What type of crane is used in the Terminal Yard?
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Rubber-Tyred Gantry (RTG).
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What type of crane is used in the Terminal Yard?
Rubber-Tyred Gantry (RTG).
What are terminal operations known to impact?
The environment.
When is most of the power generated during RTG operations?
During the 25% hoisting up duty cycle.
What is the Required Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) for the Port of Singapore?
To exceed IMO’s Phase 3 requirements by 10% or more.
What is the purpose of the cable reel system in terminal operations?
To electrify Rubber-Tired Gantry (RTG) cranes.
Where was a trial test version of the cable reel system conducted?
At the Port of Shenzhen.
What is one of the key environmental initiatives in terminal operations?
The use of solar panels.
How do terminal operations impact the environment?
Through various initiatives aimed at reducing their environmental footprint.
What is the height range of light towers in terminal yards?
30 to 50 meters.
What does the On-shore Power System provide to vessels during port stay?
Power supply offered by the terminal.
What are some environmental initiatives undertaken by terminal operations?
Initiatives may include waste reduction programs, emissions control technologies, and habitat restoration efforts.
What is the equipment maintenance area used for in a container terminal?
It is designated for the upkeep and repair of terminal equipment.
What powers a Quay Crane (QC)?
Electricity.
What is the southern boundary latitude of the North Sea ECA?
Southwards of latitude 62° N.
What components are included in the full vessel integrated system for on-shore power?
Cables, electrical equipment, terminal connection panels, and transformers (for LV vessels).
What are the eastern boundary longitudes of the North Sea ECA?
Eastwards of longitude 4° W and 5° W.
What is the purpose of the mobile-based system on the quay?
To connect vessels to on-shore power.
When was the EEDI enforced?
On 1st January 2013.
What type of drive is used in the greener prime mover for terminal operations?
Hydrogen/electric hybrid fuel cell drive.
What is the focus of the course MT0001?
Environmental impacts and initiatives by terminal operations.
What program does the Port of Singapore implement to promote environmental sustainability?
Green Ship Program.
Which fuel types are mentioned in relation to terminal yard operations?
Diesel, petrol, and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG).
What is the dominant impact of terminal operations?
Air pollution.
What is a potential environmental impact of storing dry bulks in open areas at a bulk terminal?
They might be blown away by strong winds or drained by rain.
What alternative is encouraged in the Green Ship Program?
The use of low carbon fuels.
How is LPG prepared?
By refining petroleum or extracted during the natural gas production process.
What system is used for the electrified RTG?
Conductor bar system with towed trolley.
What emissions are reduced at the quay with the use of On-shore Power Systems?
NOx, SOx, CO, and PM.
What is a general environmental concern related to terminal operations?
Conservation of electrical energy.
What type of accident can lead to water pollution in terminal operations?
Accident of chemical spillage.
What are the main types of emissions mentioned in the study?
PM, SOx, NOx, and GHGs.
What is the primary source of Scope 2 emissions for NTU?
Purchased electricity, accounting for 90.99% of emissions.
What is the goal of the Fair Winds Charter?
To collaborate across the PRD region to regulate in line with international emission standards.
Why is ballast water a concern for terminal operations?
Because it can introduce invasive species and pathogens that disrupt local ecosystems.
What is a key component of an On-shore Power System?
Cables, terminal connection panels, and transformers.
What does ECA stand for in the context of shipping?
Emission Control Area.
What course is referenced in the document?
MT0001 - Shipping and the Environment: Environmental Impacts & Initiatives by Terminal Operations
What is a key benefit of using Light Emitting Diode (LED) lighting?
Less energy consumption compared to high pressure sodium lamps.
What type of craft is referenced in the document?
Harbour Craft.
How long is one nautical mile in meters?
1,852 meters.
What are environmental initiatives in terminal operations aimed at?
Reducing the environmental impacts of shipping activities.
What are the benefits of implementing solar panels in terminal operations?
Energy saving and carbon reduction.
What is a potential environmental impact of handling dry bulk at a terminal?
It might cause air pollution.
What is a quay in the context of on-shore power systems?
A structure where fixed-based systems provide power to vessels.
What type of terminal is associated with the handling of dry bulk?
Bulk Terminal.
What is the main office building's function in a container terminal?
It houses administrative and operational staff.
What is a greener prime mover used in terminal operations?
Hydrogen/electric hybrid fuel cell drive.
What technology is used in the greener prime mover for power supply?
Conductive overhead lines or induction through the road surface.
What percentage of global container throughput is accounted for by the PRD?
Approximately 15 to 17%.
What is the focus of the San Pedro Bay Ports Clean Air Action Plan?
To address the level of emissions in all transportation modes.
What is the source of the data regarding emissions from terminal operations?
San Pedro Bay Ports Clean Air Action Plan, 2010 Update.
What is a Gantry Move?
The movement of a whole RTG from one bay to another or from one block to another.
What years did the Fair Winds Charter cover?
2013 to 2014.
When does peak power demand occur in RTG operations?
During the startup of the hoisting up cycle.
What is the focus of the course EV Back 104 MT0001?
Shipping and the Environment, specifically Environmental Impacts & Initiatives by Terminal Operations.
What type of environmental impacts are associated with terminal operations?
Impacts related to the handling of chemicals and potential spillages.
What percentage of total emissions in the City of Long Beach is attributed to port emissions?
~10%.
What is a quay in the context of on-shore power systems?
A full vessel integrated system.
What is the goal of operational efficiency improvement initiatives?
To enhance the efficiency of terminal operations while reducing environmental impacts.
What can be shut down when a vessel is connected to the On-shore Power System?
Both the main propulsion engine and auxiliary diesel engine.
What is the purpose of junction boxes in terminal operations?
To facilitate the connection of on-shore power systems to vessels.
What is a quay in the context of an on-shore power system?
A full vessel integrated system.
Which port is associated with the environmental initiatives mentioned?
Port of Los Angeles.
What is bunker fuel?
A type of fuel oil used to power vessels, particularly derived from petroleum distillation.
