C) Weak infrastructure and occupation in a risky area

Explanation: Physical/material conditions contributing to vulnerability include weak infrastructure, such as buildings, sanitation, electricity supply, roads, and transportation, as well as occupation in a risky area, highlighting the impact of environmental and occupational factors on vulnerability.

D) Lack of initiative and limited access to political power

Explanation: Constitutional/organizational conditions contributing to vulnerability include lack of leadership, initiative, or organizational structure, as well as lack of or limited access to political power and representation, emphasizing the role of governance and organizational factors in vulnerability.

C) Disaster can both impede and catalyze development

Explanation: The relationship between disaster and development is complex and can have both positive and negative effects. Disasters can hinder development by destroying infrastructure, causing economic loss, and eroding human capital. However, development practices can also either mitigate or exacerbate the impact of disasters, highlighting the intricate interplay between the two.

C) Disasters reduce the workforce and strain social services

Explanation: The loss of lives, injury, and displacement caused by disasters can erode human capital, reducing the workforce and straining social services. This highlights the negative impact of disasters on human capital and the subsequent strain on social services.

B) They control local places of worship which can serve as shelters

Explanation: Local religious leaders play a crucial role in disaster relief efforts by controlling local places of worship, which can serve as ideal shelters for disaster victims. This highlights the significance of their involvement in providing immediate rescue and relief to the affected communities.

D) They can destroy critical infrastructure and cause significant economic losses

Explanation: Natural disasters like earthquakes, floods, and hurricanes can destroy critical infrastructure such as roads, schools, hospitals, and homes, setting back economic development. Additionally, disasters can cause significant economic losses, draining resources that could have been used for development, highlighting the detrimental impact on infrastructure and economic development.

C) Limited access to the outside world

Explanation: The text highlights limited access to the outside world as a contributing factor to vulnerability conditions, indicating that this lack of access can exacerbate the challenges faced by individuals and communities.

B) Monitoring and studying volcanic and seismic activity

Explanation: PHIVOLCS is primarily responsible for monitoring and studying volcanic and seismic activity, providing timely warnings and information about potential hazards, and conducting research to improve understanding of these natural phenomena, which are crucial for disaster risk reduction and management.

A) Historical, political, cultural, and institutional processes

Explanation: The text emphasizes that historical, political, cultural, and institutional processes shape the social and environmental conditions that contribute to vulnerability, underscoring the multifaceted nature of these influences.

C) Essential for weather forecasting, flood monitoring, and providing early warnings for typhoons and other severe weather events

Explanation: PAGASA plays a crucial role in weather forecasting, flood monitoring, and providing early warnings for typhoons and other severe weather events, which are vital for disaster risk reduction and management efforts.

A) Local businesses

Explanation: Local businesses are considered stakeholders in disaster management as they have a vested interest in the safety and continuity of their operations during and after a disaster. Their involvement and preparedness can significantly impact the community's resilience.

A) Media

Explanation: The media plays a vital role in disaster management by disseminating critical information to the public, raising awareness, and facilitating communication between authorities and affected communities. Their involvement significantly influences public perception and response.

C) Unregulated land use planning

Explanation: Physical factors contributing to vulnerability include poor design and construction of buildings, unregulated land use planning, and other related aspects, emphasizing the importance of infrastructure and urban planning in vulnerability reduction.

D) Susceptibility to harm and shocks

Explanation: In the context of disaster risk reduction management, 'vulnerability' refers to the susceptibility to harm and shocks, highlighting the need to address and mitigate these vulnerabilities to enhance resilience.

B) Heavy dependence on external support

Explanation: The text identifies heavy dependence on external support as a motivational/attitudinal condition contributing to vulnerability, suggesting that this reliance can impact the resilience of individuals and communities.

C) They are interlinked and influence each other

Explanation: Disasters, development, and vulnerabilities are interconnected and have a significant influence on each other. Understanding this relationship is crucial in disaster risk reduction management.

