10.1007@s10639-020-10326-w

Java and C#.

McMahon et al. (2015a).

Four studies.

Effective for food service with cognitive disabilities.

Ivan Sutherland, who developed the first prototype in 1968.

Social and communication skills.

A game on enzymes for university students in an upper-level food chemistry course.

A technique that links digital information with the real world by placing digital content on the image of the physical world.

The ability to remove the image of a real object using AR technology.

To reveal the characteristics of research that uses AR as a learning material.

Descriptive content analysis.

Security, traffic safety, shopping, and coping with fear/phobia.

Phones and tablets.

As a screening-diagnostic tool, learning material, and other support tools.

Smartphones and tablets.

It can be used to facilitate teaching individuals with special needs.

Play, effective in decreasing problem behaviors.

Gillingham method.

Layar and Heads Up Navigator.

AR adds virtual content to the real environment, while VR creates a fully virtual environment.

Specifically for research purposes.

Single-subject research designs.

Social and communication skills.

Very few studies focus on AR use in special needs education.

Users can magnify, shrink, rotate, or move digital objects to see them from different perspectives.

They provide opportunities to use different AR applications that can facilitate lives.

Peer-reviewed academic journals in English.

It allows for the creation of content using smartphones and free software.

PC and WebCam.

To improve social and communication skills in children and adults with ASD.

Because expertise is needed to prepare materials using game development environments.

AR connects with the real environment, making it more concrete than the fully synthetic environment of VR.

Games, social stories, video models, the system of least prompts, and concept maps.

Single-subject design.

Augmented Reality (AR) technology.

Mojo Vision smart contact lenses.

Developers often focus on applications for individuals with typical development, targeting a larger audience.

It served as a search engine for AR content based on the user's location.

Users paint downloaded markers, and AR content is activated by scanning these markers with a mobile app.

Expertise, budget, and effort.

AR contents are mostly used to support effective teaching strategies.

Participants improved their puzzle completion tasks more in AR conditions compared to traditional methods.

Attracting student attention, which increases motivation.

Communication initiation, common attention, and eye contact.

Unity 3D, ARKit, and ARCore.

Descriptive content analysis.

Marker-based AR.

Augmented reality experiences by pairing visual markers with user-generated digital content.

Display, markers, computer, and digital content.

To create and share location-based AR content.

Commercial Smart Glass for AR.

(Augmented reality or AR or smart glass or smartglass) AND (attention deficit or hyperacti* or Dislex* or special education or special needs or special children or ADHD or learning disabili* or autis* or ASD or mental retardation or intellectual disability* or pervasive or developmental disabili* or down syndrome or cerebral palsy).

Pre-test/post-test with control group.

All participants are individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD).

Academic skills, self-care, imitation, symbolic play, and money recognition skills.

Through sensors, buttons, touchpads, microphones, or motion detection systems like Kinect.

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD).

Portable devices such as smartphones and tablets.

Articles that did not use AR technology, were not focused on learning, or were conference papers.

Goblin XNA, Facial Studio, 3d Max, Unity 3D, Vuforia, Aurasma, Quiver Vision, and Scratch.

Because it has the potential to be applied in many areas of daily life.

GPS, accelerometer, gyroscope, or compass.

Recommended design standards by Kratochwill et al. (2013) and quality indicators by Horner et al. (2005).

Pilot's field of view (Head-Up Displays).

The use of AR as a learning material in the education of individuals with special needs.

It is a platform for developing AR content and works as an add-on for Unity 3D.

It has primarily focused on individuals with typical development and STEM education.

As the simulation of a real or imaginary environment created from computer-generated three-dimensional graphics.

System of least prompts.

By analyzing images obtained from the camera to find previously determined markers like pictures, text, or QR codes.

Hardware/devices, purpose of production, marker or location-based, and software/content development environments.

Teaching social and communication skills.

Attention and duration of focusing on an activity.

Marker-based AR.

In 1992, during an experimental study at Boeing to help employees assemble complex cable harnesses.

AR use was effective on the dependent variable.

Medical, industrial, artistic design, military aviation, entertainment, education, and more.

To teach languages through dialogue and interaction using AR content.

Phones, tablets, computer screens, projectors, or transparent panels.

By introducing the human body and organs or examining 3D models of the solar system.

Effective in teaching social roles and greetings.

The use of AR as a learning material gives positive results in the education of individuals with special needs.

15 studies.

Artificial intelligence, machine learning, cloud technology, and the Internet of Things.

It introduced different applications, software development environments, and hardware that can be used in the education of individuals with special needs.

Research design, results, dependent variables, supported teaching approaches, and participants.

There was no significant difference between AR and non-AR conditions.

It is used in game design, film industry, architecture, and industrial design.

19 articles published between 2013 and 2019.

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), Developmental Disabilities (DD), Physical Disabilities (PD), and Intellectual Disabilities (ID).

Articles published between 2013 and 2019.

519 studies.

Goblin XNA and ALVAR tracker.

They are expensive and may be difficult to obtain in some countries.

Instruction that included AR was more effective for teaching symbolic play skills.

3D digital characters based on photographs.

2D or 3D images, animation, text, video, or audio.

To provide general information about augmented reality (AR) technology as a resource for special education researchers and teachers.

They help create AR content that can benefit researchers and teachers.

It allows students to learn outside the classroom and engage in social activities.

AR condition was found to be more effective.

Commercial location-based application.

They help develop evidence-based practices.

15 studies.

iOS, Android, Xbox, Nintendo Wii, and PC.

Magic Leap One, Microsoft HoloLens, Meta AR, Google Glass.

Students can be safely and gradually exposed to difficult or dangerous real-world situations.

Video model/social stories.

By increasing effectiveness and creating interesting learning environments.

Google Maps with AR features.

The effectiveness of paper maps, Google Maps, and AR navigation software.

Address finding skills as a pre-vocational skill.

Academic Search Complete, ScienceDirect, MEDLINE Complete, Education Source, Springer Nature Journals, Scopus, ERIC, Sciences Citation Index, Social Sciences Citation Index.

The effectiveness of Augmented Reality (AR) use.

Determining effective strategies for their use.

A free visual programming environment for creating interactive, media-rich projects.

Smartphones, tablets, and devices with advanced camera systems and sensors.

By developing content that meets individual differences and learning needs.

6-12 years old.

19 articles.

Research on 3D user interfaces including mobile augmented reality and virtual reality.

It can help overcome barriers faced by these individuals.