How do hydrogen fuel cells contribute to terminal operations?
They recharge batteries that power electric motors.
What are the three different scopes of air pollution?
Scope 1 (direct), Scope 2 (indirect), Scope 3 (indirect).
What is the process of energy conversion in a hydrogen/electric hybrid system?
Battery packs provide power to the electric motor, which converts electrical energy to mechanical energy.
What does Scope 1 refer to in terms of air pollution?
Direct emissions.
When was the Maritime Singapore Green Initiative launched?
In 2011.
What pollutants are monitored in the San Pedro Bay Ports emissions assessment?
PM, SOx, NOx, and GHGs.
What types of mobile equipment are used in terminal yards?
Diesel, petrol, and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) vehicles.
What is a critical factor in preventing accidents at bulk terminals?
Proper maintenance in conducting pipes.
What is the additional weight added by the cable reel system?
Approximately 5 tons.
What is the primary concern of the Equipment Maintenance Area?
Handling of chemicals, such as lubricants and diesel fuel, in case of spillage.
What is another name for On-shore Power Systems?
Cold ironing or alternative maritime power (AMP).
What is the purpose of education and training in environmental protection?
To arouse awareness in environmental protection through promotion, education, training, etc.
What type of equipment is used in the terminal yard for electrification?
Electrified Rubber-Tired Gantry (RTG).
What is a potential environmental impact of chemical spillage in terminal operations?
Water pollution in the basin.
What type of vessels contributed the highest level of emissions at the Port of Los Angeles and Port of Long Beach?
Ocean-Going Vessels (OGVs).
What is the horsepower of the bunker fuel engine?
109,000 horsepower (80 MW).
What is a key practice for handling general waste?
Separate general wastes according to different categories.
What types of equipment are mentioned as being onboard the vessel?
Cargo handling gear and electronic devices for operations.
What is an important factor in reducing environmental impact at terminals?
Lighting source.
What is the primary type of fuel oil referred to as bunker fuel?
No. 6 fuel oil.
What is the Maritime Singapore Green Initiative?
A voluntary program sponsored by MPA to promote environmentally friendly shipping practices.
What powers the Electric Vehicle (EV) in terminal operations?
Battery packs.
What environmental issue is associated with terminal operations?
Waste dumping.
What does Scope 2 refer to in terms of air pollution?
Indirect emissions.
What type of initiatives are discussed in the course?
Initiatives aimed at reducing environmental impacts.
What is an Electrified RTG?
A type of rubber-tired gantry crane that operates using electric power.
What is the function of a conductor bar in terminal operations?
It provides an automatic electricity connection system for electric cranes.
What is the focus of the Green Ship Program in Singapore?
To reduce CO2 and SOx emissions from Singapore flagged ships.
What are Cargo Handling Equipment (CHE) control measures?
Regulations aimed at reducing emissions from cargo handling equipment.
What is the function of the quay in a container terminal?
It serves as the docking area for ships.
What infrastructure is required by the terminal for on-shore power systems?
Junction boxes.
What environmental issue is associated with the height of terminal lighting?
Light pollution in nearby areas, especially in port cities.
What are environmental initiatives in CAAP?
Programs aimed at improving environmental performance in the San Pedro Bay Ports.
Where was a trial test version of the electrified RTG conducted?
At Hong Kong.
What type of system is described as mobile-based in terminal operations?
A system that provides cables, terminal connection panels, and transformers on the quay.
What are the environmental impacts associated with terminal operations?
They can include pollution, habitat disruption, and resource consumption.
What is the email address provided?
Which port is associated with the Green Awareness Program?
Port of Singapore.
What is the purpose of using a drip tray?
To contain chemicals in case of spillage.
Why does No. 6 fuel oil require heating?
Because it has high viscosity, making it difficult to pump from the bunker tank without heating.
What type of engine powers the Rubber-Tyred Gantry (RTG)?
Diesel fuel engine.
What powers the huge engine aboard a vessel?
Bunker fuel.
What is the towing capacity of the Greener Prime Mover?
30 tons.
What does Scope 3 refer to in terms of air pollution?
Indirect emissions.
What does POLA stand for?
Port of Los Angeles.
What is the focus of the document titled 'Shipping and the Environment: Environmental Impacts & Initiatives by Terminal Operations'?
The environmental impacts of shipping and initiatives by terminal operations.
What is a nautical mile defined as?
A unit of length about one minute of arc of latitude measured along any meridian or one minute of arc of longitude at the equator.
What does the Technology Advancement Program (TAP) focus on?
Advancing technologies to improve environmental performance in shipping.
What is the total contribution of 'Marine Bunker' emissions to overall emissions?
~2%.
What are the environmental impacts of terminal operations?
Terminal operations can lead to pollution, habitat destruction, and increased greenhouse gas emissions.
What are the two types of unloaders mentioned for handling dry bulk?
Pneumatic type and Mechanical type.
What is a greener prime mover in terminal operations?
An electrical system powered by electricity through conductive overhead lines or induction through the road surface.
Which seas are designated as ECAs?
North Sea and Baltic Sea.
How can chemicals be drained out of a terminal during an accident?
Through the drainage system.
What is the purpose of transformers in a fixed-based on-shore power system?
To provide low voltage power to vessels.
What is the dominant impact of terminal operations?
Air pollution.
What is the Fair Winds Charter?
A regional initiative urging governments to introduce legislation for fuel-switching at berth.
What is the purpose of terminal connection panels in on-shore power systems?
To facilitate the connection of vessels to shore power.
What is the primary function of a solar panel in a reefer yard?
To convert solar energy to electrical energy.
What is a key feature of the mobile-based on-shore power system?
It reduces space on the quay to avoid interference with handling equipment.
Which port is associated with the Fair Winds Charter?
Port of Hong Kong.
Which types of vessels can benefit from the mobile-based on-shore power system?
Cruise ships, tankers, Ro-Ro, etc.
What is the significance of the San Pedro Bay Ports?
They are the busiest port region in the US.
