Pleuracentesis or chest tap.
Protraction of the scapula.
The diaphragm flattens and moves downward, increasing the thoracic cavity volume.
The atypical ribs are the 1st, 2nd, and 10th to 12th ribs.
Typical ribs are the 3rd to 9th or 2nd to 10th ribs.
Intercostal nerves
1) Intercostal arteries 2) Internal thoracic artery 3) Lateral thoracic artery (from the axillary artery)
A typical rib consists of a head (with 2 articular facets), neck, tubercle, shaft (body), and costal groove.
Winged scapula.
1) External intercostal (1st layer) 2) Internal intercostal (2nd layer) 3) Innermost intercostal (3rd layer)
The primary functions of the thoracic cage are the protection of internal organs and facilitating respiratory movements.
The surface and internal structures include nipples and areola, lactiferous ducts, and suspensory ligaments (Cooper’s ligaments).
Manubriosternal joint (sternal angle/angle of Louis)
Key surface landmarks include the sternal notch, xiphoid process, and the costal margins.
The blood supply is primarily from the intercostal arteries and the internal thoracic arteries.
A dermatome is a segmental innervation of skin; an area of skin innervated by sensory nerves derived from a spinal nerve root.
Thoracic vertebra + ribs (x2) + sternum.
Spinal nerves follow the course of thoracic segments (12 pairs) to supply or innervate both the skin (dermatomes) and muscles (myotomes) of the thoracic wall.
The 5th and 6th ribs are involved in the movements of the diaphragm during respiration.
Manubrium, body of sternum, and xiphoid process.
Transverse level of T4/5.
The 2nd rib is located just below the 1st rib in the thoracic skeleton.
Xiphoid process
The apex of the heart is typically located at the left fifth intercostal space, approximately 7-9 cm from the midline.
Medial and lateral pectoral nerves (from the brachial plexus).
The axillary lymph nodes are primarily involved in the lymphatic drainage of the breast.
Transversus thoracis
The female breast consists of glandular tissue, fibrous tissue, and fat.
The costal margin is the lower edge of the rib cage formed by the bottom ribs.
The thoracic boundaries include the sternum, ribs, thoracic vertebrae, and the diaphragm.
Costal cartilage
The internal thoracic artery supplies blood to the anterior chest wall and the breasts, and it is important for surgical procedures involving the thorax.
Long thoracic nerve (C5-C7).
The diaphragm returns to its dome-shaped position, decreasing the thoracic cavity volume.
It refers to the upward and outward movements of the ribs during inspiration.
The 1st rib is the uppermost rib in the thoracic skeleton.
The 11th rib is one of the lower ribs in the thoracic skeleton.
They originate from the thoracic or descending aorta.
Xiphoid process
The mediastinum contains the heart, great vessels, trachea, esophagus, and other structures.
Coronal plane, midsagittal plane, and transverse plane.
It is where the VAN (vein, artery, nerve) runs, which is important for avoiding injury during the procedure.
Costal margin
There are 12 ribs in the thoracic skeleton.
The 5th rib is located in the middle of the thoracic skeleton.
Jugular (suprasternal) notch
The anterior axillary line/fold is the vertical line that runs along the anterior border of the axilla.
It arises from the subclavian artery and ends at the 6th intercostal space, giving rise to the superior epigastric artery and musculophrenic artery.
Intercostal spaces are the spaces between the ribs that contain intercostal muscles, nerves, and blood vessels, and are important for thoracocentesis.
The mediastinum contains the heart, great vessels, trachea, esophagus, and other structures.
Pectoralis major and Pectoralis minor.
Lymphatic drainage plays a crucial role in the spread of breast cancer metastasis, as cancer cells can travel through lymphatic vessels to regional lymph nodes, particularly the axillary lymph nodes.
There are 12 ribs in the thoracic skeleton.
The thoracic cage consists of 12 ribs and the sternum, which includes the manubrium, body of sternum, and xiphoid process.
The parts of the sternum include the manubrium, body of sternum, and xiphoid process.
The head of the 2nd rib.
They arise from the internal thoracic artery, which comes from the subclavian artery.
The thoracic cage protects the thoracic organs and facilitates breathing by expanding and contracting during respiration.
The axilla refers to the armpit area, which is the space beneath the shoulder joint where various structures pass.
Clavicle
Clavicle
Thoracic cage
The diaphragm and intercostals.
The latissimus dorsi is located on the posterior aspect of the thorax, extending from the lower back to the humerus.
Bifurcation of trachea and aortic arch.
The midaxillary line is an imaginary vertical line that runs down the middle of the axilla, used for various clinical assessments.
The thoracic wall includes intercostal muscles, the diaphragm, and accessory muscles of respiration.
The breast is supplied by branches of the internal thoracic artery and the axillary artery, with lymphatic drainage primarily to the axillary lymph nodes.
Thoracentesis, also known as thoracocentesis or pleuracentesis, is a procedure to remove fluid from the pleural space.
Care should be taken regarding the diaphragm, liver (right side), and spleen (left side) during thoracentesis.
The ribs and sternum move upward and forward.
Sternal angle or angle of Louis.
The teres major is located posteriorly, below the teres minor, and it helps in the movement of the shoulder joint.
The thoracic inlet is the upper opening of the thoracic cavity, while the thoracic outlet is the lower opening.
The posterior axillary line/fold is the vertical line that runs along the posterior border of the axilla, important for anatomical reference.
Manubrium
It is the junction between the manubrium and the body of the sternum.
Intercostal arteries, including posterior intercostal arteries (3-12 from thoracic aorta) and anterior intercostal arteries (from internal thoracic artery).
The axillary tail of the breast is an extension of breast tissue into the axilla.
