Cognitive

39.3 mph.

31.8 mph.

The Working Memory Model is a theory that proposes a system involving multiple components for temporary storage and manipulation of information.

Program A is the same as Program C.

1/3 probability that nobody will die, and 2/3 probability that 600 people will die.

One half was asked if they saw a broken headlight, and the other half was asked if they saw a yellow panel (which was actually blue).

Program C and Program D.

It shows how framing effect influences decisions made.

Each participant reads the story twice, then reproduces it after 15 minutes, and later at intervals of 20 hours, 8 days, 6 months, and 10 years.

Unfamiliar material changes when it is recalled, becoming shorter, simpler, and more stereotyped, likely due to the effect of schema on memory.

It shows that articulatory suppression prevents rehearsal in the Phonological Loop due to overload, resulting in less accurate working memory.

Choosing how to respond to the outbreak of a virulent disease.

22%.

Participants were randomly assigned to one of two experimental conditions.

They had to recite the numbers '1' and '2' while trying to memorize a list of 7 letters.

There was an attempt at deceiving the participants.

The pilot group helped to establish reasonable anchors and demonstrated System 2 thinking.

400 people will die.

'The War of the Ghosts', a North American Indian folk tale, because it was from another culture and unknown to the participants.

Between 79% and 84%.

No, experience did not impact the influence of anchoring bias.

Because Bartlett did not always test the repeated reproduction participants after the same time intervals.

A different set of lists and a different sequence of delay conditions.

To examine the role of experience in decision making in trial judges.

To investigate if articulatory suppression would influence recall of a written list of phonologically dissimilar letters in serial recall.

They reported not feeling afraid but did report having an 'adrenaline rush'.

To test the influence of positive and negative frames on decision making.

System 1 thinking.

Schema theory suggests that our previous understanding in a cultural setting influences our memory.

Landry and Bartling.

Program B is the same as Program D.

A seven-point scale.

Sentences were higher when participants evaluated the high demand (M=35.75) than the low demand (M=28.00).

To investigate whether the use of leading questions would affect the estimation of speed.

A self-selected (volunteer) sample of 307 US undergraduate students.

Small sample size, participant variability as a confounding variable, and limited courtroom experience of the sample.

To investigate the role of schema in the encoding and retrieval of episodic memory.

The study only used students, who may differ from people of other ages and situations.

They were read a list of objects and asked whether they thought the object was in the room or not.

Nine participants remembered there were books when there were no books.

Post-event information does affect memory recall.

Longitudinal studies, experimental designs, and observational studies.

Because it was a field study with archival evidence to confirm the accuracy of the memories.

The idea of multiple stores of memory (STM and LTM).

Young, less experienced judges.

1-5 minutes.

78%.

Western university students.

Form (order of events), details (names and numbers were lost), simplification (details left out or made more familiar), and addition (inaccurate details included).

By choosing unfamiliar material, Bartlett could not be sure that the changes he found would happen with familiar information.

5 groups, with 9 participants in each group.

Actual distortion of memory recall.

The test-retest method.

Because not everyone who witnesses an event in real life would be a student.

Experimental studies, surveys, and neuroimaging techniques.

To investigate the recency effect in free recall.

Complexity of isolating variables, potential biases in self-reported data, and challenges in generalizing findings across different populations.

The study was conducted in a natural office setting.

They create an artificial setting, leading to low ecological validity.

The primacy effect was more or less unaffected by 10-second delays, and there was still a clear primacy effect with a 30-second delay.

A true experiment.

To investigate how information changes with each reproduction and to find out why the information changes.

The same case materials and central questionnaire as in Experiment 1.

76%

A true experiment, allowing researchers to infer a cause and effect relationship.

"About how fast were the cars going when they...into each other?"

Program A: 200 people will be saved. Program B: 1/3 probability that 600 people will be saved, and 2/3 probability that no people will be saved.

72%

The experiment is highly controlled, has high internal validity, is highly standardized, and is easily replicable.

