliva-carbohydrates

Gastric-protein

Pancreatic-carbohydrates,lipids and protein

Intestinal-carbohydrates and protein

Pointed

For tearing food

Broad chewing surface

Have cusps

For crushing and grinding food

It is a bone-like living tissue under enamel

Incisor

Canine

Premolar

Molar

Chisel-shaped

Sharp edge

For biting and cutting food

Broader chewing surface than premolar

The largest in size

Have more cusps

For crushung and grinding food

Enamel,dentine,pulp cavity,gum,cememtum,nerve, periodontal membrans(with fibres),jawbone and blood vessel

Top:crown

Middle:neck

Bottom:root

It is the outer part of the crown which is made up of a non-living tissue

Itis a layer covering every tooth’s root

Tooth decay and periodontal disease

It then spreads to the dentine and makes the hole bigger and deeper.finally it reaches the pulp cavity and irritated the nerve causing toothache

It is the centre of the tooth and it contains blood vessels and nerves.the blood vessels supply oxygen and nutrients to the teeth while the nerve detect pain and temperature.

It is caused by the action of bacteria in our mouth.

The bacteria in plaque act on sugar in food debris and produce acid which damages the enamel and makes a hole which is the start of tooth decay.

It is slightly alkaline so higher than 7

It will make our mouth frequently beomce acidic and cause higher risk of tooth decay

It is when we don't brush our teeth properly, plaque may accumulate between the teeth and gums and gradually harden to form calculus.the rought surface of the calculus leads to more build up of plaque.

It helps strengthen the enamel and increase it's resistance to acid attack

It reduce the formation of plaque

It helps by removing the plaque accumulated between adjacent teeth

It is because bacteria in the plaque secrete toxins,causing the gums to become red and swollen.

Gums may bleed easily during brushing

Calculus spreads and pushes the gum away from the tooth.in serious cases,the periodontal membrane and the jaw bone are destroyed and the tooth may become loose and fall out.

Brush twice a day

Use toothpaste that contains fluoride.

Use dental floss

Eat chew sugar-free gum

Have a balanced diet

Have dental check-ups at least once a year

Avoid frequent snacking

A balanced diet with sufficient calcium and vitamin D which is essential for maintaining strong teeth

It helps by finding if there are any dental problems

After meals,it can be used to stimulate the secretion of saliva.it helps reduce chance of developing tooth decay