Which nitrogen oxides are emitted from RTGs?
NO2 and nitrous oxide (N2O).
What is one way terminal operations can engage in environmental protection?
Participation in various green awards competitions.
What is the purpose of emission inventory improvements?
To enhance the accuracy of emissions data for better management and regulation.
What do Harbor Craft (HC) control measures target?
Emissions from harbor craft operations.
What happens to the main engine of a vessel upon arrival at the terminal?
The main engine will be shut down.
What is a key component of the On-shore Power System at a quay?
Cables, terminal connection panels, and transformers for low voltage vessels.
What is the Pearl River Delta (PRD) known for?
It is home to 3 out of the world’s top 10 busiest container ports.
What is ballast water?
Water taken on by a vessel to maintain stability, which can contain undesirable species and contaminants.
What is a drawback of the manual operation in the electrified RTG system?
Lower productivity due to manual plugging and unplugging.
What does RTG stand for in terminal operations?
Rubber-Tyred Gantry.
Why is the Emission Control Area (ECA) important in the PRD?
To improve air quality and health.
How many solar cells does one PV panel contain?
72 solar cells.
What does VLSFO stand for?
Very Low Sulphur Fuel Oil.
What type of crane is used in the Terminal Yard at the Port of Shenzhen?
Electrified Rubber-Tyred Gantry (RTG).
What is an Electrified RTG?
A rubber-tired gantry crane that uses electric power for operation.
What year was the update for the San Pedro Bay Ports Clean Air Action Plan released?
What is the purpose of the Green Port Program at the Port of Singapore?
To reduce emissions from OGVs entering Singapore Port Limits.
What performance characteristic do Electric Vehicles (EV) offer at low speeds?
Strong acceleration with high torque.
What is a drawback of the cable reel system mentioned?
Lower productivity due to manual plugging and unplugging.
What is the significance of terminal operations in relation to shipping?
They play a crucial role in managing environmental impacts.
What is the Clean Trucks Program (CTP)?
An initiative aimed at reducing emissions from trucks operating in port areas.
What is the main focus of environmental initiatives by terminal operations?
Conservation of energy.
What powers the LPG forklift used in terminal yards?
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG).
What are the environmental benefits of using LPG forklifts?
They have less emission of SOx and produce no soot.
What role does the gatehouse play in a container terminal?
It controls access to the terminal and manages security.
What is a key characteristic of LPG regarding pollution?
It does not pose ground or water pollution hazards.
What is the focus of the latest air emissions inventory for San Pedro Bay Ports?
To assess environmental impacts related to shipping activities.
What is the purpose of the Green Awareness Program at the Port of Singapore?
To encourage companies to pursue advanced sustainability reporting in areas of carbon reporting and internal carbon pricing.
Where is the electricity consumed by the Quay Crane produced?
At a power station.
What type of training is included in the Green Awareness Program?
A series of workshops and training to build up capabilities of local maritime companies in carbon accounting.
What type of initiatives are being implemented at a regional level?
Environmental initiatives to mitigate impacts from terminal operations.
What type of pollution is associated with Quay Cranes?
Indirect source of pollution.
What percentage of NTU's GHG emissions comes from Scope 3?
9%; from business travel.
How many trucks were ordered for the greener prime mover initiative?
100 trucks.
What is a key feature of the Terminal Yard's greener prime mover?
It uses a hydraulic hybrid drive.
What is the total contract value for the purchase order of the trucks?
108 million USD.
What is the purpose of implementing on-shore power systems in terminal operations?
To reduce environmental impacts by providing power to ships while at berth.
By how much could CO2 emissions be reduced annually by 2020 compared to 2013 levels?
Up to 180 million tons.
What is a semi-fixed vessel system?
A system that allows vessels to connect to shore power while at berth.
What is one method mentioned for reducing emissions at berth?
Fuel switching.
What can easily occur at liquid bulk or liquefied gas terminals if operations are not handled with care?
Spillage or fire accidents.
What are OGV control measures?
Measures implemented to control emissions from ocean-going vessels.
What is a benefit of participating in environmental protection activities?
To build up a sense of belonging.
What is the purpose of the terminal yard in a container terminal?
It is used for the storage and handling of containers.
What does ECA stand for?
Emission Control Area.
What do railroad locomotive control measures aim to achieve?
To reduce emissions from locomotives operating in port areas.
What components are included in a fixed-based on-shore power system?
Cables, terminal connection panels, and transformers for low voltage vessels.
What provides power to the vessel after berthing?
The smaller auxiliary engine.
What is the purpose of the reefer yard in a container terminal?
It is used for storing refrigerated containers.
What is the bunker fuel consumption of the vessel at economical speed?
Approximately 6,300 liters per hour.
What type of waste requires specific handling procedures?
Chemical waste and wastewater.
What additional systems are powered by the auxiliary engine?
Air-conditioning, cookery, etc.
Which technology is mentioned as a concern in terminal operations?
Computer.
What types of vehicles are included in the emissions assessment at San Pedro Bay Ports?
OGVs, harbor crafts, cargo handling equipment, rail locomotives, and heavy-duty vehicles.
What is an important aspect of environmental initiatives in terminal operations?
Proper handling of chemical and general waste.
What type of power supply is needed for EV charging at terminals?
Charging facilities provided by the terminal.
What is a key feature of the Greener Prime Mover in terminal operations?
Hydraulic hybrid drive.
What is the power output of the diesel engine in an RTG?
Approximately 400 kW.
What role does the barge play in the On-shore Power System?
It provides cables, terminal connection panels, and transformers for low voltage vessels.
What is a greener prime mover used in terminal yards?
An electrical prime mover powered by a battery pack.
Which vessel was the first to use a mobile container solution at the Port of Long Beach?
CMA CGM Libra.
What is the result of peak power demand during RTG operations?
It results in the highest emission level.
What is a significant environmental concern during terminal operations?
Exhaust air emitted during operations.
What percentage of 'Transport' emissions do 'Marine Bunker' emissions account for?
~9.5%.
What financial incentives are provided under the Green Ship Program?
