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Module 2 (S) Thyroid Disease and Disorders of the Parathyroids, Calcium, and Phosphorus Metabolism

Created by Kharizma

p.21

In malignancy-associated hypercalcemia, what is the status of intact PTH levels?

A. Undetectable
B. Increased
C. Variable
D. Normal
E. Decreased

Select an answer

p.21

Explanation

In malignancy-associated hypercalcemia, intact PTH levels are undetectable, which differentiates it from primary hyperparathyroidism where PTH levels are elevated.

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p.21
Hypercalcemia and its Causes

In malignancy-associated hypercalcemia, what is the status of intact PTH levels?

A

p.22
Hypercalcemia and its Causes

What is the first step in the diagnostic algorithm for hypercalcemia?

C

p.22
Hypercalcemia and its Causes

If PTH levels are high or high-normal, what should be measured next?

B

p.22
Hypercalcemia and its Causes

What condition is indicated by high urinary calcium excretion in the context of high PTH levels?

B

p.22
Hypercalcemia and its Causes

What does low urinary calcium excretion suggest when PTH levels are high or high-normal?

B

p.22
Hypercalcemia and its Causes

What should be measured if PTH levels are low or low-normal?

E

p.23
Hypoparathyroidism and its Causes

What is a common cause of hypoparathyroidism?

A

p.23
Hypoparathyroidism and its Causes

What is a clinical manifestation of hypocalcemia associated with hypoparathyroidism?

A

p.23
Hypoparathyroidism and its Causes

Which sign is positive in patients with hypoparathyroidism?

C

p.23
Hypoparathyroidism and its Causes

What role does magnesium play in relation to parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

D

p.23
Hypoparathyroidism and its Causes

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of hypocalcemia?

E

p.24
Osteoporosis

What is the most important factor contributing to osteoporosis in postmenopausal women?

D

p.1
Anatomy of the Thyroid Gland

What hormones are synthesized by the thyroid gland?

D

p.2
Physiology of Thyroid Hormones

What is the primary function of thyroid follicular cells regarding iodine?

D

p.2
Physiology of Thyroid Hormones

Which hormone stimulates the secretion of thyroid hormones?

E

p.2
Physiology of Thyroid Hormones

What is the effect of thyroid hormones on the heart?

C

p.2
Physiology of Thyroid Hormones

How do free T3 and T4 in plasma affect TSH secretion?

D

p.2
Physiology of Thyroid Hormones

What is the primary metabolic effect of thyroid hormones on adipose tissue?

B

p.3
Hyperthyroidism and its Causes

What is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism?

A

p.3
Hypothyroidism and its Causes

Which autoimmune disease is the most common cause of hypothyroidism?

B

p.3
Goiter and its Pathogenesis

What is a common characteristic of goiter?

A

p.3
Thyroid Diseases and Disorders

Which thyroid autoantibodies are commonly detectable in thyroid diseases?

D

p.3
Abnormal Thyroid Function Tests

What is the role of plasma TSH in thyroid function tests?

E

p.4
Hyperthyroidism and its Causes

What is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism?

E

p.4
Hyperthyroidism and its Causes

Which condition is characterized by high T4 levels and low TSH levels?

A

p.4
Hyperthyroidism and its Causes

What mechanism is involved in hyperthyroidism due to a toxic multinodular goiter?

C

p.4
Hyperthyroidism and its Causes

What is a rare cause of hyperthyroidism related to the pituitary gland?

B

p.4
Hyperthyroidism and its Causes

Which of the following can cause transient hyperthyroidism due to thyroid gland destruction?

A

p.5
Hyperthyroidism and its Causes

What is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism associated with an enlarged thyroid gland?

B

p.5
Hyperthyroidism and its Causes

What happens to TSH levels in patients with Graves' disease?

D

p.5
Clinical manifestations of Hyperthyroidism

Which of the following is a common clinical manifestation of Graves' disease?

C

p.5
Pathophysiology of Thyroid Diseases

What is the role of TSH-R antibodies in Graves' disease?

C

p.5
Thyroid Diseases and Disorders

Which autoimmune diseases are often associated with Graves' disease?

B

p.6
Hypothyroidism and its Causes

What is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in the US?

D

p.6
Pathogenesis of Hypothyroidism

What characterizes the pathogenesis of hypothyroidism?

B

p.6
Hypothyroidism and its Causes

Which of the following is a potential cause of secondary hypothyroidism?

D

p.6
Hypothyroidism and its Causes

What is a common pathogenetic mechanism for drugs causing hypothyroidism?