C) A hazard is an extreme natural event which may affect different places, whereas a disaster occurs when a significant number of vulnerable people experience a hazard and suffer severe damage and/or disruption of their livelihood system

Explanation: The distinction between a hazard and a disaster lies in the fact that a hazard is an extreme natural event which may affect different places, whereas a disaster occurs when a significant number of vulnerable people experience a hazard and suffer severe damage and/or disruption of their livelihood system.

E) The recognition of potential loss or damage and the positive capacities of people to cope with hazards

Explanation: Vulnerability, in the context of the risk equation, encompasses the recognition of potential loss or damage as well as the positive capacities of people to cope, withstand, and recover from the impact of hazards, highlighting the multifaceted nature of vulnerability.

E) Living in dangerous locations or in poor housing

Explanation: The text points out that living in dangerous locations or in poor housing constitutes immediate unsafe conditions that contribute to vulnerability, highlighting the impact of environmental and living conditions on vulnerability.

C) Meteorological and hydrological disaster researches

Explanation: PAGASA conducts meteorological and hydrological disaster researches, such as tropical cyclone research on typhoon movement prediction, typhoon surface structure research, typhoon formation and intensification research, and meteorological and hydrological hazard assessment, which are essential for disaster risk reduction and management.

A) Strengthening the country's ability to prepare

Explanation: The essence of RA 10121 is to strengthen the Philippines' capacity to prepare for disasters, emphasizing the importance of proactive measures and disaster risk reduction.

D) It is recognized as valid, practicable, and productive

Explanation: International disaster assistance is recognized by most nations as being valid, practicable, and productive, as evidenced by the response to the earthquake in Bam, Iran in December 2003. This underlines the importance and effectiveness of international organizations in providing assistance during disasters.

C) Establishing a Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan (LDRRMP)

Explanation: According to the NDRRMC's framework, every LGU should be able to establish a Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan (LDRRMP) aligned with NDRRMP, emphasizing the importance of local disaster preparedness and risk reduction.

C) A serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society due to hazardous events interacting with conditions of exposure, vulnerability, and capacity

Explanation: The definition of a disaster according to UNDRR emphasizes the serious disruption of the functioning of a community or society due to hazardous events interacting with conditions of exposure, vulnerability, and capacity, leading to various losses and impacts.

D) To minimise losses of development gains from disasters and reduce vulnerability

Explanation: The main aim of the UNDP Disaster Risk Management Program is to minimize losses of development gains from disasters and reduce vulnerability, emphasizing the program's focus on mitigating the impact of disasters on development.

B) To conduct in-spot investigation in areas affected by tropical cyclones, tornadoes, and storm surges

Explanation: The STRIFE team is a quick response team (QRT) that conducts in-spot investigation in areas affected by tropical cyclones, tornadoes, storm surges, etc., providing crucial on-ground assessment and damage evaluation.

D) Various individuals and groups involved in disaster management

Explanation: The stakeholders in disaster relief encompass various individuals and groups involved in disaster management, including government officials, medical professionals, local community members, and international organizations, among others.

A) Hazard mapping and early warning systems

Explanation: PHIVOLCS focuses on hazard mapping, early warning systems, and public education on earthquake and volcanic hazards, which are essential components of disaster risk reduction and management.

C) A positive change

Explanation: Development in broad terms refers to a positive change, emphasizing the improvement and progress within a community or society.

A) Information for livestock and crop production

Explanation: The Provision of Farm-Weather Forecast and Warning Services provides weather information related to plant growth/development and farming operations, including livestock and crop production, supporting agricultural activities and decision-making.

B) Secondary stakeholders

Explanation: Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) are considered secondary stakeholders in disaster management. They often provide essential support and resources, complementing the efforts of primary stakeholders such as national governments and local authorities.

B) Promoting disaster prevention, mitigation, and preparedness

Explanation: The UNDP is designated to promote disaster prevention, mitigation, and preparedness, emphasizing the importance of proactive measures in managing and reducing the impact of disasters.

A) Primary stakeholders

Explanation: National governments play a crucial role in disaster management, making them primary stakeholders. Their responsibilities include disaster preparedness, response coordination, and resource allocation, directly impacting the overall management and recovery process.