Reduction of Initial Registration Fee and rebate on Annual Tonnage Tax.
What is no longer incentivized in the Green Ship Program?
The adoption of scrubbers.
How high can the boom up position of a Quay Crane (QC) reach?
Up to 100 meters.
What type of initiatives are discussed in the context of terminal operations?
Environmental initiatives.
What is the weight of the bunker fuel engine of a vessel?
Approximately 2,300 tons.
Where is the greener prime mover currently being tested?
In Berlin, Germany.
In which emission category did Ocean-Going Vessels (OGVs) not contribute the highest level?
Greenhouse Gases (GHGs).
What percentage of NTU's GHG emissions is classified as Scope 1?
~0.01%; from internal shuttle buses and diesel top-up for machineries.
What does the Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) quantify?
The amount of CO2 that a vessel emits in relation to the goods transported.
What can happen when ballast water is discharged from a vessel?
It can bring undesirable species, bacteria, or other contaminated elements to the water region of the discharging terminal.
What are the two main ports located in San Pedro Bay?
Port of Los Angeles and Port of Long Beach.
What is the office address mentioned?
Block N1 - 01b, Room 44
Under which MARPOL Annex is the EEDI regulated?
Annex VI, entitled 'Regulations on Energy Efficiency for Ships'.
What are the two types of movements mentioned for RTGs?
From one bay to another bay and from one block to another block.
How much could ship operators potentially save in fuel costs by 2020 due to EEDI?
34 - 60 billion USD.
What is the sulphur content of VLSFO?
~0.5%.
What type of system does the hydraulic hybrid drive utilize?
A parallel system that transmits power from both a diesel engine and a hydraulic motor.
What incentive scheme did the Shenzhen government start in October 2014?
An incentive scheme with approximately 200 million RMB per year to subsidize air improvement projects.
What type of gantry is mentioned in terminal operations?
Rubber-Tyred Gantry (RTG).
What is the rated speed of the diesel engine in an RTG?
Approximately 1,500 rpm (50Hz).
In which ports are Electrified RTGs widely used?
Ports such as Hong Kong, PSA, Shenzhen, and Busan.
What are some sources for the generation of electricity used by Quay Cranes?
Coal, crude oil, natural gas, or nuclear power.
What is the office phone number?
6790 5273
What are the dimensions of a typical PV panel?
Approximately 1580 x 808 x 50 mm.
What is a quay in the context of terminal operations?
A structure on the shore where vessels dock to load and unload cargo.
How long does a normal charge (200V) take for an EV?
Approximately 8 hours.
Until when was the Maritime Singapore Green Initiative initially funded?
Until the end of 2016, later extended to 2019, and now to 31 Dec 2024.
What does ECA stand for?
Emission Control Area.
What regulation did the Port of Hong Kong implement for ocean-going vessels (OGVs)?
Regulation 78 requires OGVs to use low sulphur fuel <0.5%m/m, LNG, alternative fuel, or equivalent emission abatement technology starting from 1 July 2015.
What are the main programs under the Maritime Singapore Green Initiative?
Green Ship Program, Green Port Program, Green Energy & Technology Program, and Green Awareness Program.
Which organizations agreed on the need to reduce emissions in 2006?
Both ports’ Board of Harbor Commissioners and the South Coast Air Quality Management District.
What is the purpose of environmental initiatives by terminal operations?
To reduce environmental impacts.
When did CMA CGM Libra berth at the Port of Long Beach?
On January 19, 2014.
What is an advantage of hydraulic hybrid systems compared to electric hybrid systems?
No re-charging is necessary and no requirement for battery pack replacement.
How do terminal operations impact the environment?
Through emissions and waste generated during shipping activities.
What is the total number of PV panels in the Reefer Yard?
Approximately 920 panels.
What additional investment is not required with hydraulic hybrid systems?
Investment in re-fuelling equipment.
What are the targets for vessel calls by 2023 under the Green Ship Incentive Program?
50% of calls from Tier 2 and 40% from Tier 3.
What is the maximum grant amount available for projects under the Green Energy & Technology Program?
Up to 50% of the costs, capped at 3 million SGD per project.
What is the maximum sulphur content for distillate fuel used in engines within 24nm as per CARB?
0.1% m/m.
Which lighting option is more expensive, high pressure sodium lamps or LED lamps?
LED lamps (~10,000 HKD) are more expensive than high pressure sodium lamps (~800 HKD).
How many sunshine hours does the Reefer Yard receive per day?
About 5.5 hours.
How much was awarded in dockage rate reductions in 2010?
$2.5 million.
What previous programs were combined to form the Green Energy & Technology Program?
The previous Green Energy Program and Green Technology Program.
What is the focus of Annex II of MARPOL?
Control of pollution by noxious liquid substances in bulk.
What must be done to the heaviest oil to facilitate its flow?
It has to be heated.
What is the purpose of a frequency converter in an On-shore Power System?
To convert power supply frequency from 50Hz to 60Hz or vice versa.
What is the annual mileage for the EV in the financial comparison?
Approximately 45,000 km.
How much diesel is consumed to handle 1 TEU?
~2.65 liters.
What is the energy consumption of the EV per kilometer?
Approximately 0.15 kWh/km.
When did the US Caribbean Sea ECA regulations start?
January 2014.
What is the ranking of the San Pedro Bay Ports in terms of combined throughput in 2022?
Ranked no. 9 in the US.
What is one major advantage of using Electric Vehicles (EV) in terminal operations?
Emission levels of NOx, SOx, and PM will be reduced to zero.
What type of emissions are produced during the duty cycle of an RTG?
Black smoke.
What are the two forms in which fuel oil can be obtained?
As a distillate or a residue from petroleum distillation.
What is the purpose of Emission Control Areas?
To reduce air pollution from shipping activities.
What is a Quay in the context of On-shore Power Systems?
A structure where vessels can be connected to shore power.
What does LSMGO stand for?
Low Sulphur Marine Gas Oil.
What are the existing ECAs focused on?