E

p.6
Hypothyroidism and its Causes

What is the effect of severe iodine deficiency on thyroid function?

A

p.7
Hashimoto Thyroiditis

What happens to the thyroid gland in Hashimoto thyroiditis as the disease progresses?

A

p.7
Hashimoto Thyroiditis

Which autoantibodies are associated with Hashimoto thyroiditis?

D

p.7
Hashimoto Thyroiditis

What is a common clinical manifestation of Hashimoto thyroiditis?

B

p.7
Hashimoto Thyroiditis

Which gene is associated with an increased frequency in patients with Hashimoto thyroiditis?

D

p.7
Hashimoto Thyroiditis

What laboratory finding is typically seen in patients with Hashimoto thyroiditis?

A

p.8
Goiter and its Pathogenesis

What is the most common cause of diffuse thyroid enlargement in developing nations?

B

p.8
Goiter and its Pathogenesis

Which condition leads to thyroid hyperplasia due to elevated TSH levels?

C

p.8
Goiter and its Pathogenesis

What is the mechanism by which goitrogens affect thyroid hormone synthesis?

B

p.8
Goiter and its Pathogenesis

In Graves disease, what stimulates the thyroid gland?

A

p.8
Goiter and its Pathogenesis

What is a potential cause of goiter associated with congenital disorders?

B

p.9
Thyroid Nodules and Neoplasms

What is the most common type of thyroid tumor?

B

p.9
Thyroid Nodules and Neoplasms

What percentage of follicular adenomas undergo malignant change?

B

p.9
Thyroid Nodules and Neoplasms

How do thyroid tumors typically present?

E

p.9
Thyroid Nodules and Neoplasms

What is a characteristic feature of follicular adenoma?

E

p.9
Thyroid Nodules and Neoplasms

Which of the following statements is true regarding thyroid tumors?

E

p.10
Medullary Carcinoma of the Thyroid

What is the primary cell type from which medullary carcinoma of the thyroid arises?

C

p.10
Medullary Carcinoma of the Thyroid

What percentage of medullary carcinoma cases are familial?

A

p.10
Medullary Carcinoma of the Thyroid

Which diagnostic study is NOT typically used for medullary carcinoma of the thyroid?

A

p.10
Medullary Carcinoma of the Thyroid

What clinical manifestation should suggest familial medullary carcinoma in a patient?

A

p.10
Medullary Carcinoma of the Thyroid

What is a common hormone released by medullary carcinoma tumors?

E

p.11
Abnormal Thyroid Function Tests

What happens to TBG levels during pregnancy and with estrogen use?

C

p.11
Abnormal Thyroid Function Tests

What is the effect of increased TBG on free thyroid hormone levels?

B

p.11
Abnormal Thyroid Function Tests

In primary hyperthyroidism, what is the expected level of plasma TSH?

D

p.11
Abnormal Thyroid Function Tests

What is the effect of glucocorticoids on thyroid-binding proteins?

E

p.11
Abnormal Thyroid Function Tests

What is the expected concentration of free plasma T4 in primary hypothyroidism?

C

p.12
Anatomy of the Parathyroid Glands

How many parathyroid glands does each individual typically have?

D

p.12
Anatomy of the Parathyroid Glands

What is the primary function of chief cells in the parathyroid glands?

C

p.12
Anatomy of the Parathyroid Glands

Where are the superior parathyroid glands typically located?

A

p.12
Anatomy of the Parathyroid Glands

What distinguishes clear cells from chief cells in the parathyroid glands?

D

p.12
Anatomy of the Parathyroid Glands

What is known about oxyphil cells in the parathyroid glands?

B

p.13
Physiology of Parathyroid Glands

What percentage of total body calcium is found in the skeleton and teeth?

E

p.13
Physiology of Parathyroid Glands

What is the primary function of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

E

p.13
Physiology of Parathyroid Glands

What happens to PTH secretion in response to hypocalcemia?

C

p.13
Physiology of Parathyroid Glands

What is the role of PTH in the kidneys?

B

p.13
Physiology of Parathyroid Glands

What is PTH-related peptide (PTHrP) known for?

A

p.14
Parathyroid Glands and their Physiology

What stimulates the release of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

C

p.14
Parathyroid Glands and their Physiology

What is the overall effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on calcium and phosphate levels?

B

p.14
Parathyroid Glands and their Physiology

Which vitamin is activated by parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

E

p.14
Parathyroid Glands and their Physiology

What role does magnesium play in the regulation of parathyroid hormone synthesis?

D

p.14
Parathyroid Glands and their Physiology

What is the effect of PTH on renal phosphate excretion?