B) Risk = Probability x Consequences

Explanation: The Risk Formula in the context of disaster risk reduction management is expressed as Risk = Probability x Consequences. This formula is essential for assessing and managing risks associated with disasters and vulnerabilities.

C) Poverty and inequality

Explanation: Social factors contributing to vulnerability encompass poverty and inequality, marginalization, social exclusion, discrimination by gender, social status, disability, and age, highlighting the societal dimensions of vulnerability.

B) Actively participate in decision-making

Explanation: Community members should be encouraged to actively participate in disaster prevention programs and emergency preparedness training, emphasizing the importance of community involvement in decision-making and proactive measures.

B) PHP67.2 million

Explanation: City Agriculturist Carmencita Sanchez reported that the damage to agriculture and fisheries in Barangay Curuan reached PHP67.2 million due to the impact of Severe Tropical Storm Paeng, highlighting the significant economic impact of the storm on the area.

D) It can divert resources away from necessary disaster risk reduction measures

Explanation: Corruption can divert resources away from necessary disaster risk reduction measures, potentially exacerbating vulnerability and hindering effective disaster management.

D) They disproportionately affect the poor and hinder poverty reduction efforts

Explanation: Disasters often disproportionately affect the poor, exacerbating poverty levels and hindering poverty reduction efforts, highlighting the unequal impact of disasters on different socio-economic groups.

B) Super Typhoon Carina

Explanation: The recent Super Typhoon Carina in the Philippines exemplifies the critical relationship between human development and vulnerability to disasters, as it resulted in severe flooding and forced thousands of residents to evacuate, emphasizing the impact of limited human development on disaster vulnerability.

D) By facilitating resource sharing, collective action, and emotional support

Explanation: Strong social networks and community cohesion can enhance resilience by facilitating resource sharing, collective action, and emotional support during and after disasters, underscoring the importance of community support systems in disaster management.

B) The importance of addressing vulnerabilities exacerbated by limited human development

Explanation: The state of calamity declared in Metro Manila due to Typhoon Carina highlights the critical need to address vulnerabilities that are often exacerbated by limited human development, emphasizing the impact of socio-economic conditions on disaster vulnerability.

C) Both responding to disasters and addressing underlying vulnerabilities

Explanation: Bridging short-term and long-term efforts in the humanitarian-development nexus involves not only responding to disasters but also addressing the underlying vulnerabilities that turn hazards into disasters, highlighting the comprehensive approach needed to mitigate the impact of disasters on development.

B) To spread awareness on natural disasters

Explanation: Educational institutions play a crucial role in disaster management by spreading awareness on natural disasters, providing preventive action to minimize damage, and ensuring immediate relief and rescue, underscoring their significance in disaster preparedness and response.

C) It reduces disaster risk

Explanation: Good governance, characterized by transparency, accountability, and participation, can help ensure that development reduces rather than increases disaster risk, highlighting its crucial role in mitigating the impact of disasters on development.

B) It limits access to resources for disaster preparedness

Explanation: High levels of poverty in Zamboanga City limit access to resources for disaster preparedness, response, and recovery, as many residents cannot afford to reinforce their homes or evacuate to safer areas, highlighting the impact of demographic factors on vulnerability.

C) Effective governance and community engagement

Explanation: The text emphasizes that effective governance and community engagement are crucial for building resilience and reducing the impact of future disasters, highlighting the importance of collaborative and participatory approaches in disaster management.

E) Development may mitigate vulnerability but may also increase exposure to hazards if not managed sustainably

Explanation: Within the framework of disaster risk reduction, development may substantially mitigate vulnerability through the enhancement of infrastructure, social services, and economic stability, yet it may simultaneously increase exposure to hazards if not managed sustainably, highlighting the complex relationship between development and vulnerability in disaster management.

C) It can lead to inadequate disaster response and recovery efforts

Explanation: Weak governance can result in inadequate disaster response and recovery efforts, highlighting the critical role of effective governance in ensuring proper disaster management.

