Chapter 2 anaphy reviewer

Small fibrils formed from protein subunits.

They structurally support the cytoplasm and determine cell shape.

Proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids.

Mariella P. Trance.

Cell structures and their functions.

Specialized structures within a cell that perform specific functions.

By the Golgi apparatus.

Food molecules.

On the surface cells that line the intestine, kidney, and other areas important for absorption.

Primarily through binary fission.

The nuclear envelope.

Understanding whole-cell activity.

They are selectively permeable.

The Golgi Apparatus.

Cilia and flagella.

The basic living unit of all organisms and the smallest units of life.

They provide mechanical support to the cell.

They contain enzymes that digest material taken into the cell.

It causes muscle cells to contract.

They transmit electrical signals throughout the body.

Yes, most prokaryotic cells have a rigid cell wall.

It acts as glue to hold cells together in tissues.

Active membrane transport.

Isotonic solutions.

The fluid in which cells are submersed (bathed).

To pull water back into the blood for edematous (swollen) clients.

From high concentration to low concentration.

The selective activation and inactivation of DNA sections.

Non-polar, lipid-soluble (hydrophobic) substances.

They have the haploid number of chromosomes.

Two identical diploid cells.

The cell synthesizes a complete copy of the DNA in its nucleus.

It is half the diploid number of chromosomes.

Two genetically identical strands of chromatin.

It ensures that all cellular processes work together to maintain homeostasis and support life.

The pressure of water inside the cell pushing on the membrane.

The concentration gradient of the molecules.

Anatomy and Physiology.

Anatomy and Physiology.

All living things are made up of cells.

The smallest working units of all living things.

All cells come from preexisting cells through cell division.

Keratin.

On surface cells that line the respiratory tract.

Supports the cell, holds organelles in place, and enables the cell to change shape.

Site of RNA synthesis and ribosomal subunit assembly.

Material taken into the cell.

A carbohydrate-rich layer on the surface of some cells.

It acts as an active barrier separating intracellular fluid (ICF) from extracellular fluid (ECF).

It can change so rapidly that the immune system cannot recognize the cell as damaged.

Mariella P. Trance MC1.

Nuclear pores.

A structure consisting of sugars (carbohydrates) sticking out of the cell surface.

A type of passive membrane transport where binding is limited by the number of carriers present.

Chloroplasts and vacuoles.

It acts as the control center, housing the cell's DNA.

Metabolism, growth, reproduction, and response to stimuli.

Only one.

Energy in the form of ATP.

Structures within a cell that perform specific functions.

The cell membrane (or plasma membrane).

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

A solution with higher osmolarity than inside the cell, causing water to flow out and resulting in cell shrinking, known as crenation.

The number of available carriers.

It acts as the control center of the cell, housing DNA.

It is a passive transport mechanism.

Reproduction and inheritance.

A copy of the genetic information of the individual.

To support the plant and transport nutrients and water.

Bacteria and Archaea.

Substances produced and released by cells, such as saliva and mucus.

Understanding whole-cell activity.

Cells are responsible for reproduction through processes like mitosis and meiosis.

Cells that have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

It collects, modifies, packages, and distributes them.

The cell to expend energy.

By controlling what enters and leaves the cell.

The fluid component of blood.

They can result in dangerous lysing of red and white blood cells.

Somatic cell division that produces two identical cells with the same number of chromosomes as the original cell.

Passive transport mechanism.

No, it does not require energy.

It functions as specific biological markers for cell-to-cell recognition.

The collective functions and processes that occur within a cell as a unit.

They do not have a true nucleus.

It has the same osmolarity as inside the cell, so the volume remains unchanged.

It does not require energy to move substances across the cell membrane.

Structures within a cell that perform specific functions.

Structures within a cell that perform specific functions.

They are responsible for protein synthesis.

Sperm cells.

Rough ER has ribosomes attached and is the site of protein synthesis.

It assists in the synthesis and transport of proteins and lipids.

Through signaling molecules and pathways that coordinate responses.

Carbon dioxide.

They are responsible for protein synthesis.

Organelles containing enzymes that break down fatty acids, amino acids, and hydrogen peroxide.

A small, membrane-bound sac that transports or stores materials within cells.

Site of aerobic respiration and ATP synthesis.

To transport oxygen throughout the body.

Extensions on cells that increase their surface area.

Substances found outside the cells.

Disorganized pathological cell death.

A process that moves substances from a lower to a higher concentration and requires ATP.

Glycogen.

Solute and solvent.

Substances diffuse freely into and out of the cell, compromising concentration gradients.

Passive Membrane Transport and Active Membrane Transport.