Limiting emissions of sulfur oxides (SOx) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) from ships.
What incentive was introduced for ocean-going vessels (OGVs) in Hong Kong starting from September 26, 2012?
A 50% reduction in port facility and light dues if cleaner fuel is used during berthing.
What is a disadvantage of using Direct Current (DC)?
It is more vulnerable to electricity exposure.
What is MGO in the context of fuel oils?
Marine Gas Oil, a No.2 fuel oil made from distillates.
What is the coverage distance of the ECA?
200 nautical miles.
What regulation was enacted by CARB regarding vessel engine shutdown?
By January 1, 2014, 50% of a vessel operator’s fleet visits must shut down their engines.
What is the significance of environmental initiatives by terminal operations?
To reduce the environmental impacts of shipping activities.
How much did the port, EPA, and CARB spend to retrofit equipment?
Over 2 million USD.
What is one type of electrified RTG system?
Overhead conductor line system with pantograph.
What are the major emission pollutants from auxiliary engines?
CO, CO2, NO2, SO2, and PM.
Name another type of electrified RTG system.
Exposed conductor bar system with pantograph.
What was the reduction in NOx emissions in 2005 compared to 2002?
600 tons, representing a 24% reduction.
What type of equipment is mentioned in relation to terminal operations?
Electrified RTG (Rubber-Tyred Gantry).
What percentage of the typical duty cycle is spent on trolley move?
~17%.
What is a full vessel integrated system?
An on-shore power system fully integrated into the vessel's electrical system.
What is the emission factor of SO2 from OGVs using 2.7% sulphur fuel?
0.0123 kg/L.
What environmental benefit does the Green Flag Incentive Program provide?
Reduction in smog-forming NOx and PM.
What was the status of trucks servicing the port by 2012?
All 11,000 trucks had engines built from 2007 or beyond.
What was the price of WTI crude oil per barrel in August 2023?
81.3 USD.
What is the emission factor of diesel per liter?
~2.614 kg/L.
What is unique about No. 5 fuel oil?
It is a residual-type industrial heating oil requiring preheating to 77-104 °C.
What is the CO2 emission per TEU for Electrified RTG?
~3 kg/TEU (a reduction of 60%).
Which type of engine generally has a higher cost?
Diesel engines generally have a higher cost compared to petrol engines.
What was the initial funding amount for the Maritime Singapore Green Initiative?
100 million SGD.
What voltage levels are associated with the barge system mentioned?
440V and 6.6KV.
What system is used for power supply in the Terminal Yard?
Exposed conductor bar system with pantograph.
What is the function of the conductor bar in an Electrified RTG?
It provides an automatic electricity connection system.
What is the purpose of the San Pedro Bay Ports Clean Air Action Plan (CAAP)?
To reduce emissions from port-related operations.
What type of current is used in the exposed conductor bar system?
Direct Current (DC).
What is the driving range of the Greener Prime Mover when fully loaded?
~60 miles (97 km).
What is the significance of environmental initiatives in terminal operations?
They aim to reduce the environmental impacts of shipping activities.
Which ports have current applications of On-shore Power Systems?
Port of Los Angeles, Port of Long Beach, Port of Antwerp, and Prince Rupert Container Terminal.
When did the implementation of ECAs start in the Pearl River Delta?
January 1, 2019.
Which agencies were engaged to develop the CAAP?
California Air Resources Board (CARB) and the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
What is one advantage of using electrical prime movers?
Zero carbon emission.
What program was initiated in San Pedro Bay Ports to improve air quality?
Clean Trucks Program (CTP).
What is the extended range of the Greener Prime Mover provided by the hydrogen fuel cell?
200 miles (322 km).
What does RTG stand for?
Rubber-Tyred Gantry.
What is the focus of the Environmental Initiatives by Terminal Operations?
To address environmental impacts and promote sustainable practices.
What is the engine shutdown requirement by January 1, 2020?
Further increases to 80% of vessel operator’s fleet visits must shut down engines.
What was the age limit for trucks banned from entering the port in 2008?
Trucks with 1988 or older engines.
What is the carbon emission level of the Greener Prime Mover?
Zero carbon emission.
What is the estimated cost of an Electric Vehicle (EV) excluding the charging station?
Approximately 420,000 HKD (70,000 SGD).
How many participants continued the charter from 2013 to 2014?
17 participants.
What is the estimated cost of a diesel van?
Approximately 250,000 HKD (41,700 SGD).
What type of equipment was targeted for modernization or replacement?
Cargo Handling Equipment (CHE).
How is the price of fuel oils measured?
In USD per ton.
What pollutants are regulated in the North America ECA?
SOx, NOx, and PM, effective from August 2012.
What is the significance of different power supply voltages for vessels?
They correspond to different configurations of the on-shore power system at the terminal.
What is the payback period for the solar panel investment?
49 years.
What is No. 4 fuel oil used for?
Commercial heating oil for burner installations not equipped with pre-heaters.
What are the general sulphur content limits in other sea areas before January 2012?
Shall not exceed 4.5% m/m.
What is the energy cost per TEU for Diesel RTG?
~11 HKD/TEU.
How do Electric Vehicles (EV) impact operating costs in the long term?
They result in lower operating costs.
How many PV panels are needed for the proposed project?
A total of 920 PV panels.
How long does it take to charge the Greener Prime Mover?
~4 to 6 hours.
What percentage reduction in fuel costs was observed in pilot tests?
~20%.
What is an On-shore Power System?
A system that allows vessels to shut down their engines while at berth and connect to shore power.
What is a notable feature of Electric Vehicles (EV) regarding noise levels?
They have a lower operating noise level.
What might future ECAs aim to address?
Further reductions in greenhouse gas emissions and other pollutants.
What is the purpose of the Diesel Emission Reduction Program at San Pedro Bay Ports?
To implement control measures for Cargo Handling Equipment (CHE).
How does the productivity of the pantograph system compare to the conductor bar system?
It has similar productivity.
What is required to provide power to Electrified RTGs?
Power substations are needed to supply city power.
