Rule Utilitarianism considers the consequences of adopting rules and maintains that an act's conformity to a justified rule makes it right, while Act Utilitarianism disregards rules and justifies acts based on the principle of utility.
Factors such as unemployment, housing, access to essential services, education, and the environment significantly affect health outcomes.
A modern variation on liberalism, typically used in the context of the role of the state, emphasizing market-based solutions to problems rather than public intervention.
Respect for autonomy requires acknowledging and respecting the decision-making capacities of autonomous individuals, allowing them to act freely in accordance with their self-chosen plans.
Mill suggests that the distinction is crucial; behavior that does not cause harm to others should be tolerated for the sake of individual freedom, but this view is contested in practical terms.
The question 'who will guard the Guardians?' arises, questioning the basis of authority and expertise among health professionals and other experts.
The principle of utility is the ultimate standard for utilitarians, determining that the right act is the one that yields the greatest net utility.
Community solidarity raises questions about the rights of the community to impose health-related views on individuals, such as funding for care or interventions.
Mill argues that while the abuse of alcohol may not be ideal behavior, society should not intervene unless it leads to specific harm to others, emphasizing the importance of individual liberty.
A significant limitation is that it often focuses on the good of the individual, where Mill argues that intervention is not justified, particularly when actions cause harm to others without intent.
Guardians have a greater responsibility to make decisions for children and others who cannot decide for themselves, ensuring that their interests are considered in health promotion.
John Stuart Mill asserts that the only justification for society to interfere with an individual's liberty is self-protection, and that individuals should not be compelled to act for their own good if it does not harm others.
The origins of Utilitarianism can be traced back to the writings of Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill.
The political dimension of issues refers to how they are presented and framed, which can affect their resolution in practice, often influenced by individual preferences and societal contexts.
A principle based on avoiding the causation of harm.
Advantages include clarity in determining when intervention is justified, respect for individual rights, and avoidance of the disadvantages associated with expert decision-making.
Limitations include situations where technical knowledge is not relevant, disagreements among experts, or when the decision-making process itself is important for commitment from others.
The liberal tradition emerged alongside the revolutionary developments in industrialization and urbanization in Western Europe, reflecting changes in economic structure and greater individual freedom.
Utilitarianism is a theoretical framework for morality, law, and politics that accepts the principle of utility as the basis of ethics, viewing the good as whatever yields the greatest utility and the right act as that which yields the greatest net utility.
Doing good; active kindness.
Political philosophy and the organization of society determine how health promotion issues are resolved and how individual behaviors are regulated.
Liberalism is a political philosophy that advocates for individual freedoms and autonomy, suggesting that society should not intervene in personal choices unless there is a definite harm to others.
The tension refers to the conflict between making decisions based on expert knowledge versus decisions made by the majority of citizens, regardless of their expertise in the area.
Mill's approach emphasizes that health promotion aimed at the individual's good cannot be imposed without their agreement, highlighting the importance of seeking consent.
The utilitarian approach in health promotion argues that actions should be taken to promote overall health, even if it comes at the cost of the ill health of a few, prioritizing the greatest good for the greatest number.
Health can be understood differently by individuals, health professionals, and society, encompassing aspects like self-image, behavioral choices, sexual behavior, and mental health.
The rights of the individual should be respected to enable society as a whole to benefit from the full potential of all its citizens.
The four principles approach, also known as principalism, is a framework that defends four clusters of principles derived from considered judgments in common morality and medical traditions, including respect for autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice.
Economic systems like socialism and capitalism are linked to political values such as collective responsibility and individual liberty, influencing how issues are framed and resolved.
Plato believed that good government should be based on expertise rather than just the majority view, emphasizing the importance of scientific and empirical understanding.
The advantages include the expectation that someone with expert knowledge will produce better outcomes than someone without that expertise, particularly in technical areas.
According to Mill, society has a specific responsibility to ensure proper education for children to enable them to act rationally as adults, and if it fails, society must bear the consequences.
Political questions arise when the health-related behavior of one person impacts another's health, such as with smoking, alcohol consumption, and vaccination.
One criticism is that Utilitarianism may justify outcomes that bring satisfaction to some, but are considered immoral, such as exploiting the ill health of factory workers for cheaper products.
Plato views democracy as a negative form of governance that encourages factionalism and selfishness, preferring a system led by knowledgeable Guardians.
A theory of the good (whatever yields the greatest utility or value) and a theory of the right (the right act is that which yields the greatest net utility).
Proponents argue that the overall societal costs of behaviors like alcohol misuse justify interference with individual liberties, as these behaviors can lead to burdens on healthcare and public resources.
Authority can be monitored by making the basis for expert decisions transparent, allowing others to understand and evaluate the reasoning behind those decisions.
Guardians are the individuals in Plato's ideal society who are best qualified to govern, chosen for their expertise and training to ensure that society is run effectively.
An ideal society governed by those best qualified to do so.
Framing issues in different ways, such as individual choice versus health issues, can significantly influence the outcomes and resolutions of those issues.
Constructive injury refers to the indirect harm caused to society by an individual's behavior that does not violate specific duties or cause direct harm to others, which Mill believes society can afford to tolerate for greater freedom.
The liberal approach to individual rights was articulated by John Stuart Mill, emphasizing the importance of individual freedom and the balance between individual rights and societal control.