Write down as many objects as they could remember from the office and rate their certainty about the presence of 131 objects listed in a booklet.

Emotions can enhance or impair cognitive processes such as memory, attention, and decision-making.

Provides insights into the interaction between emotional and cognitive processes, and has practical applications in fields like education and therapy.

Eyewitnesses did not make errors as a result of the leading questions.

High level of control and fair testing as everybody was asked the same questions.

A 30-second delay totally eliminated the recency effect.

The first participant reads the story twice and then tells it to a second participant after 15-30 minutes, who then tells it to the next person in a chain of participants.

It suggests that the lack of emotional response to the video in Loftus & Palmer's study played a key role in the influence of leading questions.

Well-controlled study, high level of internal validity, cause and effect relationship can be determined, supports the Working Memory Model, replicable and reliable.

Positively for some participants and negatively for others.

By controlling the age of participants, using the same video, the location, and the questions asked.

To investigate if participants who had a high-speed estimate in the first part of an experiment would say that they had seen broken glass.

Smashed and hit.

Four months.

Participants were not aware the experiment had begun, reducing demand characteristics.

The participant was to start counting out loud from that number until the experimenter said 'write.'

The impact of digital technologies on cognition is complex and multifaceted, requiring further investigation to fully understand.

Participants were all male, which may differ in brain capacity/memorization to females, and the study lacks ecological validity.

Participants evaluated either a high demand (34 months) or a low demand (12 months) sentence.

45%

It may be open to researcher bias.

Framing effect influences decision making; people prefer certain outcomes when information is framed positively and avoid certain losses when information is framed negatively.

Individuals' prior experiences will influence how they remember new information.

Recall condition, drawing condition, and verbal recognition condition.

They answered a series of questions about the car crash.

Yes - 7, No - 43.

2 seconds.

Those directly involved in the event remembered more than in lab studies.

The sample was not representative as it only included psychology students.

Rapidly changing technology landscape, difficulty in establishing causality, and potential ethical concerns.

Artificial conditions not reflective of real-world situations, lacks ecological validity, small sample size reduces generalizability of results.

Factors that allow for precise control of variables, ensuring the IV affects the DV and nothing else.

Because the study was artificial and not typical of a real-life situation.

They were given an outline of the room and asked to draw the objects they could remember.

Eyewitnesses were very reliable and recalled a large amount of accurate detail.

Participants remembered more objects congruent with their office schema than objects not typically found in an office.

Digital technologies can both enhance and impair cognitive functions such as attention, memory, and problem-solving.

It could be a case of flashbulb memory due to the threat to the eyewitnesses' safety.

Smashed, hit, collided, bumped, or contacted.

System 1 thinking (intuitive thinking).

The study has low mundane realism and low ecological validity because the situation is hypothetical and lacks real-life emotional context.

Did you see any broken glass?

Emotions play a significant role in shaping cognitive processes and can influence behavior and decision-making.

A thief entered a gun shop, tied up the owner, stole money and guns, and then shot the owner twice before being killed by the police.

1. Information at the time of the event, 2) Post-event information.

A 10-second delay reduced the recency effect.

Addresses contemporary issues, provides insights into the effects of technology on cognition, and has implications for education and policy-making.

It allows comparisons to be made across groups, such as which verb attained the highest/lowest speed estimates.

To investigate how emotions influence cognitive processes.

Yes - 16, No - 34.

Fifteen 15-word lists.

To explore how modern digital technologies affect cognitive processes.

The ethical concern of deception may limit the study's repeatability.

Participants looking for clues on how to behave.

They were told to wait for the experimenter and did not realize the study had already begun.

There were 50 participants in each group.

Items that were congruent with their schema of an office, such as a desk and chair.

Yes - 6, No - 44.

The experimenter said 'write,' and the participant immediately started writing all the words he/she could recall.

The study is not replicable, not generalisable, and there was no control of variables.