p.2
Cholinergic Drugs: Agonists and Antagonists
What receptors does Nicotine affect?
Nicotinic agonist affecting both NN and NM receptors.
p.1
Neurotransmitters: Acetylcholine and Norepinephrine
Which neurotransmitter is released by all preganglionic neurons and parasympathetic postganglionic neurons?
Acetylcholine (ACh) is released by all preganglionic neurons and parasympathetic postganglionic neurons.
p.1
Neurotransmitters: Acetylcholine and Norepinephrine
What is the process of catecholamine synthesis starting from tyrosine?
Catecholamine synthesis starts from tyrosine, which is converted to dopamine, then to norepinephrine, and finally to epinephrine in the adrenal medulla.
p.1
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
What are the two main divisions of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?
The two main divisions of the PNS are the somatic (voluntary) and autonomic (involuntary) systems.
p.1
Cholinergic Transmission and Receptors
What enzyme synthesizes Acetylcholine (ACh)?
Acetylcholine (ACh) is synthesized by choline acetyltransferase (ChAT).
p.1
Adrenergic Transmission and Receptors
What is the effect of α1 adrenergic receptors?
α1 adrenergic receptors cause vasoconstriction in smooth muscle.
p.3
Adrenergic Drugs: Agonists and Antagonists
What is Phenoxybenzamine and its application?
Phenoxybenzamine is an irreversible α1 antagonist used for hypertension.
p.3
Adrenergic Drugs: Agonists and Antagonists
What is Butoxamine and its usage?
Butoxamine is a selective β2 antagonist that is rarely used.
p.3
Organ System Effects of Receptor Activation
What is the function of β2 receptors in bronchi and blood vessels?
β2 receptors cause bronchodilation and vasodilation.
p.1
Neurotransmitters: Acetylcholine and Norepinephrine
What neurotransmitter is primarily released by most sympathetic postganglionic neurons?
Norepinephrine (NE) is primarily released by most sympathetic postganglionic neurons.
p.1
Cholinergic Transmission and Receptors
What is the function of M2 muscarinic receptors?
M2 muscarinic receptors decrease the rate and force of contraction in the heart.
p.3
Adrenergic Drugs: Agonists and Antagonists
What is Prazosin and its use?
Prazosin is a selective α1 antagonist that causes vasodilation and is used for hypertension.
p.3
Adrenergic Drugs: Agonists and Antagonists
What is Propranolol and its effects?
Propranolol is a non-selective β antagonist used for hypertension and anxiety, but it can cause bronchoconstriction.
p.3
Organ System Effects of Receptor Activation
What is the effect of α1 receptors on blood vessels?
α1 receptors cause vasoconstriction, which increases blood pressure.
p.1
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
What are the two branches of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)?
The two branches of the ANS are the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS).
p.1
Cholinergic Transmission and Receptors
What is the role of acetylcholinesterase (AChE)?
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) degrades acetylcholine (ACh).
p.1
Adrenergic Transmission and Receptors
What is the primary function of β2 adrenergic receptors?
β2 adrenergic receptors are responsible for bronchodilation in smooth muscle and vasodilation in skeletal muscle.
p.3
Adrenergic Drugs: Agonists and Antagonists
What effect does Yohimbine have?
Yohimbine is a selective α2 antagonist that increases norepinephrine release.
p.3
Organ System Effects of Receptor Activation
What is the effect of M2 receptors in the heart?
M2 receptors decrease heart rate.
p.3
Clinical Applications of Pharmacological Agents
How is glaucoma treated?
Glaucoma is treated with cholinomimetics like pilocarpine and physostigmine, activating M3 for fluid drainage.
p.2
Cholinergic Drugs: Agonists and Antagonists
What is Acetylcholine classified as?
Muscarinic and nicotinic agonist; degraded by AChE.
p.3
Adrenergic Drugs: Agonists and Antagonists
What is Metoprolol and its function?
Metoprolol is a selective β1 antagonist that decreases heart rate and contractility, used for hypertension.
p.3
Organ System Effects of Receptor Activation
What is the role of M3 receptors in smooth muscle and glands?
M3 receptors cause contraction and secretion.
p.3
Clinical Applications of Pharmacological Agents
What is the treatment for asthma?
Asthma is treated with β2 agonists like albuterol, which causes bronchodilation.
p.2
Cholinergic Drugs: Agonists and Antagonists
What is the primary action of Bethanechol?
Muscarinic agonist that stimulates bladder contraction (M3).
p.2
Cholinergic Drugs: Agonists and Antagonists
What is the action of Physostigmine?
Reversible AChE inhibitor that increases ACh at synapses.
p.2
Adrenergic Drugs: Agonists and Antagonists
What receptors does Epinephrine activate?
Activates α1, α2, β1, β2 receptors; used in anaphylaxis and cardiac arrest.
p.2
Adrenergic Drugs: Agonists and Antagonists
What is Dobutamine primarily used for?
Selective β1 agonist used to increase heart rate and contractility.
p.2
Adrenergic Drugs: Agonists and Antagonists
How does Cocaine affect NE levels?
Blocks NE reuptake, increasing NE levels at synapses.
p.3
Clinical Applications of Pharmacological Agents
How is nasal congestion treated?
Nasal congestion is treated with α1 agonists like phenylephrine, which causes vasoconstriction.
p.2
Cholinergic Drugs: Agonists and Antagonists
What type of activity does Muscarine have?
Muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic activity.
p.2
Cholinergic Drugs: Agonists and Antagonists
What type of inhibitor is Echothiophate?
Irreversible AChE inhibitor (organophosphate) with long action.
p.2
Adrenergic Drugs: Agonists and Antagonists
What is the primary use of Norepinephrine?
Used to increase blood pressure through vasoconstriction.
p.2
Adrenergic Drugs: Agonists and Antagonists
What is the action of Albuterol?
Selective β2 agonist used for asthma through bronchodilation.
p.2
Adrenergic Drugs: Agonists and Antagonists
What does Tyramine do?
Increases NE release and is normally degraded by MAO.
p.3
Clinical Applications of Pharmacological Agents
What are the treatments for hypertension?
Hypertension is treated with adrenergic antagonists like prazosin (α1 blocker) and metoprolol (β1 blocker).
p.2
Cholinergic Drugs: Agonists and Antagonists
What is Pilocarpine used to treat?
Glaucoma through M3 activation as a muscarinic agonist.
p.2
Cholinergic Drugs: Agonists and Antagonists
What is Atropine used for?
Muscarinic antagonist used to block parasympathetic responses.
p.2
Adrenergic Drugs: Agonists and Antagonists
What is Phenylephrine used for?
Selective α1 agonist used as a nasal decongestant.
p.2
Adrenergic Drugs: Agonists and Antagonists
What receptors does Isoproterenol activate?
Activates β1 and β2 receptors equally, increasing heart rate and bronchodilation.
p.2
Cholinergic Drugs: Agonists and Antagonists
What is the function of D-tubocurarine?
Nicotinic (NM) antagonist used as a neuromuscular blocker in surgery.
p.2
Adrenergic Drugs: Agonists and Antagonists
What condition is Clonidine used to treat?
Hypertension by decreasing NE release as a selective α2 agonist.
p.2
Adrenergic Drugs: Agonists and Antagonists
What is the effect of Amphetamine?
Increases NE release at synapses and affects dopamine and serotonin at higher doses.