Which areas were extended under the ECA in the Caribbean Sea?
Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands.
What is a disadvantage of using battery-powered prime movers?
Lower operating hours.
During which phases of RTG operations is the most power needed?
During hoisting up and trolley move.
How much lower is the cost per mile for the Greener Prime Mover compared to diesel?
By up to 35-45%.
What is the maximum viscosity of IFO380?
380 Centistokes with less than 3.5% sulphur.
How many shipping lines participated in the Fair Winds Charter from 2011 to 2012?
15 shipping lines, 2 cruise lines, and 1 autoliner.
What is a benefit of lower operating costs in greener prime movers?
It reduces overall expenses for terminal operations.
What was the monetary commitment for the Vessel Main Engine Fuel Incentive Program?
Up to 19 million USD.
What does the conductor bar system with towed trolley refer to?
It is a type of electrified RTG system.
What was the distance requirement for vessels to use low-sulphur fuel?
From a distance of 20 or 40 nautical miles.
What is a semi-fixed vessel system?
An on-shore power system that is partially fixed and partially mobile.
What is the emission factor of SO2 from OGVs using 0.1% sulphur fuel?
0.0046 kg/L.
What is the emission factor of PM from OGVs using 2.7% sulphur fuel?
0.0008 kg/L.
What is the sulphur content limit for fuel in ECA before July 2010?
Shall not exceed 1.5% m/m.
What was the percentage increase in electricity prices from the lowest to the highest recorded?
+16%.
What is the sulphur content limit in other sea areas after January 2020?
Shall not exceed 0.5% m/m.
How are petrol engines ignited?
Petrol engines are ignited by sparks from a spark plug.
What is the significance of efficient RTG movement in terminal operations?
It enhances operational efficiency and reduces environmental impacts.
What type of system is used for Electrified RTG in the Terminal Yard?
Overhead conductor line system with pantograph.
What are the two distinct power sources in the hydraulic hybrid drive?
The primary diesel engine and the secondary hydraulic motor.
What does POLB stand for?
Port of Long Beach.
What is the target reduction for SO2 and PM emissions in Hong Kong's regulation?
A target to reduce 60% of SO2 and PM.
What is the financial incentive for vessels meeting 2011 Tier 2 standards?
$2,500 per call.
What is the average service life of a high pressure sodium lamp?
~16,000 hours.
Where is the trial testing for the Greener Prime Mover taking place?
Port of Los Angeles.
What alternative fuels are allowed under Hong Kong's Air Pollution Control regulation?
Low sulphur fuel, LNG, and other alternative fuels or equivalent emission abatement technologies.
What is a benefit of using Electrified RTG in terminal operations?
High productivity due to less drive-in and drive-out operations.
What do all current MARPOL Annexes focus on?
The prevention of pollution by oil, sewage, air pollution, etc. from ships.
How loud is the noise from an RTG gantry move compared to other activities?
80 dB, similar to a vacuum cleaner.
What type of fuel was incentivized in the Vessel Main Engine Fuel Incentive Program?
Low-sulphur marine fuel with 0.2% m/m sulphur or less.
How does the sulphur content in bunker fuel affect emissions?
Different sulphur contents provide different emission levels.
What is a cable reel system in the context of RTGs?
It is one of the major types of electrified RTG systems.
How many sunshine days does the Reefer Yard experience per year?
Approximately 300 days.
What was the 10-year high price for Brent crude oil and when did it occur?
127.9 USD per barrel on March 8, 2022.
What fee was charged to trucks with 2006 or older engines before 2012?
35 USD per TEU.
What is a major advantage of diesel engines in terminal operations?
Diesel engines produce more torque at low speed, making them suitable for pulling heavy loads.
What is the annual generated energy from the solar panels?
273,240 kWh.
What was the price of Brent crude oil per barrel in August 2022?
96.8 USD.
What was the benefit of the Clean Trucks Program (CTP) in terms of air pollution?
Reduced air pollution by trucks by over 90% in 3 years.
What is a fixed-based system?
An on-shore power system that is permanently installed at a specific location.
What is a barge system in the context of on-shore power?
An on-shore power system that uses barges to supply power to vessels.
What is the emission factor of electricity per kWh?
~0.7 kg/kWh.
What is the typical power output of a diesel engine at 3,500 rpm?
490 Hp.
What is the energy cost per TEU for Electrified RTG?
~4 HKD/TEU (a reduction of 65%).
How much less is the total ownership cost of the greener prime mover compared to the diesel alternative?
Approximately 400,000 USD.
How much power does a high pressure sodium lamp consume?
~400W.
What carbon compounds are emitted by RTGs?
CO and CO2.
What type of system is described as a Semi-fixed vessel system?
A system where cables, terminal connection panels, and transformers are installed in a movable container onboard.
What is the power consumption of an LED lamp?
~100W.
What components are installed in the movable container for the Semi-fixed vessel system?
Cables, terminal connection panels, and transformers for low voltage vessels.
What type of engine is used in RTGs?
Diesel engine.
What additional concession can OGVs receive during their port stay?
An additional 10% concession by utilizing services from low/zero carbon fuelled harbour craft.
Until when was the incentive scheme for cleaner fuel extended?
Until midnight on March 31, 2018.
What was the price of Brent crude oil per barrel in August 2023?
85.1 USD.
What is IFO?
Intermediate Fuel Oil, a blend of gas oil and heavy fuel oil.
What is required to recharge the battery pack of a greener prime mover?
A charger.
What are the low voltage supply levels for vessels?
380V - 480V AC.
What does IFO380 stand for?
Intermediate Fuel Oil with a viscosity of 380 centistokes.
What was the highest crude oil price recorded between 2000 and 2010?
146 USD per barrel (July 2008).
What is the significance of the <0.2% m/m MGO fuel?
It refers to marine gas oil with a sulfur content of less than 0.2%, which is more environmentally friendly.
What was the 10-year high price for WTI crude oil and when did it occur?
120.3 USD per barrel on June 6, 2022.
What was the impact on SOx emissions due to the program?
