What do the sensory receptors in the olfactory epithelium detect?
Click to see answer
Odor molecules in the air.
Click to see question
What do the sensory receptors in the olfactory epithelium detect?
Odor molecules in the air.
What surrounds the alveoli to allow the lungs to stretch during inspiration?
Smooth muscle and elastic fibers.
What is the function of the nasal conchae?
To create air turbulence, increasing contact time between air and mucous membrane for warming and humidifying the air.
What is the location of the frontal sinus?
Inside the frontal bone.
What can cause anosmia?
Genetic causes, inflammatory disorders, trauma, etc.
What is the main difference between bronchi and bronchioles?
Bronchi have cartilage to maintain patency, while bronchioles do not and rely on smooth muscle.
What is the location of the apex of the lung?
Superior to the medial third of the clavicle, about 1 inch above it.
What condition can cause hoarseness or loss of voice?
Inflammation due to laryngitis.
What is the rima glottidis?
The opening between the vocal cords.
What divides the nasal cavity into two parts?
The nasal septum, composed of bones and cartilage.
What type of epithelium lines the olfactory region?
Olfactory epithelium.
What are paranasal sinuses?
Air-filled cavities within skull bones, lined by respiratory epithelium.
What are the two types of fissures in the right lung?
Horizontal fissure and oblique fissure.
What is cricothyroidotomy?
An emergency airway management technique to provide oxygenation.
What are the upper zones of the lungs?
Right Upper Zone and Left Upper Zone.
What condition can bacterial infection cause in relation to the larynx?
Epiglottitis, which is life-threatening.
What structures facilitate gas exchange in the lungs?
Pulmonary capillaries wrapping around alveoli.
What is the role of elastic fibers in the lungs?
To allow the lungs to recoil during expiration.
What are the two main divisions of the respiratory system?
Upper respiratory tract and lower respiratory tract.
What are the anterior and posterior openings of the nasal cavity called?
Anterior naris (nostril) and posterior naris (choana).
In what way does the larynx assist with abdominal pressure?
It helps increase pressure in the abdominal cavity.
What is the hilum of the lung?
It is where the bronchi, pulmonary blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels enter and exit the lung.
What is the order of branching in the respiratory zone?
Respiratory bronchioles → Alveolar ducts → Alveolar sacs → Alveoli.
What part of the nasal cavity does the olfactory region refer to?
The superior part.
How many cartilages support the larynx?
9 cartilages.
What is anosmia?
Loss of smell.
How many lobes does the right lung have?
Three lobes (superior, middle, and inferior).
What structures form the floor of the nasal cavity?
The hard palate and soft palate.
What happens to the epithelial cells along the respiratory tract?
There is a gradual change in epithelial cells and wall structures.
What structure does the base of the lung rest on?
The diaphragm.
What is the lingula?
A tongue-like structure in the superior lobe of the left lung.
What is the function of surfactant in the alveolus?
To prevent the collapse of the alveolus.
What happens to mucus production in response to allergens or pathogens?
There is a rapid increase in mucus production, leading to a running nose.
What separates the lobes of the right lung?
Oblique fissure and horizontal fissure.
What are the pulmonary arteries responsible for?
Carrying deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs.
What type of structure is the pharynx?
An incomplete muscular tube.
How many lobes does the right lung have?
3 lung lobes.
Why are foreign particles more likely to lodge in the right main bronchus?
Because the right main bronchus is shorter, wider, and more vertically oriented.
What is the function of the epiglottis?
Closes over the laryngeal inlet during swallowing to prevent aspiration of food and drink into the trachea.
What is the primary function of the larynx?
To serve as a passageway for air to flow from the laryngopharynx to the trachea.
Which zone is located on the left side of the lungs?
Left Lower Zone.
What are the two types of pleura that cover the lungs?
Visceral pleura (covers outer lung surfaces) and parietal pleura (covers internal thoracic wall).