Chromatids.

Osmosis will occur until equilibrium is reached.

The fluid surrounding the nervous system organs.

The ability of a solution to change the shape or tone of cells by altering the cell’s internal water volume.

The process where a cell divides its copied DNA and cytoplasm to make two new cells.

Mariella P. Trance MC1.

They are the powerhouse of the cell, generating energy through respiration.

The movement of solid material into cells.

It encompasses all cellular processes that contribute to the cell's survival and function.

It acts as the control center, housing the cell's DNA.

Metabolism, signal transduction, and cell division.

From a higher concentration to a lower concentration.

23 pairs.

The movement of substances across the cell membrane without the use of energy.

It aids in the synthesis and transport of proteins and lipids.

In skeletal muscle cells.

They are the powerhouse of the cell, producing energy through respiration.

Metabolism, growth, reproduction, and response to stimuli.

Environmental conditions, nutrient availability, and cellular signaling.

They assist in the transport of substances across the membrane.

The living material surrounding the nucleus that contains many types of organelles.

Site of protein synthesis.

It is a single-celled organism that can change shape.

Fatty acids, amino acids, and hydrogen peroxide.

They are generally smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cells.

Aerobic respiration.

To provide structure and support to the organism.

Cells carry out metabolic processes to convert nutrients into energy.

Consists of protein structures.

Mariella P. Trance MC1.

Mucus.

By providing structural support during the process.

The process by which cells develop specialized structures and functions.

They are not destroyed by the immune system and can replicate.

Understanding whole-cell activity.

To propel the sperm cell.

Plants, animals, fungi, and protists.

Mariella P. Trance MC1.

It regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

The same solutes and water molecules on both sides, with equal volume on both sides.

To store genetic material and control cellular activities.

Water concentration varies with the number of solute particles because solute particles displace water molecules.

Two daughter cells from a single parent cell.

Fat-soluble vitamins.

Passive transport and active transport.

No, every cell type has different patterns of this 'sugar coating'.

Three phases.

The integrated functions and processes occurring within a cell.

It acts as the control center, housing the cell's DNA.

Because it is predictable and regulated.

Protist cells.

Passive transport and active transport.

They contain enzymes that break down waste materials and cellular debris.

Fungal cells.

Anatomy and Physiology.

Synthesis of molecules.

The chemical reactions that occur within cells.

It is used for cell activities.

By producing and receiving chemical and electrical signals.

Nerve cells communicating with one another and with muscle cells.

Skin cells.

The cell membrane, or plasma membrane.

Pompe disease.

Bacteria are prokaryotic cells without a nucleus.

To collect, modify, package, and distribute proteins and lipids manufactured by the ER.

Body fluids that surround cells.

Cells communicate through signaling molecules and receptors.

Passageways through which materials can move into or out of the nucleus.

Both solutes and water cross the membrane until equilibrium is reached.

The programmed death of cells.

DNA is dispersed as thin threads called chromatin.

The same concentration of solutes and water molecules on both sides, with unequal volumes.

The collective functions and processes that occur within a cell as a single unit.

A specialized region called the centromere.

It is selectively permeable, allowing some substances to pass in or out of the cell.

A naturally occurring process that is regulated and timely.

They are specialized structures within a cell that perform specific functions.

Through signaling molecules and receptors.

No, it does not require energy in the form of ATP.

46 chromosomes.

Haploid cells.

Interphase and Cell division.

Prokaryotic cells.

To regulate the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

To regulate the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

It acts as the control center, housing the cell's DNA.

It helps in understanding how cells contribute to the overall function of tissues and organs.

The movement of substances against their concentration gradient, requiring energy.

They synthesize proteins.

Breaking down glucose.

To transport or store materials within cells.

The living material surrounding the nucleus of a cell.

The genetic material of the cell (DNA) and nucleoli.

The secretion of materials from cells by vesicle formation.

Adenosine triphosphate, the energy currency of the cell.

They support the cytoplasm, assist in cell division, and form components of cilia and flagella.

To enhance absorption by increasing surface area.

The concentration gradient.

Cell membranes regulate the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

Plant cells.

A substance dissolved in a predominant liquid or gas, called the solvent.

The movement of materials into cells by the formation of a vesicle.

The collective functions and processes carried out by a cell as a single unit.

A type of passive transport where certain hydrophobic molecules are transported down their concentration gradient by carrier or channel proteins.

It acts as the control center, housing genetic material.

Channel or carrier proteins.

Metabolism, signaling, and response to environmental changes.

To regulate the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

They are the powerhouse of the cell, generating energy.