A) Access to a large resource base

Explanation: Large organisations like the International Red Cross Society have access to a large resource base, enabling them to carry out field operations and extend material, financial, and technical support to disaster-affected sites. This underscores their capacity to provide substantial assistance in disaster relief efforts.

B) Rapid and unplanned urbanization

Explanation: Decades of development progress can be undone in moments, especially in developing countries where resilience mechanisms are weaker, with rapid and unplanned urbanization being a key factor in amplifying vulnerability to disasters.

E) Physical, social, economic, and environmental factors

Explanation: Vulnerability encompasses the conditions determined by physical, social, economic, and environmental factors or processes that increase the susceptibility of a community to the impact of hazards, highlighting the multi-dimensional nature of vulnerability in the context of disasters and development.

B) They coordinate with officials in charge of planning and construction

Explanation: The LGU's role as 'first responders' involves coordinating with officials in charge of planning, construction, health, and welfare, as highlighted in the text.

B) Facilitating infrastructure provision

Explanation: NGOs play a crucial role in disaster management by facilitating infrastructure provision to the affected communities, as well as extending material, financial, and technical support. This highlights their significant contribution to disaster relief efforts.

C) Human induced, natural, and environmental

Explanation: Hazards are categorized into human induced, natural, and environmental, reflecting the different sources and causes of potential threats to elements in a given area.

D) To instill basic knowledge of natural disasters and their impacts

Explanation: The purpose of the LGU partnering with educational institutions is to instill basic knowledge of natural disasters and their possible impacts, as mentioned in the text.

C) The uninsured informal sector

Explanation: Economic factors contributing to vulnerability include the uninsured informal sector, vulnerable rural livelihoods, dependence on single industries, and globalisation of business and supply chains, emphasizing the economic dimensions of vulnerability.

D) Raising awareness and preparedness of people on natural hazards and disasters

Explanation: The IEC Program for Natural Disaster Reduction focuses on raising the level of awareness/preparedness of the people on natural hazards and disasters through the development of hi-tech audio-visual and multimedia technology, seminars/workshops, lectures, and trainings throughout the country.

C) Disaster response and prevention

Explanation: The LDRRMP established by LGUs focuses on disaster preparedness, response, prevention, mitigation, and rehabilitation, highlighting the emphasis on local disaster response and prevention efforts.

C) It leads to increased vulnerability

Explanation: Rapid and unplanned urbanization can lead to increased vulnerability to disasters, such as building in floodplains or on unstable hillsides, amplifying the impact of floods and landslides, highlighting the negative consequences of urbanization on disaster vulnerability.

C) Setting the direction for disaster management programs

Explanation: The local government is responsible for setting the direction, development, implementation, and coordination of disaster risk reduction and management (DRRM) programs and activities within their territorial jurisdictions, as outlined in the text.

C) Assessing the vulnerabilities of the area and its constituents

Explanation: One of the key roles of the LGU in facilitating the community during a disaster, as outlined by Solway (2004), is to assess the vulnerabilities of the area and its constituents.

C) To offer project loans for reconstruction and development

Explanation: The Asian Development Bank focuses on offering project loans for reconstruction and development, and has incorporated disaster management components in many of its projects, highlighting its commitment to integrating disaster management into development initiatives.

B) Poor environmental management

Explanation: Environmental factors contributing to vulnerability include poor environmental management, overconsumption of natural resources, decline of risk regulating ecosystem services, climate change, and related aspects, highlighting the environmental dimensions of vulnerability.

D) Low-lying areas

Explanation: Many parts of Zamboanga City are low-lying, making them susceptible to flooding, especially during heavy rainfall, emphasizing the physical vulnerability associated with the city's topography.

C) It highlights how socio-economic conditions can compound the effects of natural hazards

Explanation: The recent experience with Typhoon Carina illustrates how socio-economic conditions can compound the effects of natural hazards, emphasizing the impact of socio-economic factors on disaster vulnerability and the need for effective disaster risk management.