D

p.15
Anatomy of the Thyroid Gland

What are the two main compartments of bone?

D

p.15
Physiology of Thyroid Hormones

What is the primary function of osteocytes?

A

p.15
Thyroid Diseases and Disorders

Which hormone inhibits osteoclastic bone resorption?

C

p.15
Hyperthyroidism and its Causes

What is the role of osteoblasts in bone remodeling?

D

p.15
Hypothyroidism and its Causes

How does PTH affect osteoclast activity?

B

p.16
Physiology of Thyroid Hormones

What is the initial form of Vitamin D produced in the skin?

C

p.16
Physiology of Thyroid Hormones

In which organ is Vitamin D3 first hydroxylated?

A

p.16
Physiology of Thyroid Hormones

What stimulates the synthesis of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in the kidney?

C

p.16
Physiology of Thyroid Hormones

What is the primary action of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in the body?

D

p.16
Physiology of Thyroid Hormones

Which condition stimulates the synthesis of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3?

A

p.17
Physiology of Thyroid Hormones

What is the primary role of Fibroblast Growth Factor-23 (FGF-23)?

D

p.17
Physiology of Thyroid Hormones

What happens to FGF-23 levels when serum phosphate levels fall?

E

p.17
Physiology of Thyroid Hormones

Where is FGF-23 primarily produced?

B

p.17
Physiology of Thyroid Hormones

What effect does high serum phosphate have on FGF-23 production?

C

p.17
Physiology of Thyroid Hormones

What is the result of increased FGF-23 production in response to high serum phosphate levels?

A

p.18
Hypercalcemia

What is a common cause of hypercalcemia?

E

p.18
Hypercalcemia

Which condition is associated with familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia?

B

p.18
Hypercalcemia

What is one of the symptoms of hypercalcemia related to muscle function?

A

p.18
Hypercalcemia

Which of the following symptoms is associated with high calcium levels affecting the brain?

C

p.18
Hypercalcemia

What is a potential cause of hypercalcemia related to cancer?

C

p.19
Hyperparathyroidism and its Causes

What is the most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism?

D

p.19
Hyperparathyroidism and its Causes

Which condition can lead to secondary hyperparathyroidism due to calcium and vitamin D deficiency?

C

p.19
Hyperparathyroidism and its Causes

What genetic mutation is associated with primary hyperparathyroidism?

C

p.19
Hyperparathyroidism and its Causes

Which of the following is a clinical manifestation of primary hyperparathyroidism?

E

p.19
Hyperparathyroidism and its Causes

What is a rare malignancy associated with primary hyperparathyroidism?

E

p.20
Hypercalcemia and its Causes

What is the genetic inheritance pattern of Familial (Benign) Hypocalciuric Hypercalcemia?

B

p.20
Hypercalcemia and its Causes

What is the primary cause of hypercalcemia in Familial (Benign) Hypocalciuric Hypercalcemia?

D

p.20
Hypercalcemia and its Causes

Which of the following is NOT a clinical manifestation of Familial (Benign) Hypocalciuric Hypercalcemia?

A

p.20
Hypercalcemia and its Causes

Why is surgery not recommended for patients with Familial (Benign) Hypocalciuric Hypercalcemia?

E

p.20
Hypercalcemia and its Causes

What is the role of the CaSR gene in Familial (Benign) Hypocalciuric Hypercalcemia?

C

p.21
Hypercalcemia and its Causes

What percentage of all malignancies is associated with hypercalcemia?

E

p.21
Hypercalcemia and its Causes

Which type of cancer is most commonly associated with hypercalcemia of malignancy?

A

p.21
Hypercalcemia and its Causes

What is the primary mechanism by which solid tumors cause hypercalcemia?

E

p.21
Hypercalcemia and its Causes

What are common symptoms of hypercalcemia of malignancy?

B

p.24
Osteoporosis

Which diagnostic method is considered the best for diagnosing osteoporosis?

A

p.24
Osteoporosis

What are common clinical manifestations of osteoporosis?

E

p.24
Osteoporosis

Which of the following factors can negatively impact bone mass?

E

p.24
Osteoporosis

What is a common result of vertebral fractures in osteoporosis?

E

p.26
Osteomalacia

What is a common cause of osteomalacia in the United States?

C

p.26
Osteomalacia

What is the primary defect in osteomalacia?

A

p.26
Osteomalacia

Which of the following is a clinical manifestation of osteomalacia?

D

p.26
Osteomalacia

What is the effect of vitamin D deficiency in the early stages of osteomalacia?

C

p.26
Osteomalacia

What treatment can reverse osteomalacia?

D

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