A major reduction of approximately 4%.
What was the impact on NOx emissions due to the program?
A major reduction of approximately 52%.
What was the highest electricity price in HKD per kWh during the same period?
0.85 HKD (February 2009).
What was the lowest electricity price in HKD per kWh during the same period?
0.73 HKD (October 2001).
What is the energy cost per kilometer for the diesel van?
Approximately 0.225 SGD/km.
What is the projected electricity price in SGD per kWh for July to September 2023?
0.2996 SGD, approximately 1.76 HKD.
What is the charging time for a quick charge (500V) for an EV?
About 30 minutes to reach 80% capacity.
Which port is mentioned in relation to Electrified RTG?
Port of Qingdao.
What concessions are offered to OGVs using low/zero carbon fuel at the Port of Singapore?
Concession in port dues and additional concessions for using low/zero carbon fuelled harbour craft.
What is the driving range of a fully charged EV with 24kWh capacity?
Approximately 160 km.
What is a key requirement for the infrastructure of Electrified RTG?
Intense requirement on infrastructure.
How much lower are the operating costs of the Greener Prime Mover compared to conventional diesel power?
~76% lower.
How much more torque does the Greener Prime Mover provide compared to conventional diesel power?
Over 2.4 times more torque.
What is the financial incentive for vessels meeting 2016 Tier 3 standards?
$6,000 per call.
What is the purpose of the Green Energy & Technology Program in Singapore?
To encourage Singapore-based maritime companies to develop and conduct pilot trials for green technologies that help vessels meet the Maritime Singapore Decarbonisation Blueprint targets for 2050.
What is the engine shutdown requirement by January 1, 2017?
Increases to 70% of vessel operator’s fleet visits must shut down engines.
What is the cost differential between IFO380 and <0.2% m/m MGO fuel?
Ranged from approximately 80 USD per ton to 600 USD per ton, with an average of 260 USD per ton.
What are some criteria for projects to qualify for the Green Energy & Technology Program?
Projects must demonstrate verifiable emissions reduction results, not be commonly deployed, be type approved, and have system integration design and retrofitting or installation done in Singapore.
What does ECA stand for?
Emission Control Area.
What is HFO?
Heavy Fuel Oil, nearly pure residual oil, classified as No.6 fuel oil.
What is the emission reduction of SO2 when using 0.1% sulphur content fuel?
SO2 emission level is reduced by 62%.
Which markets are the most common for fuel oils?
Singapore and Rotterdam.
What was the lowest crude oil price recorded between 2000 and 2010?
19.4 USD per barrel (December 2001).
What is the purpose of Annex IV of MARPOL?
Prevention of pollution by sewage from ships.
What does Annex V of MARPOL focus on?
Prevention of pollution by garbage from ships.
What is the energy consumption of the diesel van per kilometer?
Approximately 0.18 L/km.
What is the energy cost per kilometer for the EV?
Approximately 0.035 SGD/km.
What is the fuel efficiency comparison between diesel and petrol engines?
Diesel engines have higher fuel efficiency compared to petrol engines.
What is the typical power output of a petrol engine at 5,500 rpm?
600 Hp.
What is the Green Ship Incentive Program?
A voluntary clean air initiative targeting the reduction of NOx emissions.
What regions are covered by the ECA in North America?
North America and the US Caribbean Sea.
What is the Green Flag Incentive Program?
A voluntary vessel speed reduction program that rewards vessels for slowing down to 12 knots or less within 40 nautical miles.
What particulate matter is associated with RTG operations?
PM (particulate matter).
What type of fuel qualifies for the 50% reduction in port dues in Hong Kong?
Bunker fuel with sulphur content less than 0.5% m/m.
What is the significance of the sulphur content in fuel oils?
It is regulated to reduce air pollution from shipping activities.
What are the regions where ECAs have been implemented alongside the Pearl River Delta?
Yangtze River Delta (YRD) and Bohai Sea region.
What additional infrastructure is needed by the terminal for the Semi-fixed vessel system?
Junction boxes.
When did the Clean Trucks Program (CTP) start?
In 2008.
What is the expected reduction in smog-forming NOx emissions from the initiative?
Approximately 2,700 tons per year.
What is the average cost differential for low-sulfur fuel in the San Pedro Bay Ports?
260 USD per ton.
What is the 10-year low for both Brent and WTI crude oil prices?
April 2020.
How does viscosity change with fuel oil number?
Viscosity increases with fuel oil number.
What is regulated in the Baltic Sea ECA?
SOx and PM, effective from May 2006.
What is the electricity tariff in the Reefer Yard?
1 HKD per kWh.
When did the North Sea ECA regulations come into effect?
November 2007.
What is No. 1 fuel oil used for?
Volatile distillate oil intended for vaporizing pot-type burners.
How much CO2 reduction is achieved annually from the solar panels?
191,268 kg.
Why did the Vessel Main Engine Fuel Incentive Program cease?
When CARB implemented a similar regulation.
What is the torque output of a petrol engine at 4,000 rpm?
3,000 Nm.
What is the ROI for the investment in EVs?
148%.
What is a significant nuisance during RTG operations?
Noise during gantry movement.
What types of batteries can be used in the battery pack for greener prime movers?
Lead acid battery or lithium-ion battery.
What is the requirement for OGVs to receive a concession in port dues?
They must use low/zero carbon fuel or exceed IMO’s Phase 3 EEDI requirements by 10% or more.
What can be the noise level during RTG operations?
As high as 90 dB.
What is necessary for wider back-to-back clearance in terminal operations?
Wider back-to-back clearance required.
Is there an international convention specifically for controlling pollution from terminal operations?
No, currently there is no international convention dedicated to this.
What is the average noise level of a busy street traffic?
70 dB.
What is the average service life of an LED lamp?
~50,000 hours.
What type of system is mentioned as part of the air improvement projects?
On-shore power system.
How many pieces of equipment were retrofitted as part of the emission reduction efforts?
600 pieces of equipment.