D) They increase the likelihood and severity of disasters

Explanation: Development practices that harm the environment, such as deforestation or over-extraction of resources, can increase the likelihood and severity of disasters like floods, landslides, and droughts, emphasizing the link between environmental degradation and disaster impact.

B) More susceptible to harm

Explanation: The interplay between disaster and vulnerability makes some populations more susceptible to harm, emphasizing the impact of vulnerability on the differential effects of disasters on different population groups.

D) Location along the coast

Explanation: Zamboanga City's location along the coast exposes it to storm surges, coastal flooding, and strong winds associated with typhoons, highlighting the physical vulnerability due to its geographic positioning.

C) Integrating disaster risk management into development planning

Explanation: National and international policies, including the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, emphasize the need for integrating disaster risk management into development planning, underscoring the importance of considering disaster risk in long-term development strategies.

C) It increases vulnerability

Explanation: Social isolation can increase vulnerability as individuals may lack access to crucial information and support during emergencies, emphasizing the negative impact of isolation on disaster resilience.

D) It is highly susceptible to disruption by typhoons

Explanation: Many residents in Zamboanga City rely on agriculture and fishing, which are highly susceptible to disruption by typhoons, as flooding and strong winds can destroy crops, fishing equipment, and boats, leading to loss of income, highlighting the economic vulnerability associated with livelihoods.

D) What is intrinsically valuable relative to someone

Explanation: Wellbeing, also known as wellness, prosperity, or quality of life, refers to what is intrinsically valuable relative to an individual, encompassing various aspects of physical, mental, and social health and prosperity.

E) Research and development in disaster reduction techniques

Explanation: The current priority in the Philippines includes research and development in disaster reduction techniques, particularly focusing on organizations such as the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS), highlighting the country's emphasis on advancing disaster risk reduction through research and innovation.

C) Elderly, children, and individuals with disabilities or chronic illnesses

Explanation: Vulnerable populations, including the elderly, children, and individuals with disabilities or chronic illnesses, face greater risks during disasters in Zamboanga City, underscoring the impact of health-related demographic factors on vulnerability.

E) Concern for the welfare of the local community

Explanation: Residents' Welfare Associations (RWAs) are formed by local residents to look into the interest of those living in their area, showcasing their deep concern for the welfare of the local community. This emphasizes their grassroots involvement in addressing the needs of the affected population during disasters.

A) The probability and intensity of the hazard

Explanation: The negative impact of a hazard or disaster is determined by the characteristics, probability, and intensity of the hazard, highlighting the multifaceted nature of potential threats and their consequences.

A) Preparedness, Response, Recovery, Mitigation

Explanation: The four phases of emergency management when a disaster strikes are preparedness, response, recovery, and mitigation. These phases outline the sequential approach to addressing and managing disasters effectively.

B) The probability of harmful consequences resulting from interactions between natural/human induced hazards and vulnerable/capable conditions

Explanation: The Risk Formula represents the probability of harmful consequences resulting from the interaction between hazards and vulnerable/capable conditions, emphasizing the importance of assessing and managing physical, social, economic, and environmental vulnerability in disaster risk reduction efforts.

C) Developing new technologies

Explanation: NGOs involved in developing and propagating development technologies, such as Sulabh International, are renowned for their work in low-cost sanitation and play a crucial role in developing new technologies that can aid in disaster situations. This highlights their innovative contributions to disaster management.

E) Combination of physical, social, economic, and environmental vulnerability factors

Explanation: The impact of Typhoon Paeng on Zamboanga City was exacerbated by a combination of physical, social, economic, and environmental vulnerability factors, emphasizing the multifaceted nature of the challenges faced during the disaster.

C) Lack of effective disaster preparedness plans, education, and drills

Explanation: Communities without effective disaster preparedness plans, education, and drills are more vulnerable, highlighting the importance of comprehensive preparedness measures beyond individual awareness.