What is the conducting zone of the respiratory system?
Nostrils to terminal bronchioles.
Where is the parietal pleura continuous with the visceral pleura?
At the hilum of each lung.
What is pleuritis and its consequence?
Pleuritis causes excess fluid accumulation in the pleural cavity (pleural effusion).
List the structures in the conducting zone.
Nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus, bronchiole, terminal bronchiole.
What determines the range of sound produced by vocal cords?
The length and thickness of the vocal cords.
What is the role of stem cells in the respiratory epithelium?
They differentiate into ciliated and goblet cells in response to injury and repair.
What type of blood does the pulmonary artery carry?
Deoxygenated blood.
What is the term for the horizontal fissure in the lungs?
Minor fissure.
What are the three unpaired cartilages of the larynx?
Thyroid, epiglottis, and cricoid.
Where is the sphenoidal sinus located?
Inside the sphenoid bone behind the upper part of the nasal cavity.
What structures are included in the lower respiratory tract?
Larynx and alveoli.
What is the shape of the diaphragm when it relaxes?
Dome-shaped.
What is the respiratory zone of the respiratory system?
Respiratory bronchioles to alveoli.
What is the singular form of alveoli?
Alveolus.
What are the primary respiratory muscles for normal quiet breathing?
Diaphragm and external intercostals.
Which muscles are considered accessory muscles for forced inspiration?
Scalenes and sternocleidomastoid.
What is thoracentesis?
A puncture into the costodiaphragmatic recess to remove excessive fluid.
What is contained in the loose connective tissue underlying the respiratory epithelium?
An extensive vascular network.
How many lobes does the left lung have?
2 lung lobes.
What are the three types of bronchi?
Main (primary), Lobar (secondary), Segmental (tertiary) bronchi.
What type of blood do the pulmonary veins carry?
Oxygenated blood.
What is the carina?
The ridge at the base of the trachea where it divides into the right and left bronchi.
What is a common issue related to the nasal septum?
Deviation of the septum, which can cause nasal congestion.
What role does the larynx play in speech?
It produces sound for speech.
What causes the laryngeal prominence (Adam's apple) to enlarge in males?
Testosterone-induced growth during puberty.
What reflexes does the larynx participate in?
Both sneeze and cough reflexes.
What type of structure is the larynx?
A muscular cartilaginous structure made of cartilage, muscles, membranes, and ligaments.
What are the true vocal cords?
Paired avascular structures that produce sound when air passes between them.
What constitutes the root of the lung?
The bronchi, pulmonary blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels at the hilum.
What affects the pitch of the voice?
The amount of tension/tautness on the vocal cords.
What occurs to the rima glottidis during voice production?
It narrows.
Where is the nasopharynx located?
Posterior to the nasal cavity, between the skull base and soft palate.
What structures are found in the nasopharynx?
Opening of Eustachian tube and pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid).
What is the primary function of the pharynx?
To serve as a passageway for air and food.
What are the two main regions of the nasal cavity?
The respiratory region and the olfactory region.
How is smell information transmitted to the brain?
Through the olfactory nerves.
How does the larynx prevent ingested materials from entering the respiratory tract?
By acting as a barrier during swallowing.
What are the mid zones of the lungs?
Right Mid Zone and Left Mid Zone.
What are the general functions of the paranasal sinuses?
To lighten the weight of the skull, increase the surface area of the mucosal membrane, and serve as resonating chambers for sound.
What imaging technique is mentioned for examining the lungs?
Chest x-ray.
What type of cells line the respiratory tract?
Ciliated columnar cells, goblet cells, and stem cells.
What is the function of goblet cells in the respiratory epithelium?
They secrete mucus to moisten and trap foreign particles.
What is the function of pleural fluid?
Acts as a lubricant to reduce friction during breathing.
What type of cells are absent in smaller bronchioles?
Goblet cells.
What is the function of internal intercostals?
Depress the ribs when contracted.