What reward do vessels receive for participating in the Green Flag Incentive Program?
A dockage rate reduction of 25%.
How far does a vessel traveling at 1 knot move in one hour?
It travels one minute of geographic latitude.
What is the noise level of an airplane taking off?
130 dB.
When did the regulation regarding sulphur content in distillate fuel come into effect?
January 2012.
What was the reduction in PM emissions in 2005 compared to 2002?
70 tons, representing a 50% reduction.
What is the focus of the Maritime Singapore Decarbonisation Blueprint?
Working towards 2050 targets for reducing emissions in the maritime sector.
What does Annex III of MARPOL address?
Prevention of pollution by harmful substances carried by sea in packaged form.
What is the function of the conductor bar with automatic electricity connection system?
It is another type of electrified RTG system.
What is the role of the Main Substation in terminal operations?
To distribute electrical power to various quayside substations and onboard installations.
What was the variance in crude oil prices from 2000 to 2010?
+650%.
What is the purpose of No. 3 fuel oil?
Distillate oil for burners requiring low-viscosity fuel.
What is regulated by Annex VI of MARPOL?
Prevention of air pollution from ships.
What is the speed of a fighter jet, such as the F16?
2,000+ km/h.
What is the annual saving from the investment in EVs?
74,000.
What pollutants are reduced by using hydraulic hybrid drives?
Nitrogen oxides (N2) and particulate matter (PM), e.g., PM 10.
What is the sulphur content of LSMGO?
<0.1%.
What advantage do Electrified RTGs offer in terms of productivity?
They allow for automatic plugging and unplugging, enhancing productivity.
What percentage of vessels participated in the Green Flag Incentive Program within 20 nautical miles in 2009?
Over 90%.
What is the benefit of converting traditional diesel fueled RTG to electrified RTG?
It can hugely reduce scope 1 GHG emissions.
What is the Vessel Main Engine Fuel Incentive Program?
A program aimed at incentivizing the use of low-sulfur fuels in vessels.
In what year was the agreement to reduce emissions from port operations made?
What is a knot in terms of speed?
A unit of speed equal to one nautical mile per hour, or 1,852 meters per hour.
What was the Fair Winds Charter?
A pledge by shipping lines to switch to fuel containing 0.5% m/m sulphur content or less while at berth.
What is an on-shore power system?
A system that provides electrical power to vessels while they are docked.
What percentage of the typical duty cycle is spent on hoisting up?
~25%.
What are the 5 major types of on-shore power systems?
What is the typical walking speed?
~5 km/h.
What are the high voltage supply levels for vessels?
6,600V - 11,000V AC.
What is the design speed of a mega vessel?
<50 km/h (approximately 24-26 knots).
What is the primary benefit of using Electrified RTG in terminal operations?
Energy saving and carbon reduction.
What is the maximum speed of SMRT?
~80 km/h (average 45 km/h).
How does the power delivery of petrol engines compare to diesel engines?
Petrol engines turn faster over time, thus delivering much more power over time.
What is No. 2 fuel oil commonly used for?
Distillate home heating oil, similar to diesel fuel for trucks and cars.
What is the electricity consumption to handle 1 TEU?
~4.28 kWh.
What is the emission factor of PM from OGVs using 0.1% sulphur fuel?
0.0003 kg/L.
What is the cruising speed of a Jumbo Jet, such as the B747?
800+ km/h.
What is the projected electricity price in SGD per kWh for July to September 2024?
0.2988 SGD, approximately 1.76 HKD.
What is the ignition method for diesel engines?
Diesel engines are stronger due to higher pressure during startup.
What type of drive does the Greener Prime Mover use?
Hydrogen/electric hybrid fuel cell drive.
What is the weight of the diesel engine used in an RTG?
Approximately 1.8 tons.
What milestone did Hong Kong achieve regarding emissions regulation?
It became the first city in Asia to regulate emissions through marine fuel used by OGVs.
What does MDO stand for?
Marine Diesel Oil, a blend of heavy gas oil with low viscosity.
What is the typical duty cycle of Rubber-Tyred Gantry (RTG) operations?
It includes hoisting up, trolley move, hoisting down, gantry move.
What percentage of vessels participated in the Green Flag Incentive Program within 40 nautical miles in 2009?
Over 70%.
What was the duration of the Vessel Main Engine Fuel Incentive Program?
From July 1, 2008, to June 30, 2009.
What is the total cost of the solar panel installation?
Approximately 13.5 million HKD (2.25 million SGD).
What is an On-shore Power System?
A system that provides electrical power to vessels while they are docked at terminals.
What was the price of WTI crude oil per barrel in August 2022?
90.6 USD.
What does Annex I of MARPOL regulate?
Prevention of pollution by oil.
What pollutants are targeted for reduction in the Green Ship Incentive Program?
NOx and PM (particulate matter).
What was the age limit for trucks banned from entering the port in 2010?
Trucks with 1993 or older engines.
How much was awarded in dockage rate reductions in 2011?
Approximately $4 million.
What percentage of the typical duty cycle is spent on gantry move?
~8%.
What percentage of the typical duty cycle is spent on hoisting down?
~50%.
What is a mobile-based system in on-shore power?
An on-shore power system that can be moved to different locations as needed.
What is the speed limit on Singapore expressways?
90 km/h.
Which type of engine produces more CO2 emissions per gallon of fuel combustion?
Diesel engines produce more CO2 emissions per gallon of fuel combustion.
What is the torque output of a diesel engine at 2,000 rpm?
1,000 Nm.
What is the sulphur content limit for fuel in ECA after January 2015?
Shall not exceed 0.1% m/m.
What are the characteristics of No. 6 fuel oil?
It is high viscosity residual oil requiring preheating to 104-127 °C and may contain undesirable impurities.
What is the speed of a Formula One car?
300+ km/h.
How many trees is the CO2 reduction equivalent to?
Approximately 8,700 trees.
What is the CO2 emission per TEU for Diesel RTG?
~7 kg/TEU.
What is the payback period for the investment in EVs?
3.4 years.