D) They reduce disaster risks by integrating disaster risk reduction into planning and policy

Explanation: Sustainable development practices aim to reduce disaster risks by integrating disaster risk reduction (DRR) into planning and policy, including building resilient infrastructure, enforcing building codes, and promoting sustainable land use, highlighting the proactive approach to disaster risk reduction.

C) To minimize exposure to hazards through the development and reliance on individual and societal resources

Explanation: The primary objective of the risk formula is to minimize exposure to hazards through the development and reliance on individual and societal resources, emphasizing proactive measures to mitigate potential risks.

C) The ability to execute a specified course of action or to achieve a desired outcome

Explanation: Capability refers to the ability to execute a specified course of action or to achieve a desired outcome, highlighting the importance of individual and collective capacities in disaster risk reduction and sustainable development.

E) Varied interests and active involvement

Explanation: Multi-purpose NGOs, such as the Rotary Club, have varied interests and are very active in providing aid to disaster victims, playing a major role in resource mobilisation for relief aid and rehabilitation purposes. This showcases their diverse and impactful involvement in disaster relief efforts.

C) It can build more resilient communities capable of withstanding and recovering from extreme events

Explanation: Integrating human development goals with disaster risk reduction strategies can benefit communities by building more resilient communities capable of withstanding and recovering from extreme events, emphasizing the long-term impact of such integration on community resilience and sustainable development.

B) The degree of susceptibility of the element exposed to a hazard

Explanation: Vulnerability in the context of disasters refers to the degree of susceptibility of the element exposed to a hazard, highlighting the potential for adverse effects based on various physical, social, economic, and environmental conditions.

C) Assessing the vulnerabilities of the area and its constituents

Explanation: The primary responsibility of the Local DRRM Offices is to assess the vulnerabilities of the area and its constituents, as mentioned in the text.

C) Potential disruption of medical care and lack of mobility

Explanation: Individuals with chronic health conditions are more vulnerable during disasters due to the potential disruption of medical care and lack of mobility, underscoring the specific challenges faced by this demographic group during disaster events.

D) Level of readiness based on planning, training, and exercises

Explanation: Preparedness in emergency management refers to the level of readiness based on planning, training, and exercises to respond to an emergency. This phase is crucial in ensuring effective response and management of disasters.

E) The manner in which people and organisations use existing resources to achieve various beneficial ends during unusual, abnormal, and adverse conditions of a disaster event

Explanation: Coping capacity refers to the manner in which people and organisations use existing resources to achieve various beneficial ends during unusual, abnormal, and adverse conditions of a disaster event, emphasizing the adaptive and resourceful nature of responses to disasters.

C) Decreasing and limiting risk to people and infrastructure

Explanation: The primary focus of the 'Mitigation' phase in emergency management is consistent action to decrease and limit risk to people and infrastructure, aiming to minimize the impact of potential disasters.

B) To ensure effective and coordinated efforts in addressing disasters

Explanation: Stakeholders' involvement is essential in disaster management to ensure effective and coordinated efforts in addressing disasters, emphasizing the importance of collaborative and integrated approaches in disaster relief and management.

D) Individuals or groups who have an interest in the program and can be influenced by its process or outcomes

Explanation: Stakeholders in disaster management are individuals or groups who have an interest in the program and can be influenced by its process or outcomes, highlighting the diverse range of actors involved in disaster management and relief efforts.

A) Providing relief goods and evacuation centers

Explanation: The 'Response' phase in emergency management consists of actions addressing human basic needs, such as providing relief goods and establishing evacuation centers to ensure the safety and well-being of affected individuals.

B) The conditions determined by physical, social, economic and environmental factors or processes which increase the susceptibility of an individual, a community, assets or systems to the impacts of hazards

Explanation: Vulnerability, as defined by UNDRR, encompasses the various factors or processes that heighten the susceptibility of individuals, communities, assets, or systems to the impacts of hazards, encompassing physical, social, economic, and environmental dimensions.

E) Refers to fairness and justice and is distinguished from equality

Explanation: Equity refers to fairness and justice and is distinguished from equality, emphasizing the importance of addressing disparities and ensuring fairness in disaster risk reduction and sustainable development efforts.