What is the state of the rima glottidis during coughing and swallowing?
It is entirely occluded.
What maintains the patency of the trachea?
Incomplete C-shaped cartilage.
Why is the posterior wall of the trachea muscular?
To allow flexibility and expansion during breathing.
Which zone is located on the right side of the lungs?
Right Lower Zone.
What structures are included in the upper respiratory tract?
Nostrils and pharynx.
How many lobes does the left lung have?
Two lobes (superior and inferior).
What are the components of the vocal fold?
Vocal ligament + mucous membrane.
Which nerve supplies the diaphragm?
Phrenic nerve.
What happens to the diaphragm when it contracts?
It becomes flattened.
What is the cardiac notch?
A depression on the anterior edge of the left lung.
What condition can result from damage to the alveolar wall?
Emphysema, which causes shortness of breath.
Why do female vocal cords generally produce a higher pitch?
Because they are shorter and more taut.
What are the three divisions of the pharynx?
Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx.
What are the structural differences between the right and left main bronchus?
The right main bronchus is shorter, wider, and more vertically oriented than the left.
What structures are found in the oropharynx?
Palatine tonsil and lingual tonsil.
Where is the laryngopharynx located?
Posterior to the larynx, between the hyoid bone and base of cricoid cartilage.
What are the three paired cartilages of the larynx?
Arytenoid, cuneiform, and corniculate.
Which is the largest paranasal sinus?
Maxillary sinus, located inside the maxilla below the orbital cavity.
What happens if one lung collapses?
The other lung is not affected because each lung is enclosed in a separate visceral pleura.
What is sinusitis?
Inflammation of the sinus due to accumulation of mucus, resulting from blocking the opening of the sinus or excessive mucus production.
What causes rhinorrhea?
Increased mucus production due to exposure to a cold virus or allergy.
What is the pleural cavity?
A narrow space between the visceral and parietal pleurae, filled with pleural fluid.
List the structures in the respiratory zone.
Respiratory bronchiole, alveolar duct, alveoli.
What are the lobes of the right lung?
Superior lobe, middle lobe, and inferior lobe.
What is the pharynx commonly referred to as?
The throat.
Where is the oropharynx located?
Posterior to the oral cavity, between the soft palate and hyoid bone.
What structures are held together by pleura at the hilum?
Bronchi, pulmonary blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels.
What is the older term for hilum?
Hilus.
What is the process called that moves mucus towards the pharynx?
Mucociliary clearance.
What muscles are involved in forced expiration?
Abdominal muscles and internal intercostals.
What determines the loudness of the voice?
The force of air passing across the vocal cords.
What are pulmonary veins responsible for?
Carrying oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.
What is the function of the carina in the trachea?
It is sensitive to irritants and triggers the cough reflex.
Why does the epithelium become thinner in the respiratory zone?
To facilitate gas diffusion.
What is the anatomical position of the larynx in relation to the laryngopharynx?
It lies anterior to the laryngopharynx.
What is the costodiaphragmatic recess?
The lowest extent of the pleural cavity where the lung does not extend into except during forced inspiration.
What does the respiratory epithelium do for inhaled air?
Filters, warms, and humidifies it.
What is the significance of cilia in the respiratory tract?
They help clear the air passageway by moving mucus with trapped particles.
How is the rima glottidis controlled?
By the rotational movement of arytenoid cartilage.
What are the lobes of the left lung?
Superior lobe and inferior lobe.
What is the function of external intercostals?
Elevate the ribs when contracted.
What happens to the rima glottidis during deep breathing?
It widens.
What is the cardiac impression?
An indentation on the left lung where the heart rests.
What is the anatomical position of the trachea in relation to the esophagus?
The trachea is anterior to the esophagus.
What does the pharynx connect to?
The esophagus.
What is the sequence of the bronchial tree branching?
Main bronchi → Lobar bronchi → Segmental bronchi → Bronchioles → Terminal bronchioles.