Necrosis is a pathological process caused by toxins, infections, or traumas, and is often unregulated.

Site of lipid synthesis and stores calcium ions in skeletal muscle cells.

Water concentration goes down.

Pinocytosis involves the ingestion of much smaller materials that contain liquid, rather than solid.

The tendency of water to move into the cell by osmosis; the force required to prevent water movement across a selectively permeable membrane.

Each chromosome consists of two chromatids joined at the centromere.

It has lower osmolarity than inside the cell, leading to water flowing into the cell, which can cause swelling and potentially bursting, referred to as lysing.

To regulate the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

To regulate the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

To regulate the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

To regulate the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

Passive transport and active transport.

The movement of substances across the cell membrane without the use of energy.

Structures within a cell that perform specific functions.

They lose precious fluids, proteins, and ions that weep from damaged cells.

It regulates the number of cells within various tissues.

A measure of total concentration of solute particles.

A process where cell receptors attach to molecules, which are then transported into the cell.

The movement of water.

Size of molecule and temperature.

Reproductive cell division that produces cells with half the number of chromosomes.

Flagella are much longer than cilia.

They have a true nucleus.

They are responsible for protein synthesis.

The cytoplasm.

Structures within a cell that perform specific functions.

The integrated function of all cellular processes and interactions within a cell.

Water moves by osmosis from areas of low solute (high water) concentration to areas of high solute (low water) concentration.

It is a nondividing phase.

Because water is small enough to pass through.

They contain enzymes that break down waste materials and cellular debris.

Formation of daughter cells from a single parent cell.

Chromatids separate at the centromere and migrate to opposite poles.

They are responsible for protein synthesis.

The movement of substances against their concentration gradient, requiring energy.

The movement of substances against their concentration gradient, requiring energy.

The movement of substances against their concentration gradient, requiring energy.

The movement of substances against their concentration gradient, requiring energy.

They contain enzymes that digest waste materials and cellular debris.

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

It describes the structure of the cell membrane as a flexible layer made of lipid molecules with embedded proteins.

It describes the structure of the cell membrane as a flexible layer made of lipid molecules with embedded proteins.

The movement of substances against their concentration gradient, requiring energy.

They produce energy (ATP) through cellular respiration.

It houses the cell's genetic material and controls cellular activities.

It is the jelly-like substance that fills the cell and contains organelles.

Energy is required for metabolic processes and cellular functions.

It helps in understanding how cells interact with their environment and maintain homeostasis.

Through a lipid bilayer and specific water channels called aquaporins (AQPs).

To regulate the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

It allows for coordination and specialization of functions among different cell types.

They are the powerhouse of the cell, generating energy.

It ensures that all cellular functions work together to maintain homeostasis and respond to environmental changes.

Organelles perform specific functions that contribute to the overall activity of the cell.

To regulate the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

It is involved in the synthesis of proteins and lipids.

Passive transport and active transport.

The movement of substances across the cell membrane without the use of energy.

The movement of a solute from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration within a solvent.

Energy is required for metabolic processes and cellular functions.

The movement of substances against their concentration gradient, requiring energy.

They facilitate the movement of substances across the membrane.

They facilitate the movement of substances that cannot directly cross the membrane.

It describes the structure of the cell membrane as a flexible layer of lipid molecules with embedded proteins.

They facilitate the movement of substances that cannot directly cross the membrane.

A type of passive transport that uses transport proteins to move molecules across the membrane.

They digest and break down waste materials and cellular debris.

They increase the surface area of the cell for absorption.

The flow of water (or other solvent) when concentration is different on two sides of a membrane.

It is reduced in half.

The boundary between material inside the cell and material outside it.

XX chromosomes.

Passive transport and active transport.

Passive transport and active transport.

A selectively permeable membrane.

They synthesize proteins by translating messenger RNA.

Through signaling molecules and receptors.

Different cell types exhibit unique whole-cell activities based on their specialized functions.

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

The movement of substances across the cell membrane without the use of energy.

They contain enzymes that break down waste materials and cellular debris.

They are the powerhouse of the cell, generating energy through respiration.

No, it does not require the cell to expend energy.

They are responsible for protein synthesis.

They assist in the transport of substances across the membrane.

They can disrupt cell function, especially in neurons.

It modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or use within the cell.

It modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for secretion.

The cell grows physically larger, copies organelles, and makes molecular building blocks for later steps.

Passive transport and active transport.

XY chromosomes.

The movement of substances across the cell membrane without the use of energy.

It regulates what enters and exits the cell.

Autosomes.

It is involved in the synthesis of proteins and lipids.

It acts as the control center, housing the cell's genetic material.

It modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion.

They contain enzymes that break down waste materials and cellular debris.

They facilitate the movement of substances that cannot directly cross the membrane.

It regulates what enters and exits the cell, providing protection and structure.

It regulates what enters and exits the cell, maintaining homeostasis.

The movement of substances across the cell membrane without the use of energy.

It describes the structure of the cell membrane as a mosaic of various components that move freely.

It describes the structure of the cell membrane as a mosaic of various proteins that float in or on the fluid lipid bilayer.

They facilitate the movement of substances that cannot directly cross the membrane.

They help in movement and the transport of materials across the cell surface.

It allows substances to move across the cell membrane without the use of energy.

They are the powerhouse of the cell, generating energy through respiration.

Passive transport and active transport.

The movement of substances across the cell membrane without the use of energy.

Passive transport and active transport.

The movement of substances against their concentration gradient, requiring energy.

The movement of substances against their concentration gradient, requiring energy.

They contain enzymes that break down waste materials and cellular debris.

The movement of substances against their concentration gradient, requiring energy.

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

It regulates what enters and exits the cell, maintaining homeostasis.

They facilitate the movement of substances that cannot directly cross the membrane.

It describes the structure of the cell membrane as a flexible layer made of lipid molecules with embedded proteins.

They contain enzymes that break down waste materials and cellular debris.

It describes the structure of the cell membrane as flexible and composed of various proteins and lipids.

Proteins.

It is involved in the synthesis of proteins and lipids.

It is involved in the synthesis of proteins and lipids.

The movement of substances across the cell membrane without the use of energy.

It modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion.

The osmotic pressure increases.

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

Living cells have limits to how much water can enter them.

They facilitate the movement of specific substances across the membrane.

The cell can shrink.

It modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or use within the cell.

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

The cell makes a copy of its DNA.

It regulates what enters and exits the cell, maintaining homeostasis.

Growth and tissue repair.

Dispersed in the cytoplasm.

It modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion.

It synthesizes proteins and lipids and transports them within the cell.

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

It allows for coordination and specialization of functions among different cell types.

It regulates what enters and exits the cell, maintaining homeostasis.

It regulates what enters and exits the cell.

They facilitate the movement of substances that cannot directly cross the membrane.

It is involved in the synthesis of proteins and lipids.

They are responsible for protein synthesis.

It regulates what enters and exits the cell, providing protection and structure.

Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis.

The movement of substances across the cell membrane without the use of energy.

The two new nuclei assume their normal structure, completing cell division and producing two new daughter cells.

It modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or use within the cell.

It modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion.

The distribution of molecules becomes uniform.

They contain enzymes that break down waste materials and cellular debris.

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

It regulates what enters and exits the cell.

It describes the structure of the cell membrane as a flexible layer made of lipid molecules with embedded proteins.

It describes the structure of the cell membrane as a flexible layer made of lipid molecules with embedded proteins.

No, it is a nondividing phase.

The difference in water (or solvent) concentration on either side of the membrane.

They are specialized structures within a cell that perform distinct functions.

It modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion.

The movement of substances across the cell membrane without the use of energy.

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

To regulate the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

Passive transport and active transport.

It synthesizes proteins and lipids.

Communication.

Free ribosomes.

Cells that lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

To move substances over surfaces.

The internal framework of the cell.

They facilitate the movement of chromosomes during cell division.

Each cell is a highly organized unit.

Saliva.

The movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

They play a role in cell communication and support.

Eukaryotic cells have a defined nucleus and organelles, while prokaryotic cells do not.

The cell has two complete sets of genetic material.

Eukaryotic cells can be both unicellular and multicellular.

Structures within a cell that perform specific functions.

A mediated transport process that moves substances from a higher to a lower concentration without requiring energy.

Understanding whole-cell activity.

The difference in the concentration of a solute in a solvent.

All carriers are bound to molecules and are busy transporting.

Oxygen.

Hydrophobic molecules such as glucose, amino acids, and ions.

It allows the immune system to recognize 'self' vs. 'non-self'.

The cell grows more, makes proteins and organelles, and begins to reorganize its contents in preparation for mitosis.

Understanding the structure and function of the human body.

It acts as the control center, housing genetic material.

Toxins, infections, or traumas.

It allows non-polar, lipid-soluble substances to diffuse directly through.

They are the powerhouses of the cell, generating ATP through respiration.

They are the powerhouses, generating energy through respiration.

The collective functions and processes carried out by a cell as a single unit.

Chromosomes align at the center of the cell.

They synthesize proteins by translating messenger RNA.